ASSIGNMENT NO:3

1. Discuss Emerging trends & technologies in Database System &

Applications.
A) A few instances of how DBMS is changing to satisfy these demands are the rise of cloud-
based databases, the incorporation of AI and machine learning, and the adoption of NoSQL
databases. Furthermore, the significance of safe and open database management has increased
due to concerns about data privacy and compliance.
Database as a Service (DBaaS) and Cloud Databases
Cloud databases offer on-demand, scalable, and adaptable database services. Fully managed
database solutions (DBaaS) are available from well-known cloud providers like AWS, Google
Cloud, and Microsoft Azure, relieving users of the hassle of managing hardware and
infrastructure.
Benefits include low management overhead, scalability, high availability, and cost effectiveness.
Trends: Businesses can now deploy databases across several cloud platforms thanks to the
growing popularity of multi-cloud and hybrid cloud strategies.
A growing number of people are using serverless databases, such as AWS Aurora Serverless,
which enable automatic scaling in response to demand.

NoSQL Records & Multilingual Persistence

NoSQL databases are built for non-relational data models and provide flexibility in managing
massive amounts of unstructured or semi-structured data. Examples of these databases are
Cassandra, Redis, and MongoDB.
Use cases include social networks, big data analytics, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and real-
time web applications.
Patterns:
Polyglot Persistence: Optimizing data storage and retrieval for various workloads by combining
several database models (NoSQL and SQL) in a single application.
Graph and document databases are becoming more and more common for certain use cases, such
as complex relationships, social graphs, and recommendations.

Distributed databases and big data

Massive datasets can be processed and stored across distributed nodes using distributed
databases such as Google Bigtable, HBase, and Apache Cassandra.
Benefits include fault tolerance, scalability, and the capacity to manage data at the petabyte
scale.
Trends: Distributed data processing and storage are still greatly aided by Apache Hadoop and
Spark.
Businesses are increasingly integrating structured and unstructured data for thorough analysis by
utilizing data lakes in conjunction with data warehouses.
Blockchain Databases: A decentralized, unchangeable ledger is made possible by blockchain
technology, which is used to safely record and validate transactions between dispersed nodes.
Use Cases: Digital identities, supply chain management, financial services, and healthcare.
Patterns:
Organizations are investigating the possibility of securely and transparently sharing data through
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT).
Blockchain features are combined with conventional database features, such as scalable storage
and quick query performance, in databases like BigchainDB.

Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): This technique
combines AI and ML with databases to enhance performance, automate database tuning, and
offer predictive analytics.
Benefits include improved data security, real-time recommendations, predictive maintenance,
and self-tuning databases.
Trends: Oracle Autonomous Database and other AI-powered database management systems are
capable of automatically scaling, tuning, and patching.
Predictive models can be run directly within databases thanks to machine learning models (ML)
in databases (such as SQL Server ML Services), which lowers latency and boosts efficiency.

Description of In-Memory Databases: To enable incredibly quick data access and transaction
processing, in-memory databases such as SAP HANA and Redis store all of their data in RAM.
Use cases include high-frequency trading, fraud detection, gaming, and real-time analytics.
Trends: Hybrid databases that balance cost and performance by combining disk-based and in-
memory storage.
Stream processing and real-time analytics for massive event-driven systems.

Graph databases: Graph databases, such as Neo4j and Amazon Neptune, are designed to store
information in nodes and edges that indicate the relationships between different entities.
Use cases include knowledge graphs, fraud detection, social networking, and recommendation
engines.
Trends: Graph databases are becoming more popular than relational databases because they can
more easily represent and query complex relationships.
In order to perform tasks like knowledge extraction and semantic search, they are also being
integrated with AI and ML.

Future-Scape Quantum Databases:

Description: Because quantum computing can solve complicated problems more quickly than
traditional computers, it has the potential to completely transform databases.
Trends: Although still in their infancy, quantum databases have the potential to speed up
optimization and search processes, enhancing the efficiency of database queries.
Integration of quantum algorithms for improved cryptography and database security is being
researched.
Summary:
The growing need for scalability, flexibility, real-time processing, and security is reflected in
emerging trends in database systems. The limits of traditional databases are being pushed by
technologies like distributed databases, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and NoSQL, while
cloud-based services and edge computing are revolutionizing the processing and accessibility of
data across various industries. These developments are influencing how data management
develops going forward and opening up fresh, creative possibilities across several industries.

2. What is Big Data? Why it is important?

Large datasets that are too complicated and large to handle, store, or analyze with conventional
data processing tools and methods are referred to as "big data." It includes information produced
by a variety of sources, such as logs, social media, sensors, transaction records, IoT devices, and
more. The three Vs are commonly used to describe big data, though other Vs like value and
veracity have also been added:
Volume: The enormous amount of data coming from multiple sources every second. Data from
social media posts, videos, online transactions, and sensor networks, for example.

Velocity: The rate at which information is produced and needs to be handled. Real-time
processing is necessary in some situations (streaming data from IoT devices, for example).

Variety: The various forms of data, including unstructured (text, videos, images, and social
media posts), semi-structured (JSON, XML), and structured (databases).

Other qualities that are occasionally mentioned are:

Veracity: Data dependability and uncertainty. It speaks to the caliber and reliability of the
studied data.
Value: The knowledge and intelligence that can be put to use by analyzing large amounts of
data.

Big Data is significant because of its ability to spur innovation, provide insights, and enhance
decision-making across a range of industries. Big Data is essential for the following main
reasons:

1. Better Decision-Making: In order to make better decisions, organizations can analyze vast
amounts of data in real-time. Businesses can now more quickly than ever before optimize
operations, lower risks, and spot opportunities thanks to predictive analytics and data-driven
insights.
For instance, retailers use Big Data to analyze customer behavior and market trends, helping
them make inventory and pricing decisions based on real-time demand and patterns.
2. Improved Client Relationship
Through the analysis of data from a variety of sources, including social media, customer reviews,
and transaction history, big data helps businesses better understand their customers.
For instance, big data is used by e-commerce sites like Amazon and Netflix to offer customers
tailored recommendations based on their browsing habits, past purchases, and preferences.

3. Effectiveness of Operations
Big Data analytics is a tool used by organizations to streamline processes, cut expenses, and
boost output. Common applications include supply chain optimization, demand forecasting, and
predictive maintenance.
For instance, manufacturing organizations can forecast equipment failures, plan maintenance,
and avoid expensive downtime by utilizing sensor data from their production lines and machines.
4. New Product Development & Innovation
Big Data stimulates innovation by offering insights that result in the creation of fresh goods,
services, and business strategies. Businesses can develop products that satisfy customer demands
by examining trends and consumer needs.
As an illustration, automakers use big data analytics to examine driver, road, and environmental
data, which results in the creation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and
autonomous cars.
5. Competitive Advantage Description
By staying ahead of market trends, increasing customer engagement, and making quicker and
more accurate business decisions, companies that successfully use big data have a competitive
advantage.
For instance, financial institutions have an advantage in stopping fraud before it occurs because
they can use big data to identify fraudulent transactions in real-time.