A PROJECT REPORT

ON

“CRIMINAL RECORD MONITORING USING

BLOCKCHAIN”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
BY
SIDDHI DALVI

SUCHIT DALVI

SUPERVISOR

MS. SNEHAL CHITALE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

PILLAI HOC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

PILLAI’S HOCL EDUCATIONAL CAMPUS, HOCL COLONY,
RASAYANI, TAL: KHALAPUR, DIST: RAIGAD – 410 207
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
[2024-25]
 Mahatma Education Society’s

Pillai HOC College of Engineering and

Technology, Rasayani – 410 207
[2024-25]

Certificate
This is to certify that the Major Project-I entitled “Criminal Record

Monitoring Using Blockchain”is a bonafide work of Suchit Dalvi , Siddhi

Dalvi submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of “Undergraduate” in “Computer

Engineering”.

_____________________ ________________________
Ms. Snehal Chitale Ms. Srijita Bhattacharjee
(Supervisor) (Project Coordinator)

_____________________ ________________________
Dr. Rajashree Gadhave Dr. J. W. Bakal
(Head of Department) (Principal)
 Project Report Approval for B.E

This project report entitled “Criminal Record Monitoring Using

Blockchain” submitted by “Suchit Dalvi, Siddhi Dalvi” is approved
for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Engineering.

Examiners

1.

2.

Date

Place:
 Declaration
We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our
own words and where others ideas or words have been included. We have
adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We also declare that
we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source
in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will for
disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from
the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

Suchit Dalvi

Siddhi Dalvi

Date:
 Abstract

This project entails research into how a First Information Report (FIR) monitoring system
could be developed based on blockchain to address the few existing bottlenecks in the
traditional criminal reporting process. The existing FIRs usually face such problems as data
manipulation, lack of transparency, and inefficient case progression tracking. Our
blockchain-based solution writes FIRs securely to an immutable ledger, enhancing data
integrity and fostering user trust. This is achieved by automating the workflow through smart
contracts, allowing for timely updates and information as well as notices to the appropriate
law enforcement agencies and complainants. The criminal justice system is enhanced by this
project on efficiency in management of FIRs and accountability and transparency thereof.
Such problems will be addressed with regard to system architecture, security, and a user-
friendly interface along with case studies and simulations on the effectiveness of the system in
modernizing and streamlining law enforcement practices. A case study and simulation
assessment was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in efficiency and
accountability in the FIR management process. This project serves to represent how
blockchain technology can be applied to improve the practice of law enforcement, enhance
public confidence, and secure more transparency and responsiveness in a criminal justice
process. Future work would include its scalability and integration into the existing databases
of other agencies in addition to user training for its successful implementation.

Keywords: First Information Report (FIR), Blockchain technology, Immutable ledger, Smart
contracts, Criminal justice system, Transparency, Accountability, Case tracking,
Decentralized system, Law enforcement

i
 Abbreviations

FIR: First Information Report

API: Application Programming Interface

DApp: Decentralized Application

API – Application Programming Interface

DLT: Distributed Ledger Technology

AML: Anti-Money Laundering

GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation

i
 List of Figures

Figure Figure Name Page

No.
No.
Figure 3.2 Gantt Chart 20
Figure 3.3 Cost Estimation 20
Figure 4.1 Sequence 23
Diagram
Figure 4.2 Activity Diagram 23
Figure 4.3 Use Case Diagram 24
Figure 5.1 State Transition Diagram 26
Figure 5.2 Swim Lane Diagram 26
Figure 6.1 Proposed System 29
Architecture

i
 List of Tables

Table Table Name Page

No.
No.
Table 2.2 Existing System 20

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page No.

