Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry

01
Solution & Colligative
Properties
Introduction:
Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in same or different physical phases. The substances
forming the solution are called components of the solution. On the basis of number of components a solution of
two components is called binary solution.

Solute and Solvent :

In a binary solution, solvent is the component which is present in large quantity while the other component
present in small quantity is known as solute.

Classification of Solutions :
(A) Following types of solutions are seen on the basis of physical state of solute and solvent.
S.No. Solute Solvent Types of Solutions Examples

Solid Solutions
1 Solid Solid Solid in solid All alloys like brass, bronze, an alloy of copper and gold, etc.

2 Liquid Solid Liquid in solid Amalgam of mercury with Na, CuSO4.5H2 O. FeSO4.7H2 O

3 Gas Solid Gas in solid Solution of H2 in Pd, dissolved gases in minerals.

Liquid Solutions
4 Solid Liquid Solid in liquid Sugar solution, salt solution, I2 in CCl4

5 Liquid Liquid Liquid in liquid Benzene in toluene, alcohol in water.

6 Gas Liquid Gas in liquid CO2 in water, NH3 in water etc.

Gaseous Solutions
7 Solid Gas Solid in gas Iodine vapours in air, camphor vapours in N2 .

8 Liquid Gas Liquid in gas Water vapours in air, CHCl3 vapours in N2 .

9 Gas Gas Gas in gas Air (O2 + N2 )

If water is used as a solvent, the solution is called aqueous solution and if not, the solution is called non-aqueous
solution.
(B) Depending upon the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent we have the following types of solutions:
(i) Unsaturated solution : A solution in which more solute can be dissolved without raising temperature is called an
unsaturated solution.
(ii) Saturated solution : A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved further at a given temperature is called
a saturated solution.
(iii) Supersaturated solution : A solution which contains more solute than that would be necessary to saturate it at a
given temperature is called a supersaturated solution.

Concentration of Solutions :
The concentration of a solution is defined as the relative amount of solute present in a solution. On the basis of
concentration of solution, there are two types of solutions:

S&CP #1
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties
(i) Dilute solution : Solution containing relatively very  Dilution law , M1 V1 = M2V2(for dilution from value
small quantity of solute. V1 to V2)
(ii) Concentrated solution : Solution containing  For reaction between two
relatively very large quantity of solute. M1V1 M 2 V2
reactants, n  n where, n 1 and n 2 are
1 2
Methods of Expressing Concentration of
stoichiometric coefficients of reactants in balanced
Solutions equation.
Various expression for the concentrations of  If two solutions of the same solute are mixed ten
solutions can be summarised as
molarity of the existing solution.
(i) Percentage by weight (w/w %) : It is defined as
M 1V1  M 2 V2
the amount of solute present in 100 g of solution. M
V1  V2
w weight of solute
%  100  Volume of water to be added to set a solution of
w weight of solution
molarity M2 from V1 mL of molarity M is
(ii) Percentage by volume (/V %) : It is defined as
the volume of solute present in 100 mL of solution,  M  M2 
V2  V1  1  V1
 volume of solute  M2 
% 100
w volume of solution (vi) Molality (m) : It is the number of moles of solute
(iii) Percentage of mass by volume (w/V %) : It is per kilogram of the solvent.
defined as the weight of solute present in 100 mL of mass of solutein gram  100
solution. Molarity 
mol. wt. of solute  mass of solvent(in g)
w weight of solute
% 100
V volume of solution
(iii) Mole fraction () : It is defined as the ratio of the Note : When solvent used is water, a molar (1 M) solution
number of moles of a component to the total number is more concentrated than a molal (1 M) solution.
of moles of all the components in solution. For a (vii) Normality (N) : The number of gram equivalents of
binary solution, if the number of moles of A and solute present in 1 L of solution
Bare nA and nB respectively, the mole fraction of A
number of gram  equivalents of solute
will be Normality 
volume of solution (in L)
nA
A 
nA  nB Number of gram - equavalents of solute =
nB mass of solute in gram
Similarly B  n  n [A + B =1 ]
A B equivalent weight
(iv) Parts per million (ppm) : It is defined as the parts
of a component permillion parts (106)of the solution.
It is widely used when a solute is present in trace Note : Relationship between normality and molarity N ×
quantities. eq. weight = M × mol. weight If two solutions of
number parts of the component
the same solute having volumes and molarities V1
ppm   106
total number of parts of all the components of the solution ,M1 and V2 ,M2 are mixed, the molarity of the resulting
(v) Molarity (M) : It is the number of moles of solute solution is
present in 1L (dm3) of the solution. V1M1  V2 M 2
M
number of moles of solute V1  V2
M
volume of solution(L) N1M1  N 2 M 2
Similarly , Normality (N) 
mass of solute (in gram)  1000 V1  V2
M
mol.wt. of solute  volume of solution(in mL) To dilute V1 mL of a solution having molarity M1 to
Molarity varies with temperature due to change in molarity M2 up to the final volume V2 mL, the volume
volume of solution. Its unit is g–mol/L. of water added is
 M  M2 
Note : When molarity of a solution is 1 M, it is called a V2  V1   1  V1 .
 M2 
molar solution. 0.1 M solution is called a decimolar
solution while 0.5 M solution is known as semimolar  N1  N 2 
Similarly V2  V1   N  V1
solution.  2 
percent by mass  density  10 (viii) Formality (F) : It is the number of formula weights
Molarity 
molecular weight of solute present per litre of the solution.

S&CP #2
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry

weight of solute in gram

formality =
formula mass of solute in grams × volume of solution in litre

(ix) Mass fraction Mass : fraction of any component

in the solution is themass of that component divided
by the totalmass of the solution. Mass % of a
component = mass of the component
weight of solutein grams ×100
weight percent =
weight of solutionin grams.
Applications of Henry’s law:
Molality, mole fraction and mass fraction are
(i) To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and
preferred over molarity, normality, etc., because soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
former involve weights which do not change with
(ii) At higher altitude the partial pressure of oxygen is
temperature. less than that at the ground level. This leads to low
(x) Demal (D) : It represents one mole of solute present concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues
in 1L of solution at 0°C. of people living at high altitude. Low blood oxygen
causes symptoms of anoxia.
(iii) To avoid bends , in scuba divers, air is diluted with
Solubility : helium.
The maximum amount of a solute that can be
dissolved in a given amount of solvent (generally Vapour pressure:
100 g) at a given temperature is termed as its
At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by
solubility at that temperature. The solute can be the vapours of a liquid on its surface when they
either solid or gas. Likewise, solubility is defined (liquid and its vapours) are in equilibrium, is know
as the one of solid in liquid or the solubility of gas as vapour pressure.
in liquid. The solubility of a solute in a liquid
depends upon the following factors:
Factors affecting vapour pressure :
Vapour pressure gets affected by following factors.
Solubility of gases in liquids : (i) Purity of the liquid Pure liquid always has a vapour
All gases are soluble in water as well as in other pressure higher than its solution.
liquids to a greater or smaller extent. (ii) Nature of the liquid Liquids which have weak
intermolecular forces are volatile and have greater
Factors affecting solubility of gases :
vapour pressure.
(i) Nature of the gas The gases which can be easily (iii) Temperature The vapour pressure of a liquid
liquified, aremore soluble in common solvents. increases with increase in temperature.
(ii) Nature of the solvent The gases which are capable (iv) Effect of adding solute When a liquid contains a
of forming ions in aqueous solutions are much more solute, some of the solvent molecules are replaced
soluble in water than in other solvents. by the solute particles on the liquid surface and
therefore, the available surface area for the escape
(iii) Temperature The solubility of most gases in liquids
of solvent molecule decreases. Therefore, rate of
decreases with increase of temperature.
evaporation as well as rate of condensation both
(iv) Pressure The solubility of a gases increase with decrease.
increase in pressure.
Raoult's law :
Henry’s Law : According to this law, the partial pressure of any
volatile constituents of a solution at a constant
The most commonly used form of Henry’s law states
temperature is equal to the vapour pressure of pure
“the partial pressure (p) of the gas in vapour phase constituents multiplied by the mole fraction of that
is proportional to the mole fraction (x) of the gas in constituent in the solution.
the solution’’ and is expressed as p = KH . x
(i) For liquid – liquid solution
Higher the value of K at given pressure, the lower
is the solubility of the gas in the liquid. The value Let a mixture (solution) be prepared by mixing nA
moles of liquid A and nB moles of liquid B. Let PA'
of KH decreases with increase in the temperature.
and PB' be the partial pressures of two constituents
Thus, aquatic species are more confortable in cold
A and B in solution and PA0 and PB0 the vapour
water [more dissolved O2] rather than warm water. pressures in pure state respectivity.

