TABLE OF CONTENTS :

1. Introduction
2. Mobile Communication System
3. Telecom Network
4. Call Setup
5. Parts Of Telecommunication Network
a. Telephone Exchange
.C-DOT
.OCB
.EWSD
b. Main Distribution Frame
c. Switch Room
6. Power Plant
7. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
8. Base Station Controller
9. Mobile Switching Centre
10. Global System For Mobile Communication (GSM)
11. PDH and SDH
12. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
13. Broadband Connection OF BSNL and OPTICAL FIBRE

14. Conclusion
15. REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is the one of the largest telecommunication

company which provides all types of telecom services namely telephone
services on wireline, wireless local loop (WLL) and mobile, broadband,
internet, leased circuits and long-distance telecom service.

The company has been in the forefront of technology with 100% digital
technology switching network. BSNL’s nation-wide telecommunications
network covers all district headquarters, sub-divisional headquarters,
Tehsil headquarters and almost all the block headquarters .

❖Its responsibilities includes improvement of the quality of already

installed telecom services, expansion of telecom services in rural
areas and acquiring confidence among its customers.

→It provides a comprehensive range of services in India, which

include wireless connections, CDMA mobile, GSM lines, Internet,
broadband, FTTH and VOIP (voice over Internet protocol).

❖Within this short span of time, it has also become one of the
largest public sector companies in India.
MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Mobile communication system may be defined as a communication

system that allows peoplee to communicate without utilizing anny
physical link, disregarding, location, time, and distance. The idea of
wirreless communication was set forth by Marconi in 1985 with the
inveention of Wireless Telegraph.

Classification of Mobile Communication :

A mobile phone (also callled mobile cellular network, cell phonne or hand
phone) is an example of mobile communication (wireless commmunication). It
is an electric device used for full duplex two way radio telecommunication
over a cellular network of base stations known as cell site.
TELECOM NETWWORK

A telecommunications network is a group of nodes interconnected

by telecommunications links that are used to exchange messagess
between the nodes. The links mayy use a variety of technologies
based on the methodologies of circuiit switching, message
switching, orr packet switching, to pass messsages and signals
Types of neTworks

Switched communications network

A switched communications network transfers data from source to
destination through a series of network nodes. Switching can be
done in one of two ways. In a circuit-switched network, a dedicated
physical path is established through the network and is held for as
long as communication is necessary. An example of this type of
network is the traditional (analog) telephone system.

Broadcast network
local area networks (LANs)
A broadcast network avoids the complex routing procedures of a switched
network by ensuring that each node’s transmissions are received by all other
nodes in the network. Therefore, a broadcast network has only a single
communications channel. A wired local area network (LAN), for example, may
be set up as a broadcast network, with one user connected to each node and
the nodes typically arranged in a bus, ring, or star topology.

Network access

Since all nodes can hear each transmission in a broadcast network, a

procedure must be established for allocating a communications channel to
the node or nodes that have packets to transmit and at the same time
preventing destructive interference from collisions (simultaneous
transmissions). This type of communication, called multiple access, can be
established either by scheduling (a technique in which nodes take turns
transmitting in an orderly fashion) or by random access to the channel.
Working Of Basic Telecommunication Network
This section includes brief introduction of how a call is
processed when we dial a call from basic telephone to another
basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa.

CALL SETUP:
When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes
to the nearest switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching
Telecommunication Network). Then it processes the caller and
subscriber's number if it exists in the same BSC (Base Station
Controller) then call setup is completed. If subscriber is not in the
same BSC then call transfer to MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) then it
transfers the call to prior BSC then call setup is completed. If Caller
calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO
(Mobile Telephone Switching Office)now call transfer is done on BTS
(Base Transceiver Station) and setup is completed.
PARTS OF A TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

THE MAIN PARTS OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

ARE :

1. Telephone exchange
2. Main Distribution Frame
3. Switch Room

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

. Interconnection of telephones is known as

switching equipment.

.The switching centre,which houses the terminating

and switching equipment is called telephone exchange

. A telephone exchange is a telecommunication

system used in the public switched telephone
network or in large enterprises.
 ABOUT THE EXCHANGE
All telephone subscribers are served by
automatic exchanges.

Various exchanges present in BSNL are :

1. C-DOT
2. OCB(ORGANE DE COMMANDE B2 VERSION)
3. EWSD

C-DOT :
The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) is an Indian
Government owned telecommunications technology development
centre. C-DOT developed products for optical, satellite and wireless
communication from circuit switching technology, ATM and next
generation networks. From a purely hardware development centre, it
diversified into development of telecom software like IN, NMS, Data
Clearing House and from a protected environment of closed market to
an open and competitive market. It work on telecom technology,
products and servicesz.Provide solutions for current and future
requirements of telecommunication and converged networks including
those required for rural application .Provide market orientation to R & D
activities and sustain C-DOT as center of excellence.