Abstract i

Abbreviations ii

List of Figures iii

List of Tables iv

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Background 2

1.2 Motivation 2

1.3 Organization of the report 2

2. Literature Survey 3

2.1 Fundamental Concepts 4

2.2 Existing Systems 4

2.3 Problem Statement 5

2.4 Scope of the Project 6

3. Planning and Requirement Gathering 8

3.1 Software and Hardware Requirements 9

3.2 Project Plan (Gantt chart) 10

3.3 Cost Estimation 11

4. Project Analysis 24

4.1 Sequence Diagram 25

 4.2 Use Case Diagram 25

4.3 Activity Diagram 26

5. Project Design 27

5.1 State Transition Diagram 28

5.2 Swim Lane Diagram 29

6. Proposed System 21

6.1 Proposed System Architecture 22

6.2 Methodology 22

7. Conclusion 36

References 38
 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Chapter 1

Introduction

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

1.1 Background

In many police agencies, filing and managing the first information report has been fraught
with several problems that compromise the credibility of the criminal justice system.
Blockchain technology has been developing in leaps and bounds as the following years
unfold: finance, healthcare, and supply chain management sectors stand as examples of sectors
it is transforming. Its core characteristics-decentralization, immutability, and transparency-
make it uniquely well-suited for applications in law enforcement. When FIRs are recorded on
blockchain, the entry becomes part of a secure ledger that cannot be altered or deleted without
consensus.
The introduction of smart contracts within the blockchain framework automates and
streamlines workflows, offers the facility of real-time tracking and notification, and might
limit the bureaucratic delays associated with the bureaucratic process. This can make the law
enforcement agencies more prompt to respond. Given the importance of public safety and
confidence in the very justice system it upholds, it presents an exciting opportunity in using
blockchain technology for modernizing FIR management systems to enhance accountability,
improvement in communication, and ultimately a more efficient criminal justice process.

1.2 Motivation

The driving necessity to develop a blockchain-based FIR monitoring system stems from the dire
need to enhance the effectiveness, transparency, and accountability of the criminal justice
process. Traditional FIR systems continue to suffer from the problem of data integrity and lack
transparency, owing largely to human error and manipulation, resulting in misinformation and a
lack of confidence in such law enforcement agencies. Moreover, complainants and the public
have little or no visibility into how their case is going forward, and this breeds frustration and
mistrust in the system. Much of the delay in FIR processing arises from bureaucratic and record-
keeping issues manually, leading to backlogs and a worsening of the scenario for effective

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain
handling of cases within a reasonable time frame, as well as the effectiveness of law enforcement.
In addressing all these, we apply blockchain technology.

A recorded FIR is immutable and thus cannot be altered, thereby ensuring integrity in the data.
The information under a decentralized system has its transparency enhanced through real-time
updates on case progress to all stakeholders. Application of smart contracts also simplifies
workflows and will significantly reduce processing times.

1.3 Organizations of Report

 Chapter 1 Introduction: This explains the background and motivation of

the project, highlighting a few of the challenges in traditional FIRs and
great benefits that can be gathered through the application of blockchain
technology.
 Chapter 2 Literature Review: It reviews the existing literature and
solution approaches used for FIR management, blockchain technology for
enforcement, and the impact of technology on transparency and efficiency
in the criminal justice system.
 Chapter 3 System Architecture: Description of the system architecture,
highlighting the component elements of the framework for the blockchain,
data storage solutions, and connection to existing police databases.
 Chapter 4 Design and Development: Explaining the design
methodology, such as user interface considerations, user experience
design, and smart contract implementation for automating workflow.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

 Chapter 5 Security Measures: It's an overview of security protocols

implemented in the system and how data would be kept safe from any
kind of unauthorized access by others, and the integrity along with privacy
of data.
 Chapter 6 Case Studies and Simulations: In this chapter, case studies or
simulations are discussed to measure the effectiveness of the system,
including the metrics to measure that effectiveness, user satisfaction level,
and the impact of FIR in general.
 Chapter 7 Discussion: Discussion of findings, strength, and weakness of
the system and implications for law enforcement practices and community
trust.
 Chapter 8 Future Work: Recommendation of future study, potential
enhancements to the system, scalability, inclusion with others, integration
with further technologies and possible user training programs.
 Chapter 9 Conclusion: Brief general findings and contributions of the
project, hence repeating why embracing blockchain technology in
modernizing FIR management and enhancing public confidence in law
enforcement is needed.
 Chapter 10 References: Full list of sources and literature included in the
report providing background information and evidence for the research done
and presented.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Chapter 2

Literature Survey

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

2.1 Fundamental Concepts

Blockchain Technology: A decentralized digital ledger that records transactions across

multiple computers, ensuring that data cannot be altered retroactively without consensus from
the network. This immutability makes blockchain an ideal solution for maintaining the
integrity of FIR records.