S&CP #3
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties
Thus, according Raoult's law If we compare the equations for Raoult’s law and
Henry’s law and Henry’s law, it can be seen that the
nA
PA ' = PA 0 ....(1) partial pressure of the volatile component of gas is
nA + nB
directly proportional to its mole fraction in solution.
Partial pressure of A = mole fraction of A × PA0 = Only the proportionality constant KH differs from
nB
XAPA0 and PB' = PB 0 ....(2) p10 . Thus, law becomes a special case of Henry’ss
nA + nB
Partial pressure of B = mole fraction of B × PB0 = law in which KH becomes equal to p10 .
XBPB0
If total pressure be PS, then
PS = PA' + PB' Ideal Solutions (mixture of two liquids A and
nA nB B):
= PA 0 + PB0
n A + nB nA + nB 1. A solution which obeys Raoult’s law exactly at all
= XAPA0 + XB PB0 ....(3) concentrations and at all temperatures is called an
PS = XAPA0 + (1 – XA)PB0 [XA + XB = 1] ideal solution.
PS = XAPA0 – XA PB0 + PB0 2. For ideal solutions ; A-A interaction = B-B
interaction = A-B interaction An ideal solution
PS = XA [PA0 – PB0] + PB0 .....(4)
possesses the following characteristics
Equation 1, 2 and 3 are the straight line equation so
we can draw it as follows. PB PA0
+
= PA

Vapour Pressure
Ps
0 X
A
0
PB PA
=
Vapour pressure ­ PA
PB
=P 0
PA
0
B X
'
P A' + P B
B
PS =
0

X AP A XA = 0 XA =1
PB0 P A' =
PB ' = XB = 1 XB = 0
XB P 0
B
(a) Volume change on mixing should be zero Vmix
XA = 0 and XB = 1 Mole fraction XA = 1 and XB = 0 =0
(b) Heat change on mixing should be zero.
H mix  0 (Heat is neither absorbed nor evolved)
Dalton’s Law: (c) There should be no chemical reaction between liquid
A and liquid B.
Partial pressure of gas = mole fraction × total
pressure of gas (d) Ideal solution must obey Raoult,s law at all
concentrations.
PA = YAPT
PB = YBPT PA  PA0 .x A , PB  p B0 .x B
PA + PB = PT (e) Observed VP = calculated VP
(f) Observed BP = calculated BP
XAPA0 = YAPT
XBPB0 = YBPT (g) Smix  0
(h) G < 0
YA and YB gives mole fraction in vapour phase
(Where PT = PS)
Non _ Ideal Solutions:
XA and XB gives mole fraction in liquid phase.
1. For non ideal solutions ; A-A interaction or B-B
interaction  A-B interaction.
Rault’s Law as a Special Case of Henry’s Law : 2. Those solutions which do not obey Raoult’s law
According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure of are called non - ideal solutions
a volatile component in a given solution is given
3. For such solutions ; PA  PA0 X A ; PB  PB0 X B
by p1  x1p10 . In the solution of a gas in a liquid,
4. Non ideal solutions are formed when the
one of the components is so volatile that it exists a components differ much in their structures and
a gas and we have already seen that its solubility is polarities.
given by Henry’s law which states that p = KHx. So Hmixing  0 and Vmixing  0

S&CP #4
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry
5. Non idea solutions show either positive or negative The figures below show the Temprature vs.
deviations from Raoult’s law. composition (at constant pressure) phase diagram
Non-Ideal Solutions Showing Negative Deviation on the left side and Pressure vs. composition (at
From Raoult’s Law constant temprature) phase diagram for a minimum-
(i) In this case, partial pressure of each component A boiling azeotropic mixture chloroform and methanol.
and B is lower than that calculated from Raoult's (2) Maximum Boiling Azeotropes : Non-ideal solutions
law, and hence total pressure over the solution is showing large negative deviation from Raoult's law
also lower than if the solution were ideal, as shown form maximum boiling azeotropes which boil at
in figure. temperature higher than the boiling point of its
(ii) Boiling point of such a solution is relatively higher components A and B respectively. e.g.: mixture of
than the boiling points of both A and B. HCl and H2O. On left side, temprature versus
PºA composition phase diagram and on right side,
PºB pressure versus composition diagram is shown for
Ps < PA 0XA+PB 0XB
Vapour Pressure

P
<P
B
B
0
XB
0 XA maximum boiling azeotrope.
PA
<
PA

Colligative properties:
XA = 1
Those physical properties of a solution which
XA = 0 Mole Fraction
XB = 1 XB = 0 depend upon the number of particles in a given
volume of the solution or the mole fraction of the
solute are called colligative properties.
Azeotropic Mixtures :
This type of liquid mixture, having a definite
composition and boiling like a pure liquid is called
Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure:
azeotropic mixture or constant boiling mixture. The (I) Lowering of vapour pressure :
azeotropic mixture cannot be separated by fractional When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a pure
distillation, such solutions are called azeotropic solvent, the vapour pressure of the solvent is
solutions and this phenomenon is known as lowered i.e. the vapour pressure of a solution is
azeotropy. In azeotropic conditions combination of always lower than that of pure solvent, because
solute and solvent (solution ) starts behaving like the escaping tendency of solvent molecules
one single molecule (with reference to boiling point). decreases (due to lesser surface area of solution
This happens due to certain inter-molecular pattern available for evaporation).
of attractive forces leaving no molecule out of this If at a certain temperature P° is the vapour pressure
network, so no component is free to show it’s own of pure solvent, and Ps is the vapour pressure of
boiling point but solution behaves like one single solution then
entity and therefore boils at a particular boiling point Lowering of vapour pressure = P°  Ps
and therefore solution becomes inseperable by
P0 – Ps
fractional distillation method as this method is only Relative lowering of vapour pressure =
P0
helpful when components differ in their boiling 0
P – PS nA
points. Two type of non-ideal solution form two According to Rault’s law P 0 = n + n
different azeotropes. A B

Azeotropes : Liquid mixtures which distill over for a more dilute solution nA < < < nB
without changes in composition are called constant P 0 – PS n A ΔP P 0 – PS n A
so = = =
boiling mixtures or Azeotropes or Azeotropic P0 nB , P0 P0 nB ,
mixtures. A boiling liquid mixture at the azeotropic ΔP n A
= ....(11)
composition produces a vapour of exactly the same P0 nB
composition, and the liquid does not change its or relative lowering of vapour pressure
composition as it evaporates. Two types of
azeotropes are known. P 0 – PS n A w A m B
= = = ×
P0 n B mA w B
(1) Minimum Boiling Azeotropes : Non-ideal solutions
showing large positive deviation from Raoult's law (ii) Elevation in boiling point (Ebulioscopy) :
form minimum boiling azeotropes which boil at
The boiling point of a liquid is that temperature at
temperature lower than boiling point of its
which its vapour pressure becomes equal to the
components A and B. e.g.: water and benzene,
atmospheric pressure. i.e. 760 mm of Hg.
chloroform and methanol.

S&CP #5
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties
When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a pure (iii) Depression in freezing point (Cryoscopy) :
solvent, its vapour pressure is decreased. The The freezing point of a liquid is that temperature at
difference Tb of boiling points of the solution and which the liquid and its solid state exist in
pure solvent is called elevation in boiling point. equilibrium with each other.
If Tb0 is the boiling point of pure solvent and (Tb) is It may be defined as the temperature at which the
the boiling point of the solution then, Tb0 > Tb0 liquid and solid states of a substance have the same
and the elevation in boiling point  Tb = TbTb0 vapour pressure.
When a non-volatile non-electrolyte is dissolved
The elevation in boiling point (T b) is directly
in a pure solvent the vapour pressure of the solvent
proportional to lowering of vapour pressure of the
is lowered
solution i.e.
If Tb0 is the freezing point of pure solvent and (Tf)s
Tb  PoPs (from graph) is the freezing point of its solution then,Tf < Tf
Boiling point of The difference in the freezing point of pure solvent
Solvent solution
1.013 bar and solution is the depression of freezing point (Tf)
or 1 Atm Thus,
t
Tf0  Tf = Tf
ven
Sol ion Depression in freezing point is directly proportional
Vapour pressure