OCB(ORGANE DE COMMANDE B2 VERSION):

It is a digital switching system. The system supports all the
existing signaling system. It has ‘auto recovery’ feature.
When a serious fault occurs in control unit, it gives a
message to operation and maintenance unit.
EWSD (ELECTRONIC WORLD SWITCHING DEVICE)
The EWSD Digital Switching System offers a wide range of telephony
features and supplementary services.

Further capabilities can be developed to meet specific customer

needs.
MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME:
M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. The MDF
is a termination point within the local telephone exchange where exchange
equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires at
the MDF. All cable copper pairs supplying services through user telephone
lines are terminated at the MDF and distributed through the MDF to
equipment within the local exchange e.g. repeaters and DSLAM. Cables to
intermediate distribution frames (IDF) terminate at the MDF.

The MDF usually holds telephone exchange protective devices including heat
coils, and functions as a test point between a line and the exchange equipment.

The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides.
On one side, termination blocks are arranged horizontally at the front of rack
shelves. Jumpers lie on the shelves and go through an insulated steel hoop to run
vertically to other termination blocks that are arranged vertically. There is a hoop or
ring at the intersection of each level and each vertical. Installing a jumper historically
required two workers, one on either side of the MDF. The shelves are shallow enough
to allow the rings to be within arm's reach, but the workers prefer to hang the jumper
on a hook on a pole so their partner can pull it through the ring. A fanning strip at the
back of each termination block prevents the wires from covering each other's
terminals. With disciplined administration, the MDF can hold over a hundred
thousand jumpers, with dozens changed every day, for decades without tangling.

FUNCTIONS OF MDF:
All cable copper wires supplying service through user telephone
lines are terminated and distributed through MDF.

The most common kind of large MDF is long steel rack accessible
from both sides. Each jumper is a twisted wire.

It provides testing of calls.

It checks whether fault is indore or external.

MDF (MOBILE DISTRIBUTION FRAME ) STRUCTURE
SWITCH ROOM :

Switch room consists of BM and CM cabinets mounted in

standard switch
These cabinets are fastened to a switch room and
are interconnected by cables.
Routing the call:- When the HLR receives this query message, it
determines whether the call should be routed to another number
(called a divert ), or of it is to be routed directly to the mobile.
It consists of digital electronic switches which guides the user
to the destination by identifying a physical communication path.
POWER PLANT
As we know that , the power is the main source of any organisation .
The first requirement of any organisation is the input.

The main source of this exchange is AC.

The main part of power room are:-

1. Batteries for providing 48V supply
2. UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply)
3. Charging - Discharging Unit
4. INVERTER and CONVERTER Unit supply.
POWER PLANT IN BSNL STRUCTURE
BASE TRANSIEVER STATION (BTS)

A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece of equipment that facilitates

wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs
are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with
wireless Internet connectivity, or antennas mounted on buildings or
telecommunication towers. The network can be that of any of the wireless
communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi,
WiMAX or other wide area network (WAN) technology. It carry out radio
communications between the network and the MS.It handles speech
encoding , encryption, multiplexing, and responsible for modulation and
demodulation.Installed between 1 and 16 Transreceivers(TRX).
BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)
A base station controller (BSC) is a critical mobile network component that controls one
or more base transceiver stations (BTS), also known as base stations or cell sites. Key
BSC functions include radio network management (such as radio frequency control),
BTS handover management and call setup.

A BSC works with a mobile switching center (MSC) component that is external to the
BTS, enabling it to provide full mobile telephony and fulfill capacity requirements. Base
stations must communicate with the MSC and data must be managed as information
overflow, impacting MSC efficiency. A BSC eliminates MSC base station activity
management requirements, allowing the MSC to handle critical tasks, such as traffic
balancing and database management.
MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE (MSC)
A Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is a core part of the GSM/CDMA network
system. It acts as a control center of a Network Switching Subsystem
(NSS). The MSC connects calls between subscribers by switching the
digital voice packets between network paths. It also provides information
needed to support mobile service subscribers. Based on the size of the
mobile operator, multiple MSC can be implemented.

The MSC is stationed between the base station and the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PTSN). All mobile communications are routed from
the base station through the MSC. The MSC is responsible for handling
voice calls and SMS including other services like FAX .
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)
The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) is an international
standard for mobile telecommunications. The GSM technology is used which
uses mobile stations, base substations, and network systems. The mobile station
consists of the basic mobile access point or the mobile phone and links the
mobile phones with the GSM network for communication.

The GSM network is divided into three major systems:

The switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation
and support system (OSS).

GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)

General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service
available to users of the 26 cellular communication systems, global system for
mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems,
GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbps

GPRS extends the GSM circuit switched data capabilities and makes the
following services possible:

."Always on" Internet access

.Multimedia messaging service (MMS)

.Push to talk over cellular (PoC/PTT)

.Point to Point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the internet (IP).