Decentralization: Unlike traditional databases controlled by a single entity, blockchain

operates on a distributed network. This reduces the risk of data manipulation and enhances
transparency, as all participants have access to the same information.

Smart Contracts: Self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written
into code. In the context of the FIR monitoring system, smart contracts automate workflows,
facilitating real-time updates and notifications for all stakeholders involved in the FIR process.

Immutability: Once data is recorded on a blockchain, it cannot be changed or deleted. This

characteristic ensures that FIR entries are secure and trustworthy, providing a reliable audit
trail that can be referenced by law enforcement and the public.

Consensus Mechanisms: Processes that ensure all participants in a blockchain network agree
on the validity of transactions before they are added to the ledger. Common mechanisms
include Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), which help maintain the integrity and
security of the blockchain.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

2.2 Existing system

Current FIR management systems mostly depend on manual processes that pose several
problems with data tampering and inefficiency. Often, issues come up in a different form, such
as delayed response, lack of communication, and the loss of public confidence in the police.
There is a pressing need for a more secure and efficient solution.

Title Methodology Limitations

Nivaran-Blockchain Provides a clear and auditable trail of The legal status of blockchain
Based FIR all complaints, fostering trust in the records may not be fully
System, 2024 system among the public and law established, leading to potential
enforcement. Providing verifiable issues in court proceedings.
evidence of when a complaint was Limited access to technology or
filed, which is crucial in legal contexts. the internet

Easy to use FIR The system will integrate a private Users with limited digital
system using blockchain to store FIR data, literacy or access to
blockchain, 2024 ensuring both immutability and smartphones may struggle to
secure access. The technology stack adopt the system.
will include a blockchain platform, Navigating existing legal
such as Ethereum or Hyperledger, frameworks regarding digital
for deploying smart contracts. FIR submissions and data
privacy can be challenging.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

It widely recognized for supporting Cryptocurrency transactions

Blockchain cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, offers often use pseudonyms, which
Technology in Law a decentralized, transparent, and are fake names or addresses,
Enforcement and secure way to record instead of real identities. This
Security: Overview, transactions.This paper explores makes it hard to trace the
2024 how blockchain can be used in transactions back to the actual
these fields, focusing on its ability people involved.
to improve data integrity, enhance
transparency, streamline processes,
and strengthen cybersecurity.

FIR Registration Utilizes cryptographic techniques to Resistance to change from

System Using protect data, ensuring it is secure from traditional methods to a digital
Blockchain, 2023 unauthorized access. Data is stored system can hinder user adoption,
across multiple nodes, reducing the particularly among individuals
risk of data loss or centralized failure. unfamiliar with blockchain
technology. The system may
face scalability challenges as
user volume increases,
potentially impacting
performance and transaction
speeds
Implementable The blockchain-based FIR Performance metrics, such as
Smart FIR management system faces several transaction speed and system
Management, limitations. The technical responsiveness, will be
2023 complexity of deploying a assessed using Hyperledger
Hyperledger Fabric network Caliper, ensuring the system's
requires substantial expertise, which efficiency and scalability.
may not be available in all police
departments. User adoption may
also be challenging, as law
enforcement personnel and the
public may resist transitioning from
traditional systems. Regulatory
compliance presents another hurdle,
as navigating data privacy laws can
be intricate.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Blockchain The system architecture will be Victims or their

driven Evidence designed as a decentralized representatives will be able to
Management framework utilizing blockchain submit an e-FIR through a
System, 2023 technology, specifically employing user-friendly interface,
Ethereum for smart contracts. This providing necessary details
design guarantees that all electronic about the incident. The
First Information Reports (e-FIRs) technical complexity of
are recorded in a tamper-proof implementing such a system
manner. requires significant expertise
and resources, which may not
be readily available in all
police departments.

2.3 Problem Statement

The traditional FIR management systems are plagued by significant challenges, including data
tampering, lack of transparency, inefficient processing, and inadequate security measures. These
issues result in delayed case resolution, diminished public trust in law enforcement, and increased
frustrations among complainants. The current reliance on manual processes compromises the
integrity of reported information and fails to provide real-time updates, leaving stakeholders
uninformed about case progress. Additionally, centralized databases are vulnerable to cyber
threats, further risking sensitive data. There is an urgent need for a modernized solution that
utilizes blockchain technology to enhance the efficiency, transparency, and security of FIR
management, ultimately fostering greater accountability and public confidence in the criminal
justice system.