P0
ut
PS Sol to the lowering of vapour pressure of solution.
 Tf  P0  Ps
Tb
0 Tb from Raoult's law for dilute solution :
Tb
Temperature/K
en t
K × w ×1000 id solv
ΔTb = b liqu
m× W utio
n
sol
t
w 1000 en
ΔTb = × × Kb olv
m W ens
z
fro
Vapour pressure

 Tb = molality × Kb
 Tb  molality
So we can say that elevation of boiling point = Tf
boiling point of the solution – boiling point of pure
solvent Tb = Tb – Tb0 Tf Tf0
The elevation in boiling point of solution of non- Temperature/K
electrolyte is proportional to its molality and
equimolal solution of all the substances in the same 1000K f × w A
or ΔTf = or Tf = molality × Kf
solvent will show equal elevation in boiling points. mA × w B
These are known as Raoult's laws of elevation of
Kf only depends on nature of solvent which can be
boiling point. explained by thermodynamic relation
Molal elevation constant is characteristic of a
2 2
particular solvent and can be calculated from the RTf0 RTf0 M
Kf  
thermodynamical relationship. 1000L f 1000 H f
2 2
RTb0 MRTb0 Kf is called molal depression constant.
Kb = =
1000L v 1000ΔH vap Kf is defined as the depression of freezing point
Kb is defined as the elevation in boiling point produced when 1 mole of solute is dissolved in
produced when 1 mole of solute is dissolved in 1000 1000 g of the solvent.
g of the solvent. Where T0f = Freezing point of solvent
where Tb0 = Boiling point of solvent M = Molar mass of solvent
Hf = Enthalpy of fusion per mole of solvent
M = Molar mass of solvent
Lf = latent heat of fusion per gram of solvent
Hvap = Enthalpy of vapoursation per
mole of solvent
Osmotic presssure ( ):
Lv = latent heat of vapourisation per gram of solvent
The hydrostatic pressure developed as a result of
For water
osmosis is a measure of osmotic pressure of the
2 × (373) 2 solution.
Kb = = 0.515
1000 × 540 Osmosis may be
S&CP #6
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry
(i) Exosmosis It is outward flow of water or solvent Abnormal Molecular Masses :
from a cell through semipermeable membrane. In some cases, observed colligative properties
(ii) Endosmosis It is inward flow of water or solvent deviate from their normal calculated values due to
from a cell through a semipermeable membrane. association or dissociation of molecules. As we
The hydrostatic pressure built up on the solution know,
which just stops the osmosis. 1
osmotic pressure = hydrostatic pressure Colligative property  M
B
 = hdg
Hence, higher and lower values of molar mass is
h = increase in level in the tube of unit cross section. observed in case of association and dissociation
d = density of solution, respectively, e.g. in benzene, acetic acid gets
g = acceleration due to gravity associated, so, its observed molecular mass is 120.
or Similarly KCl undergoes dissociation in aqueous
The external pressure which must be applied on the solution, so its observed molecular mass is 37.25.
solution in order to stop the flow of the solvent These observed values are corrected by multiplying
into the solution through semipermeable membrane with van’t Hoff factor (i).
is equal to osmotic pressure.
On the basis of osmotic pressure, the solution can
Van't Hoff factor (i):
be In order to express the extent of association or
dissociation with certain solutes are expected to
(i) Hypertonic solution A solution is called hypertonic
undergo in solution. Van't Hoff in 1886, introduced
if its osmotic pressure is higher than that of the
a factor, called Van't Hoff factor (i). The factor i is
solution from which it is separated by a defined as
semipermeable membrane. When a plant cell is
observed colligative property
placed in a hypertonic solution, the fluid i=
Normal colligative property ,
from the plant cell comes out and cell shrinks, this
Normalor actual molecular weight
phenomenon is called plasmolysis. i=
observed molecular mass.
(ii) Hypotonic solution A solution is called hypotonic
In case of association of solute particles in solution,
if its osmotic pressure is lower than that of the
the observed molecular weight of solute being more
solution from which it is separated by a than the normal, the value of factor 'i' is less than
semipermeable membrane. unity (i.e. i < 1), while for dissociation the value of
(iii) Isotonic solution Two solutions are called isotonic i is greater than unity (i.e. i > 1), because the
if they exert the same osmotic pressure. These observed molecular weight has lesser value than
solutions have same molar concentration. 0.91% normal molecular weight.
solution of pure NaCl is isotonic with human RBC’s.
Two solutions are isotonic if they have the same Van't Hoff factor and degree of association :
molar concentration, e.g. if x % solution of X is The fraction of the total number of molecules of the
isotonic with y % substance which is present as associated molecules
solution of Y , this means molar concentration of X is known as the degree of association.
= Molar concentration of Y Number of particles after association
i=
Number of particles before association
x 1000 y  1000 x y Calculation of 'i'
   
100 M x 100  M y Mx My Let, solute be nA
Osmotic pressure method is the best method for nA  (A)n
determining the molecular masses of polymers since Initial mol 1 0
observed value of any other colligative property is after dissociation 1 – /n
too small to be measured with reasonable accuracy. Total no. of solute particles
= 1 – + /n
Note : Reverse osmosis When the external pressure (i). observed colligative properties  observed number
applied on the solution ismore than osmotic of solute particles.
pressure, the solvent flows from the solution to the observed colligative properties  1 – + /n
pure solvent, which is called reverse osmosis. (ii). Normal colligative properties  1
Desalination of sea water is done by reverse eq (i)
osmosis.  i = 1 – + /n
eq (ii)

S&CP #7
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties
1–i (i) observed colligative properties  observed number
α=
1 of solute particles observed colligative properties
1–  
n  (1 –  + n)
 = degree of assocation , n = no. of solute particles (ii) Normal colligative properties  1
which are associated
eq (i) 1    n
 i  , i – 1 =  (n – 1),
Van't Hoff factor and degree of dissociation : eq (ii) 1
The fraction of the total number of molecules which i –1
dissociates in the solution into simple ions or α=  i = 1 + (n – 1)
n –1
molecules is called the degree of dissociation.
for strong electrolytes :  = 1 or 100% so i = n (total
number of particles after dissociation no. of ions)
i=
Number of particles initially taken.
Normal (calculated) molecular mass MC
but i = Observed molecular mass
=
MO
Calculation of 'i'
Let, solute be AxBy M C - MO
α=
AxBy  x Ay+ + yBx– MO (n - 1)
Initial mol 1 0 0 i = (I –  + 2 ) / I (for AB type solute) in general 
after dissociation 1 – xy MC
1 
Total no. of solute particles MO
= 1 – + x+ y MC  M O

= 1 – + (x + y) MO
= 1 – + n where n is the total number of ions produced per
[where x + y = n (total ions.)] molecules of electrolyte.

S&CP #8
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry

DPP-1
1. Formation of a solution from two components can 6. A solution containing 10 g per dm3 of urea (molecular
be considered as mass = 60 g mol–1) is isotonic with a 5 % solution of
I. pure solvent  separated solvent molecules, a non-volatile solute. The molecular mass of this
H1 non-volatile solute is
II. pure solute  separated solute molecules, H2 (A) 250 g mol–1 (B) 300 g mol–1
III. separated solvent and solute molecules  (C) 350 g mol –1
(D) 200 g mol–1
solution, H3
Solution so formed will be ideal, if
7. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute (molar mass 250 g
(A) Hsol. = H1 – H2 – H3
mol–1) was dissolved in 51.2 g of benzene. If the
(A) Hsol. = H1 – H2 – H3
freezing point depression constant, kf of benzene is
(A) Hsol. = H1 + H2 + H3
5.12 K kg mol–1, the freezing point of benzene will be
(A) Hsol. = H1 + H2 – H3
lowered by
2. The vapour pressure of two liquids P and Q are 80 (A) 0.4 K (B) 0.3 K
and 60 torr, respectively, The total vapour pressure (C) 0.5 K (D) 0.2 K
of solution obtained by mixing 3 moles of P and 2
moles of Q would be 8. A solution of acetone in ethanol
(A) 140 torr (B) 20 torr (A) shows a negative deviation from Raoult’s law
(C) 68 torr (D) 72 torr (B) shows a positive deviation from Raoult’s law
(C) behaves like a near ideal solution
3. A solution of urea (mol. mass 56 g mol–1) boils at
100.18°C at the atmospheric pressure. If kf and kb for (D) obeys Raoult’s law
water are 1.86 and 0.512 K kg mol–1 respectively, the
above solution will freeze at 9. During osmosis, flow of water through a
(A) – 6.54°C (B) 6.54°C semipermeabel membrane is
(C) 0.654°C (D) – 0.654°C (A) from solution having higher concentration only
(B) from both sides of semipermeable membrane with
4. A solution has 1 : 4 mole ratio of pentane to hexane. equal flow rates
The vapour pressure of the pure hydrocarbons at (C) from both sides of semipermeable membrane with
20°C are 440 mm of Hg for pentane and 120 mm of unequal flow rates
Hg for hexane. The mole fraction of pentane in the (D) from solution having lower concentration only
vapour phase would be
(A) 0.549 (B) 0.200
(C) 0.786 (D) 0.478 10. Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H2SO4
by mass and has a density of 1.80
5. The mole fraction of the solute in one molal aqueous gmL–1. Volume of acid required to make one litre of 0.1
solution is M H2SO4 solution is
(A) 0.027 (B) 0.036 (A) 11.10 mL (B) 16.65 mL
(C) 0.018 (D) 0.009 (C) 22.20 mL (D) 5.55 mL

ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. A
8. B 9. D 10. D
S&CP #9
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties

1 Board / NCERT Guidance

Assertion – Reason type questions : Very short answer type questions :
Directions : In the following questions an Assertion 7. Define the term mass percentage.
(A) is followed by a corresponding Reason (R) Use
the following keys to choose the appropriate 8. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in
answer. liquid as the temperature is raised?
(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct, (R) is the correct
explanation of (A). 9. What role does the molecular interaction play in
(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct, (R) is not the correct
solution of alcohol and water?
explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is correct; (R) is incorrect.
10. When water and nitric acid are mixed together, a
(D) (A) is incorrect; (R) is correct
rise in temperature is observed. What type of
1. Assertion(A): Aquatic species are more comfortable azeotropic mixture is obtained?
in cold water rather than in warm water.
Reason (R): Different gases have different KH values 11. What will be the value of van't Hoff factor for a
at the same temperature. dilute solution of K2SO4 in water?
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D Short answer type questions :
12. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in
2. Assertion(A): When scuba divers come towards making 2.5kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution.
surface, their capillaries get blocked which is painful
and dangerous to life. 13. What is the significance of Henry's law constant
Reason (R): There occurred release of dissolved KH?
gases as the pressure decreases and leads to the
formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood. 14. Why is the vapour pressure of a solution of glucose
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
in water lower than that of water?
3. Assertion(A): Ethanol and acetone show positive
15. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the
deviation from Raoult's law.
snow covered reads in hilly areas? Explain the
Reason (R): Pure ethanol molecule show hydrogen
bond and on adding acetone hydrogen bond phenomenon involved in the process.
between ethanol molecules breaks.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D Long answer type questions :
16. What is the solubility of a solid in liquid? Describe
4. Assertion(A): Nitric acid and water form maximum the various factors on which the solubility of a solid
boiling azeotrope. in a liquid depends?
Reason (R): Azeotropes are binary mixture having
the same composition in liquid and vapour phase. 17. What is meant by positive and negative deviations
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D from Raoult's law and how is the sign of mixH related
to positive an negative deviations from Raoult's
5. Assertion(A): The vapour pressure of 0.1 M sugar law?
solution is less than that of 0.1 M potassium
chloride solution.
18. (i) Two liquids A and B boil at 155°C and 190°C,
Reason (R): Lowering of vapour pressure is directly
respectively. Which of them has higher vapour
proportional to the number of species present in
pressure at 80°C?
the solution.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (ii) Heptane and octane form ideal solution. At 373K,
the vapour pressure of the two liquid components
6. Assertion(A): NaCl in water and organic acids in are 105.2kPa and 46.8kPa, respectively. What will
benzene show abnormal molecular mass. be the vapour pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of
Reason (R): Abnormal molecular mass is obtained heptane and 35.0g of octane?
when the substance in the solution undergoes (iii) The vapour pressure of water is 12.3kPa at 300K.
dissociation or association. Calculate the vapour pressure of one molal solution
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D of non-volatile, no-ionic solute in water.

S&CP #10
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry
19. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of 29. Which of the following azeotropic solutions has
water when 10g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH is added to the boiling point less than the boiling point of its
250g of water. Ka = 1.4 × 10–3, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1. constituents molecules? [All India 2020]
(A) CHCl3 and CH3COCH3
CBSE board previous year questions : (B) CS2 and CH3COCH3
20. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing (C) CH3CH2OH and CH3COCH3
60g of glucose (Molar mass = 180g mol–1) in 250g of (D) CH3CHO and CS2
water. (Kf of water = 1.86 K kg mol–1) [CBSE 2018]
30. A glucose solution which boils at 101.04°C at 1atm.
21. Give reasons for the following: [CBSE 2018] What will be relative lowering of vapour pressure
(a) Measurement of osmotic pressure method is of an aqueous solution of urea which is equimolal
preferred for the determination of molar masses of to given glucose solution? [CBSE SQP 2021]
macromolecules such as proteins and polymers. (Given: Kb for water is 0.52K kg mol–1)
(b) Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold
water than in warm water. 31. Pressure does not have any significant effect on
(c) Elevation of boiling point of 1M KCl solution in solubility of solids in liquids because[CBSE 2021]
nearly double than that of 1m sugar solution. (A) Solids are highly compressible
(B) liquids are highly compressible
(C) solubility of solid in liquid is directly
22. Give reasons for the following [All India 2019]
proportional to partial pressure
(a) Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold
(D) solids and liquids are highly incompressible
water than warm water.
(b) At higher altitudes people suffer from anoxia
32. Which one of the following pairs will not form an
resulting in inability to think.
ideal solution? [CBSE 2021]
(A) Benzene and toluene
23. What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by a
(B) n-hexane and n-heptane
solution of acetone and chloroform? Justify on the
(C) Ethanol and acetone
basis of strength of intermolecular interactions that
(D) Bromoethane and chloroethane
develop in the solution. [All India 2019]
33. An azeotropic solution of two liquids has a boiling
24. At 300K, 36g of glucose present in a liter of its point higher than either of the two when
solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the
[CBSE 2021]
osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bar at the
(A) shows a negative deviation from Raoult's law
same temperature, what would be its concentration?
(B) shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law
[All India 2019]
(C) is saturated
(D) shows no deviation from Raoult's law
25. State 'Raoult's law for a solution of volatile liquids.
[Delhi 2020] 34. State Henry’s law. Calculate the solubility of CO2 in
water at 298 K under 760 mm Hg. (KH for CO2 in
26. What is the similarity between Raoults and Henry's water at 298 K is 1.25 × 106 mm Hg) [CBSE 2022]
laws? [Delhi 2020]
35. The freezing point of a solution containing 5g of
27. The freezing point of a solution containing 5g of benzoic acid (M = 122 g mol–1) in 35g of benzene is
benzoic acid (M = 122 g mol–1) in 35g of benzene is depressed by 2.94 K. What is the percentage
depressed by 2.94 K . What is the percentage of association of benzoic acid if it forms a dimer in
association? solution? [CBSE 2022]
(Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol–1) [All India 2020] –1
(Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol )

28. (i) Define the following terms: 36. When 19.5 g of F–CH2–COOH (Molar mass = 78
(a) Ideal solution gmol–1), is dissolved in 500 g of water, the depression
(b) A 0.01 m aqueous solution of AlCl3 freezes at – in freezing point is observed to be 1ºC. Calculate
0.068°C. Calculate the percentage of dissociation. the degree of dissociation of F–CH2–COOH.
[Given : Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1] [Delhi 2020] [Given : Kf for water = 1.86 k kg mol–1] [CBSE 2023]

