1

Introduction of Computer
Network.

Imran Hossen
Adj. Lecturer, Dept. of CSE
Sonargaon University
E-mail: [email protected]
Contact: 01521234690/01729154878
 What is a Network?
A network consists of 2 or more computers
connected together, and they can communicate and
share resources (e.g. information)
 3

Why Networking?
• Sharing information — i.e. data communication

• Do you prefer these?

• Or this?
 4
• Sharing hardware or software
• E.g. print document

• Centralize administration and support

• E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same
administrative or support application from their PCs
5

Computer networks can be classified

according to their size:

•Personal area network (PAN)

•Local area network (LAN)
•Metropolitan area network (MAN)
•Wide area network (WAN)
 Personal Area Network
6
 A PAN is a network that is used for
communicating among computers and
computer devices (including telephones) in
close proximity of around a few meters
within a room
 It can be used for communicating between
the devices themselves, or for connecting to
a larger network such as the internet
 PAN’s can be wired or wireless
 PAN’s can be wired with a computer
bus such as a universal serial bus: USB (a
serial bus standard for connecting
devices to a computer, where many
devices can be connected
concurrently)
 PAN’s can also be wireless through the
use of bluetooth (a radio standard
designed for low power consumption
for interconnecting computers and
devices such as telephones, printers or
keyboards to the computer) or IrDA
(infrared data association)
technologies
7 Local Area Network
• A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually within an office building or
home
• LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users
• Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters,
and no more than a mile
• Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
• Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device
• Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
8 Types of LAN’s
 The three most popular types of LAN’s are:
 Token ring
 Ethernet
 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
 9
Network Topology

 The network topology

defines the way in which
computers, printers, and
other devices are
connected.
 A network topology
describes the layout of
the wire and devices as
well as the paths used by
data transmissions.
 Bus Topology
10

Commonly referred to
as a linear bus, all the
devices on a bus
topology are
connected by one
single cable.
Advantages:
• less cable
• No problems to other
nodes if any node is
damaged
Disadvantages:
• Fault in main cable,
cause problems to
other nodes
11 Star & Tree Topology
The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in
Ethernet LANs.
Larger networks use the
extended star topology also
called tree topology.
tree topology filters frames or
packets, like bridges, switches,
and routers
this topology significantly
reduces the traffic on the wires
by sending packets only to the
wires of the destination host.
12
Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node
wants to transmit data, it adds the
data as well as the destination
address to the frame.
The frame then continues around
the ring until it finds the
destination node, which takes the
data out of the frame.
Single ring – All the devices on
the network share a single cable
Dual ring – The dual ring topology
allows data to be sent in both
directions.
13
Mesh Topology
The mesh topology
connects all devices
(nodes) to each other
for redundancy and
fault tolerance.
It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and
for mission critical
networks like those
used by banks and
financial institutions.
Implementing the mesh
topology is expensive
and difficult.
14
Transmission Media
Two main categories:
 Guided ― wires, cables
 Unguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,
microwave, infrared, sound, sonar
We will concentrate on guided media here:
 Twisted-Pair cables:
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables
 Coaxial cables
 Fiber-optic cables
 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
15  Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection)
 A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires

Insulator Metal
16
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)
 STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or
braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated
wires
17
Coaxial Cables
 In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry signals of higher freq
(100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables
 Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as
the second conductor that completes the circuit
18
Optical Fibre
 An optical fiber consists of a core (denser material) and a
cladding (less dense material)
 Simplest one is a multimode step-index optical fiber
 Multimode = multiple paths, whereas step-index = refractive
index follows a step-function profile (i.e. an abrupt change of
refractive index between the core and the cladding)
 Graded-index: reduce gradually, bandwith more, complex,
more cost, used for logner distance, less dispersion
 Light bounces back and forth along the core
 Common light sources: LEDs and lasers
 Internetworking devices
Order list of Increasing power consumption and complexity
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 Repeaters
 Hubs
 Bridges
 Switches
 Routers
 Gateways
20 Repeaters

 Increase Strength signal

 Regenaration
 Physical layer Device
21 Hubs
 a hub (multi-port repeater) interconnects two or more
workstations into a local area network.
 A simple interconnecting device that requires no overhead to
operate. Physical layer Device