. Increase message sending speed 30 messages per minute approximateely.

CODE DIVISION MULLTIPLE ACCESS(CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Accesss (CDMA) consistently provides better capacity
for voice and data communications that other commercial mobile
technologies, alloowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it
is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built.

CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, allowing many users to occupy the

same time and frequency allocations in a given band/space.

ADVANTAGES OF CDMA:

Increased cellular communicaations security

. Simultaneous conversations.

. Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators.

.Extended reach-beneficial t o rural users situated far from cells.

 1. Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) :
PDH stands for Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy. It is a
telecommunications network transmission technology designed for the
transport of large data volumes across large scale digital networks. In
PDH, multiplexing of 2 Mbit/s signals into higher order multiplexed
signals. The laying cable between switch sites is very expensive. It
increases traffic capacity of a cable by increasing bit rate.

2. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) :

SDH stands for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and it refers to as a multiplex
technology used in the telecommunication. Synchronous Optical Network is
internationally used. It is said to be a variation of SONET and is taken equal
to SDH. It characteristics are founded on high order multiplexing. These are
the technologies that provide quite fast and low priced network
interconnection than PDH which stands for plesiochronousdigital hierarchy

Difference between PDH and SDH :

SNO. PDH SDH

Reference clock is not
synchronized throughout the Reference clock is synchronized
1. network. throughout the network.

There is no synchronization There is synchronization

2. between payload and frame. between payload and frame.

Its system has different

frame structures at different Its system has consistent frame
3. hierarchy levels. structures throughout the hierarchy.

In this, Physical cross-

connections are provided on In this, Digital cross-connections are
4. the same level. provided at different signal levels.

In this, rates are derived from In this, rates are derived from basic
basic rate of 1.544 Mbps. The rate of 155.52 Mbps. The maximum
maximum capacity is about up to 40 Gbps rates can be derived
5. 566 Mbps. from basic rate mentioned.

The implementation cost of The implementation cost of

6. PDH is lower. SDH is higher.

The multiplying method used The multiplying method

7. in PDH is complex. used in SDH is simple.

It is incompatible with other

signals such as ATM, FDDI, It is compatible with other signals

8. DQDB etc. such as ATM, FDDI, DQDB etc.

BSNL BROADBAND SERVICE
Broadband refers to a connection that has capacity to transmit large amount of data at
high speed. Presently a connection having download speeds of 256 kbps or more is
classified as broadband. When connected to the Internet broadband connection allows
surfing or downloading much faster than a dial-up or any other narrowband connections.
BSNL offers 2 Mbps minimum download speed for its Broadband connections.

There are plans suitable for every home and business user. The tariff has to be
selected according to the user's purpose and requirement.

For example, if you require a plan for domestic internet purposes or small office
purposes, you can easily select one from those available on the Home user's list.
If you deal with large files or require lots of downloads, you can easily choose
higher capacity plans. If not, you also have basic plans that are very economic -
friendly. On the other hand, if you own a commercial business, there are several
carefully evaluated business plans to choose from.

REQUIREMENT FOR PROVIDING BROAD BAND CONNECTION

Personal Computer
ADSL Modem
Land Line Connection
Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer
High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access
service with speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE (OFC)
Optical Fiber is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is
transmitted on the principle of Total Internnal Reflection through a glass or plastic
fiberr, in the form of light, following the transmissioon sequence given below:

(1) Information is encoded intoo Electrical Signals.

(2) Electrical Signals are convverted into light Signals.

(3) Light Travels down the Fibber.

(4) A Detector Changes the Liight Signals into Electrical Signals.

(5) Electrical Signals are decooded into Information.

ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS:
Fiber Optics has the following advantages:

SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits.
BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity.
DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be "refreshed"
or “strengthened”.
RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or
other nearby cables.
MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.

CLASSIFICATION:
There are three types of fibers:

1. STEP-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER:

It has a large core, up to 100 microns in diameter This type of fiber is best
suited for transmission over short distances, in an endoscope, for instance.

2. GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER:

It contains a core in which the refractive index diminishes gradually from the
center axis out toward the cladding.

3. SINGLE-MODE FIBER:
It has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and the index of refraction between
the core and the cladding changes less than it does for multimode fibers.
CONCLUSION:
The training was aimed at providing the students the basic knowledge about
telecommunications and the working of telecom exchanges. The various aspects
regarding the working of telecommunications and telecom exchange process was
explained. Both wired and wireless (mobile) communication aspects were dealed
with .Mobile Communication both CDMA and GSM was covered.

BSNL being a public sector, in order to thrive and excel, have to

understand about the customer expectations
REFERENCES:
1. www.bsnl.co.in

2. www.wikipedia.com

3. www.geeksforgeeks.com

4. Data Communication And Networking - Behrouz A.Foruzan

5. www.newbsnl.co.inn