S&CP #11
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties

2 Prepare your basics for Neet (Level-I)

Types of Solutions 10. Find the volume of 0.1M potassium dichromate

1. Which of the following is an example of a solid solution required to oxidise 20ml of 0.6M ferrous
solution containing a gas as solute ? sulphate solution in acid medium
(A) H2 in water (A) 10ml (B) 20ml (C) 40ml (D) 60ml
(B) O2 in water
(C) Camphor in nitrogen gas
(D) H2 in platinum 11. If 50ml of 0.1M NaCl and 50ml of 0.1 M BaCl2 are
mixed, molarity of chloride ion in the resulting
2. Number of phases present in a true solution is solution will be
(A) 1 (A) 0.2 M (B) 0.3M (C) 0.15M (D) 0.1M
(B) 2
(C) Depends on number of solutes 12. A solution of CaCl2 is 0.5 mol / litre, then the moles
(D) Innumerable
of chloride ion in 500 ml. will be
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.50 (C) 0.75 (D) 1.00
Methods Of Expression Of Concentration
3. How much the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH)
required for preparing 250 ml of 0.15 M solution in 13. A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25%
methanol ? solution and 400 g of 40% solution by mass. What
(A) 45.75 g (B) 4.575 g will be the mass percentage of the solute of resulting
(C) 0.2 M (D) 9.15 g solution ?
(A) 23% (B) 12.5% (C) 33.6% (D) 50%
4. How much water is needed to dilute 10 ml of 10N
hydrochloric acid to make it exactly decinormal (0.1
N)? 14. 1 kg of NaOH is added to 10 ml of 0.1N HCl, the
(A) 990 ml (B) 1000 ml resulting solution will
(C) 1010 ml (D) 100 ml (A) turn blue litmus red
(B) turn phenolphthalein solution pink
5. What will be the mass percentage of aspirin (C) turn methyl orange red
(C9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when 6.5g of
(D) will have no effect on red or blue litmus paper
C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN?
(A) 2.848% (B) 1.424%
(C) 14.24% (D) 28.48% 15. The solution having lowest molar concentration is

(A) 1.0N HCl(B) 0.4N H 2SO 4

6. If 9.55 g of CuS are dissolved in 500 ml H2O. What
will be the molarity of CuS in aqueous solution ? (C) 0.1N Na 2 CO3 (D) 1N NaOH
[Molar mass of CuS is 95.5 g]
(A) 0.02 M (B) 2M
(C) 0.2 M (D) 20 M 16. In a normal solution of BaCl2, normalities of Ba+2
and Cl - are in the ratio
7. A solution of known concentration is known as (A) 2:1 (B)1:2 (C) 1:1 (D) 2:3
(A) Molar Solution (B) Normal Solution
(C) Mole Solution (D) Standard Solution
17. Number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000g. of
8. Which of the following methods of expressing the solvent is called
concentration is independent of temperature? (A) Molarity (B) Molality
(A) Molarity (B) Molality (C) Formality (D) Normality
(C) Formality (D) Normality
18. The density of 2 M solution of acetic acid (Mol. wt.
9. When the volume of the solution is doubled, the
60) is 1.02 g ml-1. The molality of the solution ‘X’ is
following becomes exactly half
(A) Molality (B) Mole-fraction (A) 1.0 (B) 2.0
(C) Molarity (D) Weight percent (C) 2.22 (D) 2.25

S&CP #12
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry
19. Which of the following is correct? 28. What volume of 0.8M solution contains 0.1 mole of
(A) For a binary solution sum of the mole fractions the solute?
of all components is equal to one (A) 100ml (B) 125 ml
Mole fraction of I molesof I (C) 500 ml (D) 62.5 ml
(B) Mole fraction of II  moles of II
29. 250 ml of a calcium carbonate solution contains 2.5
(for binary solution)
(C) Mole fraction of solute grams of CaCO3 . If 10 ml of this solution is diluted

moles of solute to one litre, what is the concentration of the

=
moles of solute + moles of solvent resultant solution?
(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.001 M
(D) All
(C) 0.01 M (D) 104 M
20. Which of the following has no units?
(A) Molarity (B) Normality
30. 3.65 grams of HCl is dissolved in 16.2 grams of water.
(C) Molality (D) Mole fraction
The mole fraction of HCl in the resulting solution is
21. Maltose is converted to ‘A’ by Maltase. The mole
fraction of ‘A’ in 10% (w/w) aq. solution is (A) 0.4 (B) 0.3 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.1
approximately:
(A) 0.18 (B) 0.012 (C) 0.1 (D) 0.017 31. 5.85g NaCl is dissolved in 500ml of water. The
molarity is
22. Molarity of 4% (w/v) solution of NaOH is (A) 0.1 (B) 0.2 (C) 0.3 (D) 0.4
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.001 (D) 1.0
32. Number of milli equivalents of solute in 0.5 litres of
23. The number of moles of solute present in 2.0 lits of 0.2N solution is
0.5M NaOH solution is (A)10 (B) 1 (C)100 (D)1000
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 0.1
33. Weight of solute present in 500 ml 0.2 N-H2SO4
24. 100 ml 0.2M NaOH is exactly neutralised by a mixture solution is
of which of the following? (A) 14.2 g (B) 4.9 g
(A) 100 ml of 0.1M HCl + 100 ml of 0.1M H 2SO 4 (C) 3.55 g (D) 1.42 g

(B) 100 ml of 0.1M HCl + 50 ml of 0.1M H 2SO 4

34. Number of milli equivalents of solute present in 250
(C) 50 ml of 0.1M HCl + 50 ml of 0.1M H 2SO 4 ml of 0.1M oxalic acid solution are
(A) 25 (B) 50 (C) 250 (D) 125
(D) 50 ml of 0.1M HCl + 100 ml of 0.1M H 2SO 4
35. The weight of H2C2O4 2H20 required to prepare 500ml
25. 250 ml of a sodium carbonate solution contains 2.65
of 0.2N solution is
grams of Na 2 CO3 . 10 ml of this solution is added (A) 1.26g (B) 6.3g
to x ml of water to obtain 0.001 M Na 2 CO3 (C) 1.575g (D) 3.15g
solution. What is the value of x in ml? (Molecular
weight of Na 2 CO3 =106) 36. What is the volume (in litres) of 0.1M H2SO4 required
to completely neutralize 1 litre of 0.5M NaOH?
(A) 1000 (B) 990 (C) 9990 (D) 90
(A) 5 (B) 2.5 (C) 0.5 (D) 10
26. The molarity of pure water is
37. 3.42 g of a substance of molecular weight 342 is
(A) 18 M (B) 55.55 M
(C) 10 M (D) 5.55 M present in 250g of water. Molality of this solution
is
27. If 250ml of 0.25M NaCl solution is diluted with water (A) 0.4m (B) 0.04 m (C) 0.8 m (D) 4m
to a volume of 500ml, the new concentration of
solution is 38. 3g of a salt [mol.wt. 30] is dissolved in 250g of
(A) 0.167M (B) 0.0167M water the molality of the solution is
(C) 0.125M (D) 0.0833M (A) 0.4 (B) 0.2 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.8

S&CP #13
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties
39. The mole fraction of NaCl in a solution containing 1
48. Henry’s law constant for the solubility of N 2 gas
mole of NaCl in 1000g of water is
(A) 0.0177 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.244 in water at 298K is 1.0  105 atm . The mole fraction

40. The mole fraction of water in 20% of aqueous of N 2 in air is 0.6. The no.of moles of N 2 from air
hydrogen peroxide solution is dissolved in 10 moles of water at 298K and 5atm
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.8 (C) 0.883 (D) 0.117 pressure is

41. An aqueous solution of Methyl alcohol contains (A) 3.0  104 (B) 4.0 10 5
48g of alcohol. The mole fraction of alcohol is 0.6. (C) 5.0  10 4 (D) 6.0  10 6
The weight of water in it is
(A) 27g (B) 2.7g (C) 18g (D) 1.8g
49. H 2 S ,a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used
42. A gaseous mixture contains 4.0g of H2 and 56.0g of for the qualitative analysis.If the solubility of
N2. The mole fraction of H2 in the mixture is
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.2 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.8 H 2 S in water at STP is 0.195M,then Henry’s law
constant is
43. Three statements are given about mole fraction (A) 28.94 (B) 282
(i) Mole fraction of a solute + mole fraction of (C) 145.2 (D) 2890.4
solvent = 1
(ii) Equal weights of Helium and methane are present
50. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is
in a gaseous mixture. The mole
fraction of He is 4/5
1.67  108 pa at 298 K the quantity of CO2 in
(iii) The mole fraction of water in the aqueous
500ml of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm
solution of NaOH is 0.8. The molality of the solution
pressure is
is nearly 14 moles kg -1 (A) 0.0084gms (B) 0.00084gms
(A) i and ii are correct (B) ii and iii are correct (C)1.848gms (D) 8.4gms
(C) i and iii are correct (D) all are correct
Vapour Pressure - Raoult's Law Ideal And Non-Ideal
Solubility - Henry's Law Solutions
44. The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase is 51. Which of the following conditions is not satisfied
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the by an ideal solution ?
solution is given by (A) H mix  0
(A) Raoult’s law (B) Ostwald’s law
(C) Distribution law (D) Henry’s law (B) Smix  0
(C) Vmix  0
45. Four gases like H 2 , He, CH 4 and CO2 h ave (D)Raoult’s law is obeyed

