VTAMPS 17 Secondary 2 Set 3

Logical Thinking
1. Find the average of the numbers in the following sequence:
239,389,539,689, … ,2939,3089

2. Joyce and other students are standing in a rectangular formation. Joyce is standing on the
leftmost side of her row and there are 5 students on her right. There are 6 students in front
of her and 3 students behind her. How many students are standing in the formation?

3. Given that October 6, 2024 is a Sunday, which day of the week will October 8, 2034 be?

4. If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, and 𝐷 are positive integers, 𝐴: 𝐵 = 4: 7, 𝐵: 𝐶 = 2: 9, 𝐶: 𝐷 = 3: 4 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 +

𝐷 = 2366, what is the difference between 𝐷 and 𝐵?

5. Joshua goes 18 km due north, then 7 km due east, and finally 6 km due north. How far is he
from the original position in km?

Algebra

4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 57
6. Find the value of real number 𝑥 satisfying { .
7𝑦 − 𝑥 = 33

7. Factorize 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 + 28𝑦 − 49.

8. Given that 𝑥 is a real number, find the minimum value of 10𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 47.

5𝑥−8
9. How many negative integral solution(s) is/are there for 𝑥 if −17 < < 32?
6

10. Given real numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 satisfy equations 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 19 and 𝑎𝑏 = 34, find the value of 𝑎2 +
𝑏2.
Number Theory
216
11. Find the remainder of 239 divided by 15.

12. Find the sum of all positive factor(s) of 648.

13. Find the unit digit of the value of the expression 7 + 10 + 22 + ⋯ + (6 + 499 ) + (6 + 4100 ).

14. Find real number 𝑐 such that 5𝑥 − 4 is a factor of polynomial 1650𝑥 2 + 450𝑥 − 990 + 𝑐.

32
15. Find the value of expression 32 .
4+ 32
4+ 32
4+
4+⋯

Geometry

16. Suppose that the area of a triangle is 370. If the radius of the inscribed circle of the triangle
is 20, what is the perimeter of the triangle?

17. If a straight line 𝐿 passes through 𝐴(15,17) and it never touches the 𝑥-axis, find the 𝑦-
intercept of 𝐿.

18. Given that lengths of sides of a right-angled triangle are all integers and the length of one of
its legs is 867, what is the shortest possible length of its hypotenuse?

19. Given the radius of a sector is 40 with area 1440, what is its perimeter?

20. Given that 𝑀(8, 𝑦) is the midpoint of 𝐴(𝑥, 7) and 𝐵(11, −4) for real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, what
is 𝑥𝑦?
Combinatorics

21. How many different way(s) is/are there to arrange 4 different red books and 10 identical
blue books in a row?

22. If 𝑥, 𝑦 are positive integers satisfying 40𝑥𝑦 − 20𝑦 + 20𝑥 = 120, how many possible
value(s) of 𝑥 is/are there?

23. How many different way(s) is/are there to arrange the English letters of the word
“RADIUS,” with or without meaning, such that the last two letters of the word must be
vowels?

24. Five fair 8-face dice are thrown. Find the probability that the product of numbers obtained
is an even number.

25. At least how many minutes after 9:00 pm will the hour hand and the minute hand overlap?
 VTAMPS 17 Secondary 2 Set 3 Solution Manual
Logical Thinking
1. Find the average of the numbers in the following sequence:
239,389,539,689, … ,2939,3089
Answer: 1664
Solution:
Take the first and last numbers and get the average.
3089 + 239 3328
= = 1664
2 2
2. Joyce and other students are standing in a rectangular formation. Joyce is standing on the
leftmost side of her row and there are 5 students on her right. There are 6 students in front
of her and 3 students behind her. How many students are standing in the formation?
Answer: 60
Solution:
It follows that there are 6 columns, and 10 rows.
Then
6 × 10 = 60.
3. Given that October 6, 2024 is a Sunday, which day of the week will October 8, 2034 be?
Answer: Sunday
Solution:
(2034 − 2024) + (8 − 6) + 2
10 + 2 + 2
14
Since 14 is divisible by 7, then it is the same day, Sunday.
4. If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, and 𝐷 are positive integers, 𝐴: 𝐵 = 4: 7, 𝐵: 𝐶 = 2: 9, 𝐶: 𝐷 = 3: 4 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 +
𝐷 = 2366, what is the difference between 𝐷 and 𝐵?
Answer: 980
Solution:
𝐴: 𝐵: 𝐶 = 4(2): (7)(2): (7)9 = 8: 14: 63
𝐴: 𝐵: 𝐶: 𝐷 = 8(1): 14(1): (3)(21): (21)4
= 8: 14: 63: 84
8𝑥 + 14𝑥 + 63𝑥 + 84𝑥 = 2366
169𝑥 = 2366
𝑥 = 14
𝐷 − 𝐵 = 84𝑥 − 14𝑥 = 70𝑥 = 70(14) = 980.
5. Joshua goes 18 km due north, then 7 km due east, and finally 6 km due north. How far is he
from the original position in km?
Answer: 25
Solution:
√(18 + 6)2 + 72
= √576 + 49
= √625
= 25

