Solutions Manual

Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems

S.2.1

(a) Vectors representing the 10 and 15 kN forces are drawn to a suitable scale as shown
in Fig. S.2.1. Parallel vectors AC and BC are then drawn to intersect at C. The
resultant is the vector OC which is 21.8 kN at an angle of 23.4◦ to the 15 kN force.

B C

10 kN

60°
u
O 15 kN A FIGURE S.2.1

(b) From Eq. (2.1) and Fig. S.2.1

R2 = 152 + 102 + 2 × 15 × 10 cos 60◦

which gives

R = 21.8 kN

Also, from Eq. (2.2)

10 sin 60◦
tan θ =
15 + 10 cos 60◦

so that

θ = 23.4◦ .

3
4 • Solutions Manual

S.2.2

(a) The vectors do not have to be drawn in any particular order. Fig. S.2.2 shows the
vector diagram with the vector representing the 10 kN force drawn first.

12 kN

8 kN

u 10 kN
20 kN R

FIGURE S.2.2

The resultant R is then equal to 8.6 kN and makes an angle of 23.9◦ to the negative
direction of the 10 kN force.
(b) Resolving forces in the positive x direction

Fx = 10 + 8 cos 60◦ − 12 cos 30◦ − 20 cos 55◦ = −7.9 kN

Then, resolving forces in the positive y direction

Fy = 8 cos 30◦ + 12 cos 60◦ − 20 cos 35◦ = −3.5 kN

The resultant R is given by

R2 = (−7.9)2 + (−3.5)2

so that

R = 8.6 kN

Also

3.5
tan θ =
7.9

which gives

θ = 23.9◦ .
 Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems • 5

S.2.3 Initially the forces are resolved into vertical and horizontal components as shown
in Fig. S.2.3.
y
(1.0, 1.6)

x
69.3 kN
30°
20.0 kN (
1, 1.25) 40 kN 80 kN
Rx

50 kN
30° 35.4 kN
34.6 kN
40 kN 45° y
(0, 0.5)
35.4 kN Ry
(1.25, 0.25)

O x
FIGURE S.2.3 60 kN

Then
Rx = 69.3 + 35.4 − 20.0 = 84.7 kN

Now taking moments about the x axis

Rx ȳ = 35.4 × 0.5 − 20.0 × 1.25 + 69.3 × 1.6

which gives
ȳ = 1.22 m

Also, from Fig. S.2.3

Ry = 60 + 40 + 34.6 − 35.4 = 99.2 kN

Now taking moments about the y axis

Ry x̄ = 40.0 × 1.0 + 60.0 × 1.25 − 34.6 × 1.0

so that
x̄ = 0.81 m

The resultant R is then given by

R2 = 99.22 + 84.72

from which
R = 130.4 kN

Finally
99.2
θ = tan−1 = 49.5◦ .
84.7
6 • Solutions Manual

S.2.4

(a) In Fig. S.2.4(a) the inclined loads have been resolved into vertical and horizontal
components. The vertical loads will generate vertical reactions at the supports
A and B while the horizontal components of the loads will produce a horizontal
reaction at A only since B is a roller support.

3 kN 7 kN 8 kN
6.1 kN 5.7 kN
A 60° 45° B

RA,H 3.5 kN 5.7 kN

RA,V RB

4m 6m 5m 5m
FIGURE S.2.4(a)

Taking moments about B

RA,V × 20 − 3 × 16 − 6.1 × 10 − 5.7 × 5 = 0

which gives

RA,V = 6.9 kN
Now resolving vertically

RB,V + RA,V − 3 − 6.1 − 5.7 = 0

so that

RB,V = 7.9 kN
Finally, resolving horizontally

RA,H − 3.5 − 5.7 = 0

so that
RA,H = 9.2 kN
Note that all reactions are positive in sign so that their directions are those
indicated in Fig. S.2.4(a).
(b) The loads on the cantilever beam will produce a vertical reaction and a moment
reaction at A as shown in Fig. S.2.4(b).

Resolving vertically

RA − 15 − 5 × 10 = 0

which gives

RA = 65 kN
 Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems • 7

5 kN/m

MA
A B

15 kN
RA
10 m
FIGURE S.2.4(b)

Taking moments about A

MA − 15 × 10 − 5 × 10 × 5 = 0

from which
MA = 400 kN m

Again the signs of the reactions are positive so that they are in the directions
shown.
(c) In Fig. S.2.4(c) there are horizontal and vertical reactions at A and a vertical
reaction at B.
20 kN

5m
10 kN 15 kN
5 kN/m
A

RA,H B
RA,V RB

2m 4m 2m 2m
FIGURE S.2.4(c)

By inspection (or by resolving horizontally)

RA,H = 20 kN

Taking moments about A

RB × 8 + 20 × 5 − 5 × 2 × 9 − 15 × 6 − 10 × 2 = 0

which gives
RB = 12.5 kN

Finally, resolving vertically

RA,V + RB − 10 − 15 − 5 × 2 = 0
8 • Solutions Manual

so that

RA,V = 22.5 kN.

(d) The loading on the beam will produce vertical reactions only at the supports as
shown in Fig. S.2.4(d).

75 kN/m
8 kN/m

A B

RA RB

3m 9m
FIGURE S.2.4(d)

Taking moments about B

RA × 12 + 75 − 8 × 12 × 6 = 0

Hence

RA = 41.8 kN
Now resolving vertically

RB + RA − 8 × 12 = 0

so that

RB = 54.2 kN.