Henry’s constant values  K H  are 69.16, 144.97, 52. Which of the following liquid pairs will exhibit a
0.413 and 1.67. The gas which is more soluble in positive deviation from Raoult’s law ?
liquid is (A) Water – Hydrochloric acid
(B) Cyclohexane – Ethanol
(A) He (B) CH 4 (C) H 2 (D) CO2 (C) Acetone – Chloroform
(D) Water – Nitric acid
46. The solubility of gas in a liquid increases with
(A) Increase of temperature 53. The azeotropic mixture of water and HCl boils at
(B) Amount of liquid taken 108.5°C . When this mixture is distilled, it is possible
(C) Decrease in temperature to obtain
(D) Reduction of gas pressure (A) Pure HCl
(B) Pure water
47. How many grams of CO2 gas is dissolved in a 1 lt (C) Neither pure HCl nor pure water
(D) Both pure HCl and pure water
bottle of carbonated water if the manufacturer uses
a pressure of 2.4 atmosphere in the bottling process
54. A solution is non-ideal when
at 250 C Given K H of CO2 water =
(A) ( P) sol .  0 (B) ( H ) sol .  0
29.76atm / mole / l at 25 0 C
(A) 3.52 (B) 4.2 (C) 3.1 (D) 2.5 (C) ( G ) sol .  0 (D) ( V ) sol .  0

S&CP #14
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry
55. Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by vapours 63. If an ideal solution is made by mixing 2 moles of
(A) In equilibrium with liquid benzene (p0 = 266 mm) and 3 moles of another liquid
(B) In any condition (p0 = 236 mm). The total vapour pressure of the
(C) In an open system solution at the same temperature would be
(D) In atmospheric conditions (A) 502 mm (B) 248 mm
(C) 600 mm (D) 250.6 mm
56. The pair of solutions which shows positive
deviation in non ideal solution Colligative Properties Relative Lowering Of Vapour
(A) CCl4  C6 H 6 (B) CHCl3  C6 H 6 Pressure
(C) CCl4  CHCl3 (D) Both 1 and 3 64. An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute
exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling
point of the solvent.What is the molar mass of the
57. The pair of solutions which shows negative
0
deviation in non-ideal solution solute ? [P H 2O  1.013bar ]
(A) 41.35 g mol-1 (B) 82.70 g mol-1
(A) CHCl3  CH 3COCH 3
(C) 20.67 g mol-1 (D) 60 g mol-1
(B) CH 3COCH 3  C6 H 5 NH 2
65. Which of the following is a colligative property?
(C) CHCl3  C6 H 6 (A) Boiling point (B) Osmotic pressure
(D) All the above (C) Vapour pressure (D) Freezing point

58. Azeotropy is the property of 66. 12g of urea is present in 1litre of solution and 68.4 g
(A) all the solutions (B) Non-ideal solution of sucrose is separately dissolved in 1litre of another
(C) gas in liquid solution (D) ideal solution sample of solution. The lowering of vapour pressure
of first solution is
59. Pure water boils at 373K and pure nitric acid boils at (A) Equal to second
359K. The azeotropic mixture of water and nitric (B) Greater than second
acid boils at T K. (C) Less than second
(A) T < 359 K (B) T > 359 K (D) Double that of second
(C) T < 373 K but > 359 K (D) Unpredictable
67. A solution is obtained by dissolving 0.2 moles of
60. Which of the following statements is correct, if the urea in a litre water. Another solution is obtained
intermolecular force in liquids A, B and C are in the by dissolving 0.4 moles of cane-sugar in a litre of
order A < B < C? water at the same temperature. The lowering of
(A) B evaporates more readily than A vapour pressure to the first solution is.
(B) B evaporates less readily than C (A) Same as that of the second solution
(C) A and B evaporate at the same rate (B) Half to that of the second solution
(D) A evaporates more readily than C (C) Double to that of the second solution
(D) None
61. An aqueous solution of methanol in water has
vapour pressure 68. 3 gms of urea is added to 36 gms of boiling water.
(A) Equal to that of water How much lowering in its vapour pressure is noticed
(B) Equal to that of methanol (A) 19 mm (B) 38 mm
(C) More than that of water (C) 760 mm (D) 76 mm
(D) Less than that of water
69. Which of the following solutions have more
62. The boiling point of lowering in vapour pressure at a certain
C6 H 6 , CH3 OH, C6 H 5 NH 2 and C6 H 5 NO 2 temperature?
(A) 90 grams of glucose in 900 grams of H 2 O
are 80  C , 65  C , 184  C and 212  C
respectively. Which will show highest vapour (B) 34.2 grams of sucrose in 450 grams of H 2 O
pressure at room temperature?
(C) 20 grams of urea in 900 grams of H 2 O
(A) C6 H 6 (B) CH 3 OH
(C) C6 H 5 NH 2 (D) C6 H 5 NO 2 (D) 45 grams of glucose in 900 grams of H 2 O

S&CP #15
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties
70. The vapour pressure of methanol at certain 79. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K.When 1.80g
temperature is 1 atm. by adding a small amount of of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90g of
ethyl acetate the vapour pressure of the solution is benzene,the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. The
found to be 684 mm. The relative lowering of vapour molar mass of the solute is.( K b for benzene is
pressure is
2.53K kg mol 1 )
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.9 (C) 76 (D) 0.694
(A) 58 g mol 1 (B) 106 g mol 1
0
71. The vapour pressure of water at 23 C is 19.8 mm. 0.1
mole of glucose is dissolved in 178.2 g of water. (C) 174 g mol 1 (D) 232 g mol 1
What is the vapour pressure (in mm) of the resultant
solution at same temperature Depression In Freezing Point
(A) 19.0 (B) 19.602 80. The molal freezing point constant for water is 1.86
(C) 19.402 (D) 19.202 K. molality-1. If 34.2 g of cane sugar (C12H22O1(A)
are dissolved in 1000g of water, the solution will
72. The magnitude of colligative properties in colloidal freeze at
dispersions is .... than solution (A) -0.186oC (B) 1.86OC
(A) Lower (B) Higher (C) Both (D) None (C) -3.92OC (D) 2.42OC

Elevation In Boiling Point 81. The use of common salts, e.g., NaCl or CaCl2
73. When 10g of a non-volatile solute is dissolved in
anhydrous, is made to clear snow on the roads.
100g of benzene, it raises boiling by 1 oC then
This causes:
molecular mass of the solute is (Kb for benzene =2.53
(A) A lowering in the freezing point of water. (B) A
K-m-1)
lowering in the melting point of ice.
(A) 223 g (B) 233 g
(C) Ice melts at the temperature of atmosphere
(C) 243 g (D) 253 g
present at that time.
(D) All the above
74. The molal elevation constant is the ratio of the
elevation is B.P. to s
82. The freezing point of 1% aqueous solution of
(A) molarity
calcium nitrate will be
(B) molality
(C) mole fraction of solute (A) 0 0 C (B) Above 0 0 C
(D) mole fraction of solvent (C) 1 0 C (D) Below 0 0 C

75. The value of ebullioscopic constant depend upon

83. Antifreeze are the substances which
(A) H Solution (A) Stop freezing
(B) Nature of solvent (B) Decreases freezing point
(C) Nature of solute (C) Increases freezing point
(D) Freezing point of solution (D) Melt the ice
76. An aqueous solution of 2% non volatile solute
exerts a pressure of 1.004bar at the normal boiling 84. Two elements A and B form compounds of formula
point of the solvent.What is the molecular mass of AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20.0 g of benzene
the solute? 1.0 g of AB2 lowers F.pt. by 2.30C whereas 1.0g of
AB4 lowers F.pt. by 1.30C. The Kf for benzene is 5.4.
(A) 4.135 g / mol (B) 22.1g / mol
The atomic masses of A and B are respectively
(C) 90.1g / mol (D) 41.35 g / mol (A) 27, 45 (B) 42, 25
(C) 52, 48 (D) 48, 52
77. Pure water boils at 99.7250C in Shimla. If Kb for water
is 0.51 K mol-1 kg, the boiling point of 0.69 molal 85. The amount of ice that will separate on cooling a
urea solution will be solution containing 50g of ethylene glycol in 200g
(A) 100.35 (B) 100.08 water to -9.30C is: [Kf = 1.86 K molality-1]
(C) 99.37 (D) none of these (A) 38.71 g (B) 38.71 mg
(C) 42 g (D) 42 mg
78. The rise in the boiling point of a solution containing
1.8g of glucose in 100g of solvent is 0.10C. The 86. Molal elevation constant and molal depression
molal elevation constant of the liquid is constant of water respectively ( in Km-1) are
(A) 0.01 K/m (B) 0.1 K/m (A) 0.52, 1.86 (B) 1.86, 0.52
(C) 1K/m (D) 10 K/m (C) 1.52, 0.86 (D) 0.86, 1.52