 When a workstation transmits to a hub, the hub immediately

resends the data frame out all connecting links, i.e.
broadcasting.
 A hub can be managed or unmanaged. A managed hub
possesses enough processing power that it can be managed
from a remote location.
22 Hubs connecting segments
 23 Switches
 A switch is a combination of a hub and a bridge.
 It can interconnect two or more workstations, but like a
bridge, it observes traffic flow and learns.
 When a frame arrives at a switch, the switch examines the
destination address and forwards the frame out the one
necessary connection i.e. unicast or multicast.
 Workstations that connect to a hub are on a shared segment.
 Workstations that connect to a switch are on a switched
segment.
24 Switch Example
 25 Bridges

 A bridge can be used to connect two similar LANs, such as

two CSMA/CD LANs.
 A bridge can also be used to connect two closely similar
LANs, such as a CSMA/CD LAN and a token ring LAN.
 The bridge examines the destination address in a frame and
either forwards this frame onto the next LAN or does not.
 The bridge examines the source address in a frame and places
this address in a routing table, to be used for future routing
decisions.
 Data link layer device
26 A bridge interconnecting two closely similar LANs
27

Bridge interconnecting two identical LANs

 28 Routers

Routers operated at network layer i.e. at the third layer of OSI

reference model.
Routers often incorporate firewall functions.
An example of a router’s operation is shown on the next slide.
29 Routers example
Routers send
packet to next
closest point H R

H
R R
H

R
H
R
R H: Hosts
H R: Routers
30 Gateways

 An entrance to connect to other network

 Used to connect two different networks
 Performs different networks protocol traslations
IPv4 to IPv6
 VPN gateways
 E-commerce Transactions gateways
31 Gateways (protocol converter)
➢ Analog/digital telephone data to IP based VoIP
conversion
➢ VoIP works mainly in Application some works done
in Transport
 Protocols of Computer Communications and Networks
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 Protocol are used for communication between
computers in different computer networks.

 Protocol achieves:
 What is communicated between computers?
 How it is communicated?
 When it is communicated?
 What conformance (bit sequence) between
computers?
 Key elements of a protocol are:
 SYNTAC: Data format and signal levels
 SEMANTICS: Control information for coordination
and error handling
 TIMING: Synchronization, speed matching, and
sequencing
 Examples of protocols:
 WAN Protocol: TCP/IP
 LAN Protocol: Media Access Control
 33 OSI Reference Model

Open Systems Interconnection

No one really uses this in the real world.
A reference model so others can develop
detailed interfaces.
Value: The reference model defines 7 layers
of functions that take place at each end of
communication and with each layer adding
its own set of special related functions.
Flow of data through each layer at one
 ISO/OSI Reference Model (2)

34
File Transfer, Email, Remote Login →

ASCII Text, Sound (syntax layer) →

Establish/manage connection →

End-to-end control & error checking

(ensure complete data transfer): TCP →

Routing and Forwarding Address: IP →

Two party communication: Ethernet →

How to transmit signal; coding
Hardware means of sending and →
receiving data on a carrier e.g. hubs,
repeater
35 What is TCP/IP?

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – uses a set of rules to

exchange messages with other Internet points at the
information packet level
 Internet Protocol (IP) – uses a set of rules to send and
receive messages at the Internet address level
 Is the predominate network protocol in use today (Other
includes OSI Model) for interoperable architecture and
the internet.
 TCP/IP is a result of protocol research and development
conducted on experimental packet switched network by
ARPANET funded by the defense advanced research
projects agency (DARPA). TCP/IP used as internet
standards by the internet architecture board (IAB).
36 TCP/IP Five Independent Levels

 Application Layer: contains the logic needed to support the

various user applications. Separate module are required for
each application.
 Host-to-host or transport Layer: collection of mechanisms in a
single and common layer
 Internet Layer: IP provides the routing functions across the
multiple networks
 Network access layer: concerned with access to and
routing data across a network for two end systems attached
to the same network.
 Physical Layer: covers physical interface between PC or
workstation and a transmission medium or network
37 Networking Protocol: TCP/IP
38 References

1. Data Communication and Networking, B. A. Forouzan et. al.,

Tata McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, 2000.
2. 2. Data and Computer Communication, W. Stallings, Prentice
Hall of India, 5th Edition, 1997.
3. Prof. Dr. Md. Al Mehedi Hasan, Dept. of CSE, RUET
4. Abu Said Md. Rezoun, Lecturer, Dept. of CSE, SU