S.2.5

(a) The loading on the truss shown in Fig. P.2.5(a) produces only vertical reactions at
the support points A and B; suppose these reactions are RA and RB respectively
and that they act vertically upwards. Then, taking moments about B

RA × 10 − 5 × 16 − 10 × 14 − 15 × 12 − 15 × 10 − 5 × 8 + 5 × 4 = 0

which gives

RA = 57 kN (upwards)

Now resolving vertically

RB + RA − 5 − 10 − 15 − 15 − 5 − 5 = 0

from which

RB = −2 kN (downwards).
 Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems • 9

(b) The angle of the truss is tan−1 (4/10) = 21.8◦ . The loads on the rafters are sym-
metrically arranged and may be replaced by single loads as shown in Fig. S.2.5.
These, in turn, may be resolved into horizontal and vertical components and will
produce vertical reactions at A and B and a horizontal reaction at A.

7427.9 N
2000 N 8000 N
21.8°
21.8°
2970.9 N 4m
742.7 N

RA,H
RB
RA,V 21.8° 1857.0 N
20 m
FIGURE S.2.5

Taking moments about B

RA,V × 20 + 742.7 × 2 − 1857.0 × 15 + 2970.9 × 2 + 7427.9 × 5 = 0

which gives

RA,V = −835.6 N (downwards).

Now resolving vertically

RB + RA,V − 1857.0 + 7427.9 = 0

from which

RB = −4735.3 N (downwards).

Finally, resolving horizontally

RA,H − 742.7 − 2970.9 = 0

so that

RA,H = 3713.6 N.
10 • Solutions Manual

Solutions to Chapter 3 Problems

S.3.1 Fig. S.3.1(a) shows the mast with two of each set of cables; the other two cables
in each set are in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the paper.
A
B 74.6 kN
22.5
35 m kN
uB 166.4 kN
C
119.6 kN
40 m uC 25 m
D 247.4 kN
211.4 kN
uD
15 m
E
314.9 kN
20 m 20 m
FIGURE S.3.1 (a) (b)

Then,




−1 20 ◦ −1 20 ◦ −1 20
θB = tan = 29.7 , θC = tan = 38.7 , θD = tan = 53.1◦ .
35 25 15
The normal force at any section of the mast will be compressive and is the sum of the
self-weight and the vertical component of the tension in the cables. Furthermore the
self-weight will vary linearly with distance from the top of the mast. Therefore, at
a section immediately above B,
N = 5 × 4.5 = 22.5 kN.

At a section immediately below B,

N = 22.5 + 4 × 15 cos 29.7◦ = 74.6 kN.

At a section immediately above C,

N = 74.6 + 10 × 4.5 = 119.6 kN.

At a section immediately below C,

N = 119.6 + 4 × 15 cos 38.7◦ = 166.4 kN.

At a section immediately above D,

N = 166.4 + 10 × 4.5 = 211.4 kN.

At a section immediately below D,

N = 211.4 + 4 × 15 cos 53.1◦ = 247.4 kN.

Finally, at a section immediately above E,

N = 247.4 + 15 × 4.5 = 314.9 kN.

The distribution of compressive force in the mast is shown in Fig. S.3.1(b).

 Solutions to Chapter 3 Problems • 11

S.3.2 The beam support reactions have been calculated in S.2.4(a) and are as shown
in Fig. S.3.2(a); the bays of the beam have been relettered as shown in Fig. P.3.2.

3 kN 6.1 kN 5.7 kN
7 kN 8 kN

A C D E
9.2 kN
B
3.5 kN 5.7 kN
(a) 6.9 kN 7.9 kN

9.2 kN 9.2 kN
5.7 kN
ve

(b) A B C D E

7.9 kN

2.2 kN
ve
A B C

ve D E

3.9 kN
(c) 6.9 kN

A B C D E

ve
27.6 kN m
40.0 kN m
(d) 51.0 kN m FIGURE S.3.2

Normal force

The normal force at any section of the beam between A and C is constant and given
by NAC = 9.2 kN (the vertical 3 kN load has no effect on the normal force).

Then

NCD = 9.2 − 3.5 = 5.7 kN

and

NDE = 9.2 − 3.5 − 5.7 = 0

Note that NDE could have been found directly by considering forces to the right of
any section between D and E. The complete distribution of normal force in shown in
Fig. S.3.2(b).

Shear force

The shear force in each bay of the beam is constant since only concentrated loads are
involved.
12 • Solutions Manual

At any section between A and B,

SAB = −RA,V = −6.9 kN.

At any section between B and C,

SBC = −6.9 + 3 = −3.9 kN.

At any section between C and D,

SCD = −6.9 + 3 + 6.1 = 2.2 kN.

Finally, at any section between D and E,

SDE = +RE = 7.9 kN.

The complete shear force distribution is shown in Fig. S.3.2(c).

Bending moment

Since only concentrated loads are present it is only necessary to calculate values of
bending moment at the load points. Note that MA = ME = 0.

At B,
MB = 6.9 × 4 = 27.6 kN m.

At C,

MC = 6.9 × 10 − 3 × 6 = 51.0 kN m.

At D,
MD = 6.9 × 15 − 3 × 11 − 6.1 × 5 = 40 kN m.

Alternatively, MD = 7.9 × 5 = 39.5 kN m; the difference in the two values is due to

rounding off errors. The complete distribution is shown in Fig. S.3.2(d).

S.3.3 There will be vertical and horizontal reactions at E and a vertical reaction at
B as shown in Fig. S.3.3(a). The inclined 10 kN load will have vertical and horizon-
tal components of 8 and 6 kN respectively, the latter acting to the right. Resolving
horizontally, RE,H = 6 kN. Now taking moments about E

RB × 10 − 2 × 8 × 11 − 8 × 3 = 0

which gives

RB = 20 kN

Resolving vertically
RE,V + RB − 2 × 8 − 8 = 0