S&CP #16
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry
87. What is the normal b.p of an aqueous solution 95. Which statement is incorrect about osmotic
whose freezing point is 2.480 C ? pressure   , volume(V) & temperature(T)?
K f  1.860 C.kg / mol , Kb  0.5120 C.kg / mol  (A) 
1
, if T is constant
0
V
(A) 100.70 C (B) 102.5 C (B)   T, if V is constant
0 0 (C)   V, if T is constant
(C) 109.0 C (D) 99.3 C
(D)  V is constant, if T is constant
88. Calculate the molal depression constant of a solvent
which has freezing point 16.6 0 and latent heat of 96. The Osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is given
fusion 180.75Jg 1 by
(A) 3.3 (B) 3.86 (A) P0  P0  N1 (B)  V  nRT
(C) 2.9 (D) 38.6
P P 0  PS
(C) 0  (D) P  P0 N 2
89. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid( C6 H 8O6 )to P P0
be dissolved in 75g of acetic acid to lower its melting
0 1
point by 1.5 C.K f  3.9 K kg mol 97. Which of the following chemical entities can act as
(A) 5.08g (B) 5.06 (C) 5.04 (D) 5.02 semipermeable membrane?
(A) Cu2[Fe(CN)6] (B) Cu(SCN)2
90. 1.00g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50g (C) BaC2O4 (D) BaSO4
of benzene, lowered the freezing point of benzene
by 0.40 K. The freezing point depression constant 98. The osmotic pressure of solution at 00C is 4 atm
what will be its osmotic pressure at 546 K. Under
of benzene is 5.12 K. kg mol 1 . Find the molar similar conditions
mass of the solute. (A) 4 atm (B) 2 atm
(A) 236 gm / mole (B) 256 gm / mole (C) 1 atm (D) 8 atm
(C) 266 gm / mole (D) 274 gm / mole
99. The molar mass of solute X in g mol 1 , if its 1%
Osmotic Pressure
91. Osmotic pressure is measured by solution is osmotic with a 5% solution of cane sugar
(A) Ostwald’s method (molar mass =34 g mol 1 (B) is
(B) Berkeley and Hartley method
(C) Preffer’s method (A) 68.4 (B) 34.2 (C) 136.2 (D) 171.2
(D) Beckmann’s method
100. 200 c.c of an aqueous solution contains 1.26 gms of
92. Blood cells retain their normal shape in solution a polymer. The osmotic pressure of such solution
3
which are at 300 K is found to be 2.57  10 bar. Calculate
(A) isotonic to blood the molar mass of the polymer
(B) hypotonic to blood (A) 61038 g/mole (B) 122076 g/mole
(C) hypertonic to blood
(C) 610.38 g/mole (D) 122.076 g/mole
(D) equinormal to blood
101. The osmotic pressure of a solution of an organic
93. The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is directly
substance containing 18 gm in 1 lit of solution at
proportional to the
(A) Diffusion rate of the solute 293 K is 2.414 10 5 Nm 2 . Find the molecular
(B) Ionic concentration mass of the substance.
(C) Boiling point (If S= 8.3 J K-1 mole-(A)
(D) Flow of solvent from a concentrated solution (A) 181.33 (B) 362.66 (C) 36.2 (D) 18.1

94. A perfectly semi-permeable membrane when used 102. What is the volume of solution containing 1 gm
to separate a solution from its solvent permits mole of sugar that will give rise to an osmotic
through it the passage of pressure of 1 atm at 00C
(A) Solute only (B) Solvent only (A) 11.2 lit (B) 112 lit
(C) Both (a) and (b) (D) None (C) 224 lit (D) 22.4 lit

S&CP #17
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties
103. Find the osmotic pressure of M/20 solution of Urea 108. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of K3 [Fe(CN)6] freezes
at 27 0C at –0.062°C. What is the apparent percentage of
(A) 12.315 atm (B) 1.2315 atm dissociation ? (Kf of water = 1.86)
(C) 0.12315 atm (D) 0.0123 atm (A) 22% (B) 78 % (C) 75 % (D) 50 %

104. The osmotic pressure of a decimolar solution of 109. In a solvent 50% of benzoic acid dimerises while
urea at 27 0C is rest ionises, determine molar mass of acid which is
(A) 2.49 bar (B) 5 bar observed and also its van’t Hoff factor.
(C) 3.4 bar (D) 1.25 bar (A) 1.5 (B) 1.25 (C) 1 (D) 2

105. What is the volume of a solution containing 2g 110. The values of observed and calculated molecular
mole of sugar that will give rise to an osmotic weights of silver nitrate are 92.64 and 170
pressure 1 atm. at STP respectively. The degrees of dissociation of silver
(A) 4.48 lit (B) 0.448 lit nitrate is
(C) 44.8 lit (D) 448 lit (A) 60% (B) 83.5%
(C) 46.7% (D) 60.23%
Abnormal Colligative Properties - Van't Hoff Factor
106. The molecular mass of sodium chloride obtained 111. Which solution will have the highest boiling point?
by using a colligative property is (A) 1m C6H12O6 solution (B) 1m NaCl solution
(A) 58.5 g/mol (B) 29.25 g/mol (C) 1m BaCl2 solution (D) 1m urea solution
(C) 117 g/mol (D) 85 g/mol

107. The ratio of value of colligative property for

equimolar Hg2Cl2 solution to that for sugar solution
is nearly
(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 8 (D) 3

S&CP #18
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry

3 Assertion & Reasoning

Directions : Each question has 5 choices (A), (B), 8. Assertion : One molal aqueous solution of urea
(C), (D) and (E) out of which only one is correct. contains 60g of urea in 1 kg (1000g) water.
(A) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is a Reason : Solution containing one mole of solute in
correct explanation for Assertion. 1000g solvent is called as one molal solution.
(B) Assertion is True, Reason is True; Reason is
NOT a correct explanation for Assertion. 9. Assertion : If 100 cc of 0.1N HCl is mixed with 100
(C) Assertion is True, Reason is False. cc of 0.2N HCl, the normality of the final solution
(D) Assertion is False, Reason is True. will be 0.30.
(E) Both Assertion and Reason are False.
Reason : Normalities of similar solutions like HCl
can be added.
1. Assertion : The difference in the boiling points of
equimolar solution of HCl and HF decreases as their
molarity is decreased. 10. Assertion : If a liquid solute more volatile than the
Reason : The extent of dissociation decreases solvent is added to the solvent, the vapour pressure
steadily with increasing dilution. of the solution may increase i.e., p s  p o .
Reason : In the presence of a more volatile liquid
solute, only the solute will form the vapours and
2. Assertion : 0.02 m solutions of urea and sucrose
solvent will not.
will freeze at same temperature.
Reason : Freezing point of a solution is inversely
proportional to the conc. of solution. 11. Assertion : Azeotropic mixtures are formed only by
non-ideal solutions and they may have boiling
3. Assertion : When mercuric iodide is added to the points either greater than both the components or
aqueous solution of KI, the freezing point is raised. less than both the components.
Reason : HgI2 reacts with KI forming complex ion Reason : The composition of the vapour phase is
[HgI4]2–. same as that of the liquid phase of an azeotropic
mixutre.
4. Assertion : 0.1 M solution of NaCl has greater 12. Assertion : Molecular mass of polymers cannot be
osmotic pressure than 0.1 M solution of glucose at calculated using boiling point or freezing point
same temperature. method.
Reason : In solution, NaCl dissociates to produce Reason : Polymers solutions do not possess a
more number of particles. constant boiling point or freezing point.

5. Assertion : Relative lowering of vapour pressure is 13. Assertion : The molecular weight of acetic acid
equal to mole fraction of the solvent. determined by depression in freezing point method
Reason : Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a in benzene and water was found to be different.
colligative property.
Reason : Water is polar and benzene is non-polar.