2.4 Scope of the Project

This project aims at the establishment of a blockchain-based FIR monitoring system and
therefore successfully covers up all of the limitations imposed by the traditional management
process. Scope: This encompasses design and architecture for a strong system that includes
blockchain technology within it, ensuring data integrity, security, and decentralization. The
police project will be designed in a manner that it can interact with an intuitive UI

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

.It will grant easy access both to the police and the common public. Apart from filing FIRs,
monitoring the status, and real-time updates, security would also be kept at the forefront, and
advanced measures such as cryptographic techniques and role-based access controls would be
used to protect sensitive data and prevent unauthorized users from accessing or editing it.

The project will pursue methods and means of integrating the new blockchain-based system
with existing law enforcement databases and technologies to make the processes more
streamlined and functional. It will be thoroughly tested and evaluated based on the systems'
performance, usability, and security through simulations and case studies for it to meet the
needs of the users and the stakeholders involved.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Chapter 3

Planning and Requirement Gathering

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

3.1 Software and Hardware Requirements

Here we will discuss everything we will need in order to execute. Below we list the necessary
hardware and software requirements.
1. Software Requirements:
Ethereum or Hyperledger Fabric for creating the blockchain infrastructure.
Solidity (for Ethereum) or Chaincode (for Hyperledger) for writing smart contracts.
IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) for decentralized storage of large files or MongoDB for
off-chain data storage.
Node.js or Django for developing the server-side logic and APIs.

2. Hardware Requirements:

 Processor: Multi-core CPU (Intel i5 or equivalent)

 RAM: Minimum 16 GB for optimal performance

 Processor: Intel i5 or equivalent

 RAM: Minimum 8 GB

 Storage: SSD with at least 256 GB

 Operating System: Windows, macOS, or Linux

 Storage: SSD with at least 500 GB of space

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

3.2 Project Plan (Gantt chart)

Fig.3.2 Gantt Chart

Gantt chart outlining the project timeline for a "Criminal Record Monitoring Using
Blockchain" system. It displays the various tasks, including project planning, requirement
gathering, system design, implementation, testing, integration, and deployment. The chart
shows task durations across several months, from August 2024 to April 2025.

3.3 Cost Estimation

Fig.3.3 Cost Estimation

The primary costs will be for blockchain infrastructure, potential software licenses, and any third-
party service integrations. Hosting and developer costs are excluded from the estimation.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Chapter 4

Project Analysis

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

4.1 Sequence Diagram

Fig.4.1 Sequence Diagram

A sequence diagram shows how users request, verify, and update criminal records via the
blockchain. It outlines the interactions between system components, ensuring secure,
immutable record management.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

4.2 Activity Diagram

Fig.4.2 Activity Diagram

An activity diagram highlights the workflow of updating and verifying criminal records. It maps
out key steps, such as user requests, blockchain validation, and record confirmation, focusing on
the overall process flow and decision points.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

4.3 Use Case Diagram

Fig.4.3 Use Case Diagram

A use case diagram defines the system's key functions and user interactions. It shows actors like
law enforcement, judicial authorities, and administrators, illustrating use cases such as viewing,
updating, and verifying criminal records on the blockchain. This diagram helps clarify system
functionality and user roles.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Chapter 5

Project Design

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

5.1 State Transition Diagram

Fig.5.1 State Transition Diagram

A state transition diagram illustrates the various states a criminal record goes through, such as
"created," "under review," "validated," and "immutable." It shows how the record transitions
between states based on triggers like user actions or blockchain validation, ensuring the system
maintains data integrity and immutability at every stage.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

5.2 Swim Lane Diagram

Fig.5.2 Swim Lane Diagram

A swim lane diagram organizes the workflow into different lanes, each representing a participant
or system component, such as users, blockchain, and system validators. It shows how tasks, like
record submission, validation, and updates, flow between these participants, highlighting the
responsibilities of each and ensuring clarity in process execution across multiple roles.