6. Assertion : Molal elevation constant depends on

the nature of solvent. 14. Assertion : Ca++ and K+ ions are responsible for
Reason : Molal elevation constant is the elevation maintaining proper osmotic pressure balance in the
in boiling point when 1 mole of the solute is cells of organism.
dissolved in 1 kg of solvent. Reason : Solutions having the same osmotic
pressure are called isotonic solutions.
7. Assertion : If decimolal solution of sodium chloride
boils at 101.2°C, then decimolal solution of calcium 15. Assertion : Reverse osmosis is used in the
chloride will also boil at the same temperature. desalination of sea water.
Reason : For same molal concentration of aqueous Reason : When pressure more than osmotic
solutions of electrolytes, the elevation of boiling pressure is applied, pure water is squeezed out of
point may not be same. the sea water through the membrane.

S&CP #19
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties
16. Assertion : Camphor is used as solvent in the 22. Assertion : Molar heat of vaporisation of water is
determination of molecular masses of naphthalene, greater than benzene.
an thracene etc. Reason : Molar heat of vaporisation is the amount
Reason : Camphor has high molal elevation of heat required to vaporise one mole of liquid at
constant. constant temperature.

17. Assertion : Elevation in boiling point and

23. Assertion : Ice melts faster at high altitude.
depression in freezing point are colligative
properties. Reason : At high altitude atmospheric pressure is
high.
Reason : All colligative properties are used for the
calculaltion of molecular masses.
24. Assertion : Molecular mass of benzoic acid when
18. Assertion : An increase in surface area increases determined by colligative properties is found high.
the rate of evaporation. Reason : Dimerisation of benzoic acid.
Reason : Stronger the inter-molecular attractive
forces, fast is the rate of evaporation at a given
25. Assertion : Use of pressure cooker reduces cooking
temperature.
time.
Reason : At higher pressue cooking occurs faster.
19. Assertion : The boiling and melting points of
amides are higher than corresponding acids.
Reason : It is due to strong intermolecular hydrogen 26. Assertion : CCl4 and H2O are immiscible.
bonding in their molecules. Reason : CCl4 is a polar solvent.

20. Assertion : The freezing point is the temperature at

27. Assertion : Isotonic solution do not show the
which solid crystallizers from solution.
phenomenon of osmosis.
Reason : The freezing point depression is the
difference between that temperature and freezing Reason : Isotonic solutions have equal osmotic
pressure.
point of pure solvent.

21. Assertion : On adding NaCl to water its vapour 28. Assertion : Increasing pressure on pure water
pressure increases. decreases its freezing point.
Reason : Addition of non-volatile solute increases Reason : Density of water is maximum at 273 K.
the vapour pressure.

S&CP #20
Solution & Colligative Properties Chemistry

4 Previous Year Problems

1. Which of the following is true for an ideal solution ? 8. A solution of urea (mol. mass 56 g mol–1) boils at
[NEET 2013] 100.18°C at the atmospheric pressure. If Kf and Kb
(A) H(mix) = 0 (B) S(mix) = 0 for water are 1.86 and 0.512 K kg mol–1 respectively,
the above solution will freeze at [NEET 2017]
(C) G(mix) = 0 (D) None of these
(A) 0.654°C (B) –0.654°C
(C) 6.54°C (D) –6.54°C
2. Boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.8 g of
non-volatile soulte is dissolved in 90 g of benzene, 9. What happen at increasing pressure at constant
boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. If Kb (benzene) = temperature [NEET 2018]
2.53 kg mol–1 the molecular mass of non-volatile (A) Rate of Haber process decrease
substance is [NEET 2013] (B) Solubility of gas increase in liquid
–1
(A) 58 g mol (B) 120 g mol–1 (C) Solubility of solid increases in liquid
(C) 116 g mol –1
(D) 60 g mol–1 (D) 2C(s) + CO2(g)  2CO(g) reaction move forward

3. The value of henry’s constant KH is [NEET 2014] 10. When 45 gm solute is dissolved in 600 gm water
freezing point lower by 2.2 K, calculate molar mass
(A) greater for gases with higher solubility
of solute (Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1) [NEET 2018]
(B) greater for gases with lower solubility
(A) 63.4 gm (B) 80 gm
(C) constant for all gases (C) 90 gm (D) 21 gm
(D) not related to the solubility of gases
11. The mixture that forms maximum boiling azeotrope
4. The relationship between osmotic pressure at 273 is: [NEET-2019]
K when 10 g glucose (P1), 10 g urea (P2) and 10 g (A) Water + Nitric acid
sucrose (P3) are dissolved in 250 mL of water is (B) Ethanol + Water
[NEET 2015] (C) Acetone + Carbon disulphide
(D) Heptane + Octane
(A) P1 > P2 > P3 (B) P3 > P1 > P2
(C) P2 > P1 > P3 (D) P2 > P3 > P1 12. The freezing point depression constant (Kf) of
benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1. The freezing point
5. Two elements A and B form compounds of formula depression for the solution of molality 0.078 m
AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20.0 g of benzene containing a non-electrolyte solute in benzene is
1.0 g of AB2 lowers f. pt. by 1.3°C. The Kf for benzene (rounded off upto two decimal places) :
is 5.1. the atomic masses of A and B are [NEET-2020]
[NEET 2015] (A) 0.60 K (B) 0.20 K
(A) 25, 42 (B) 42, 25 (C) 0.80 K (D) 0.40 K
(C) 52, 48 (D) 48,52
13. The mixture which shows positive deviation from
Raoult’s law is [NEET-2020]
6. The freezing point of a solution containing 0.2 g of (A) Chloroethane + Bromoethane
acetic acid in 20.0 g benzene is lowered by 0.45°C. (B) Ethanol + Acetone
The degree of association of acetic acid in benzene (C) Benzene + Toluene
is (Assume acetic acid dimerises in benzene and Kf (D) Acetone + Chloroform
for benzene = 5.12 kg mo–1)
Mobserved of acetic acid = 113.78 [NEET 2013] 14. The following solutions were prepared by
(A) 94.5 % (B) 54.9% dissolving 10 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 250 ml of
(C) 78.2% (D) 100% water (P1), 10 g of urea (CH4N2O) in 250 ml of water
(P2) and 10 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in 250 ml of
water (P3). The right option for the decreasing order
7. Volume of water needed to mix with 10 mL 10 N
of osmotic pressure of these solutions is :
HNO3 to get 0.1 N HNO3 is : [NEET 2017] [NEET-2021]
(A) 1000 mL (B) 990 mL (A) P2 > P1 > P3 (B) P1 > P2 > P3
(C) 1010 mL (D) 10 mL (C) P2 > P3 > P1 (D) P3 > P1 > P2

S&CP #21
Chemistry Solution & Colligative Properties
15. The correct option for the value of vapour pressure 17. Given below are two statements : one is labelled as
of a solution at 45°C with benzene to octane in molar Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R
ratio 3 : 2 is : [NEET 2023]
[At 45°C vapour pressure of benzene is 280 mm Hg Assertion A : Helium is used to dilute oxygen in
and that of octane is 420 mm Hg. diving apparatus.
Assume Ideal gas] [NEET-2021] Reason R : Helium has high solubility in O2.
(A) 160 mm of Hg (B) 168 mm of Hg In the light of the above statements, choose the
(C) 336 mm of Hg (D) 350 mm of Hg correct answer from the options given below
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
16. In one molal solution that contains 0.5 mole of a explanation of A
solute, there is [NEET 2022] (B) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct
(A) 500g of solvent (B) 100 mL of solvent explanation of A
(C) 1000g of solvent (D) 500mL of solvent (C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - II (LEVEL-1)
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D
8. B 9. C 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. C 14. B
15. C 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. D 21. B
22. D 23. B 24. B 25. B 26. B 27. C 28. B
29. B 30. D 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. B 35. B
36. B 37. B 38. A 39. A 40. C 41. C 42. C
43. D 44. D 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. A 49. B
50. C 51. B 52. B 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. D
57. D 58. B 59. B 60. D 61. C 62. B 63. B
64. A 65. B 66. A 67. B 68. A 69. A 70. A
71. B 72. A 73. D 74. B 75. B 76. D 77. B
78. C 79. A 80. A 81. D 82. D 83. B 84. A
85. A 86. A 87. A 88. B 89. B 90. B 91. B
92. A 93. B 94. B 95. C 96. B 97. A 98. D
99. A 100. A 101. A 102. D 103. B 104. A 105. C
106. B 107. D 108. B 109. B 110. B 111. D

EXERCISE – III
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. D
8. A 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. (E)
15. A 16. C 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. (E)
22. B 23. (E) 24. A 25. A 26. C 27. B 28. C

EXERCISE - IV (Previous Year Problems)

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B
8. B 9. B 10. A 11. A 12. D 13. B 14. A
15. C 16. A 17. B
S&CP #22