4o

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Chapter 6

Proposed System

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

6.1 Proposed System Architecture

Fig.6.1 Proposed System Architecture

The proposed system architecture for the blockchain-based criminal record monitoring project
consists of several key components: a user interface for authorities to access and manage records,
a backend integrated with blockchain for secure data storage, and validation nodes that ensure
data immutability. The architecture also includes smart contracts for automating record
verification and updates, ensuring transparency, security, and auditability throughout the system.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

6.2 Methodology

Implementing a methodology for criminal record monitoring using blockchain involves several
key components. Here’s an outline of a potential approach:
1.Decentralization and Trust
Synopsis: Blockchain technology decentralizes control among all the parties in the network;
thus, there is the abolition of any central authority.
Implications: This actually improves the level of trust in the stakeholders since no one entity
can manipulate the records. This also may improve collaboration between the different
agencies in law enforcement as there will be a single platform that enables the sharing of
records.
2. Data Immutability
Introduction: Once data is stored on a blockchain, it cannot be edited or erased without
permission from the network.
Implications: This property ensures the integrity of criminal records since it becomes quite
impossible to forge or alter data. It's crucial in the maintenance of the integrity of criminal
justice.
3. Access Control Mechanisms
Introduction: Access control guarantees that only authorized people may view or edit records.
Types:
Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): The access and permissions are provided to the users
based on the role in the system.
Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC): Access will be allowed based on attributes like the
location of the user or security clearance.
Implications: Access control strength will make chances of unauthorized access to data
negligible and improve security altogether.
4. Audit Trails
Overview: Blockchain automatically generates an immutable, transparent log of all the
transactions and changes that occurred to the records.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Implications: This transparency breeds accountability, where one can track changes in time and
trace misalignments. It also assists in legal compliance and, for instance, investigations.
5. Interoperability Challenges
Overview: Interoperability of blockchain with the legacy systems may be technical and
operational.
Implications: Different databases may use different formats and standards, making it
challenging for data to be exchanged. Creating standard APIs and protocols may help in better
integration.

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Chapter 7

Conclusion

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 Criminal Record Monitoring Using Blockchain

Conclusion

The integration of blockchain technology into criminal record monitoring systems presents a
groundbreaking opportunity to enhance the integrity, security, and accessibility of sensitive data
within the criminal justice framework. This project highlights blockchain's immutable nature,
which prevents tampering and fraud, while providing an auditable trail that fosters transparency
and accountability. Robust access control mechanisms ensure that only authorized personnel can
access sensitive information, protecting individual privacy. Furthermore, the use of smart
contracts can automate processes, increasing efficiency and reducing administrative burdens.
While challenges remain in integrating blockchain with existing systems and ensuring regulatory
compliance, the potential for pilot implementations and stakeholder collaboration offers a
promising path forward. Ultimately, this innovative approach could significantly modernize the
management of criminal records, building trust and enhancing the effectiveness of the justice
system.
This immutability, combined with transparent audit trails, fosters greater accountability among
stakeholders, instilling public trust in the system. Robust access control mechanisms allow for
fine-grained permissions, ensuring that only authorized personnel can access sensitive
information, thereby protecting individual privacy and complying with legal standards.
Moreover, the implementation of smart contracts can automate routine processes, such as
updating records upon case resolutions, which enhances efficiency and reduces administrative
burdens. While challenges related to interoperability with existing systems and regulatory
compliance persist, the potential for pilot programs and active stakeholder collaboration presents
a promising avenue for validation and improvement.

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References
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within smart cities. In proceedings of the 3rd international conference on computing and artificial
intelligence (ICCAI 2020) (pp. 87-92). Ieee.

[2] S. Mehta, K. S. Kumari, P. Jain, H. Raikwar and S. Gore, ”blockchain driven evidence
management system,” 2023 3rd international conference on artificial intelligence and signal
processing (AISP), VIJAYAWADA, india, 2023, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/aisp57993.2023.10134799.

[3] Verma, a., Bhattacharya, P., Saraswat, D. And tanwar, S., 2021. Nyaya: blockchain-based
electronic law record management scheme for judicial investigations. Journal of information
security and applications, 63, p.103025.

[4] Patil, s. And pise, R., 2022. Blockchain-based secure evidencemanagement police assistance
system. In blockchain for smart systems (pp. 155-165). Chapman and hall/CRC.

[5] Ganashree, g., Kavya, N. S., Likitha, M. P., Rajesh, I. S., Soumya, D. G. (2021). A survey on
securing crime case summary e-fir in police station. International journal of engineering and
advanced technology (IJEAT), 10(6), 569-573.

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