Algebra

4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 57
6. Find the value of real number 𝑥 satisfying { .
7𝑦 − 𝑥 = 33
Answer: 16
Solution:
Rewriting the first equation
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 57
Substituting to the second equation
7(4𝑥 − 57) − 𝑥 = 33
28𝑥 − 399 − 𝑥 = 33
27𝑥 = 432
432
𝑥= = 16.
27
7. Factorize 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 + 28𝑦 − 49.
Answer:(3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7)(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7)
or (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7)(3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7)
Solution:
Grouping,
6𝑥 2 + (7𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑥) + (−3𝑦 2 + 28𝑦 − 49)
From here, we need to find factors of
6𝑥 2 (−3𝑦 2 + 28𝑦 − 49)
such that when we add them, we get (7𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑥).
Note that
−3𝑦 2 + 28𝑦 − 49 = (3𝑦 − 7)(−𝑦 + 7)
And
6𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 × 2𝑥.
Also,
3𝑥(3𝑦 − 7) + 2𝑥(−𝑦 + 7)
= 9𝑥𝑦 − 21𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 14𝑥
= 7𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑥.
This means that the expression can be factored into:
(3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7)(2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7).
8. Given that 𝑥 is a real number, find the minimum value of 10𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 47.
49 1
Answer: 𝑜𝑟 24 2 𝑜𝑟 24.5
2
Solution:
Using the formula
𝑏2
𝑐− ,
4𝑎
302
47 −
4(10)
90
= 47 −
4
45
= 47 −
2
94 − 45
=
2
49 1
= = 24 = 24.5
2 2
5𝑥−8
9. How many negative integral solution(s) is/are there for 𝑥 if −17 < 6 < 32?
Answer: 18
Solution:
−102 < 5𝑥 − 8 < 192
−94 < 5𝑥 < 200
94
− < 𝑥 < 40
5
−18.8 < 𝑥 < 40
𝑥 = {−18, −17, −16, … ,39}
There are 18 negative integral solutions for 𝑥.
10. Given real numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 satisfy equations 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 19 and 𝑎𝑏 = 34, find the value of 𝑎2 +
𝑏2.
Answer: 293
Solution:
Note that
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏
= (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 2𝑎𝑏
Then
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 192 − 2(34)
= 361 − 68
= 293.
Number Theory
216
11. Find the remainder of 239 divided by 15.
Answer: 1
Solution:
Note that
 239 ≡ 14 𝑚𝑜𝑑 15
Then
239 ≡ −1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 15
Thus
239216 ≡ −1216 𝑚𝑜𝑑 15
239216 ≡ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 15.
Therefore, the remainder is 1.
12. Find the sum of all positive factor(s) of 648.
Answer: 1815
Solution:
Note that
648 = 23 × 34 .
Then the sum of all positive factors of 648 is given by
(20 + 21 + 22 + 23 )(30 + 31 + 32 + 33 + 34 )
= 15(121) = 1815.
13. Find the unit digit of the value of the expression 7 + 10 + 22 + ⋯ + (6 + 499 ) + (6 + 4100 ).
Answer: 7
Solution:
Since we are looking for the unit digit only, we can have
((6 + 40 ) + (6 + 41 ) + ⋯ + (6 + 499 ) + (6 + 4100 )) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
(6 + 6 + ⋯ + 6 + 6 + 40 + 41 + ⋯ + 499 + 4100 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
(6 + 6 + ⋯ + 6 + 6) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10 + (40 + 41 + ⋯ + 499 + 4100 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
101(6) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10 + (1 + 4 + 6 + ⋯ + 4 + 6) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
606 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10 + 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
6 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10 + 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
(6 + 1) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
7 𝑚𝑜𝑑 10
Thus, the units digit is 7.

14. Find real number 𝑐 such that 5𝑥 − 4 is a factor of polynomial 1650𝑥 2 + 450𝑥 − 990 + 𝑐.
Answer: −426
Solution:
Since 5𝑥 − 4 is a factor, then it must also be a zero, that is
5𝑥 − 4 = 0
5𝑥 = 4
4
𝑥= .
5
It follows that
4 2 4
1650 ( ) + 450 ( ) − 990 + 𝑐 = 0
5 5
1056 + 360 − 990 + 𝑐 = 0
426 + 𝑐 = 0
 𝑐 = −426.
32
15. Find the value of expression 32 .
4+ 32
4+ 32
4+
4+⋯
Answer: 4
Solution:
32
Let 𝑥 = 32 .
4+ 32
4+ 32
4+
4+⋯
Then
32
𝑥=
4+𝑥
2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 32
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 32 = 0
(𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = −8, 4.
Observe that 𝑥 can never be negative.
Thus, 𝑥 = 4.
Geometry

16. Suppose that the area of a triangle is 370. If the radius of the inscribed circle of the triangle
is 20, what is the perimeter of the triangle?
Answer: 37
Solution:
Note that
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑟𝑠,
where 𝑟 is the radius of the inscribed circle, and 𝑠 is half the perimeter of the triangle.
Then
2𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2𝑠 =
𝑟
2(370)
=
20
370
=
10
= 37.

17. If a straight line 𝐿 passes through 𝐴(15,17) and it never touches the 𝑥-axis, find the 𝑦-
intercept of 𝐿.
Answer: (0,17) or 17
Solution:
Note that if a straight line never touches the 𝑥-axis, then that line is parallel to the 𝑥-axis,
meaning it has 0 slope.
Therefore, its 𝑦-intercept is just (0,17) or 17.
18. Given that lengths of sides of a right-angled triangle are all integers and the length of one of
its legs is 867, what is the shortest possible length of its hypotenuse?
Answer: 1445
Solution:
Note that if all side lengths are integers, it follows that its side lengths must be a
Pythagorean triple.
Observe that
867 = 3 × 172 .
We can then just have the Pythagorean triple 3:4:5, scaled by 172 times.
Thus, the shortest possible length of its hypotenuse is
5 × 172 = 1445.

19. Given the radius of a sector is 40 with area 1440, what is its perimeter?
Answer: 152
Solution:
Note that
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑟𝜃
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑟 2 𝜃.
2
Then
1
1440 = 402 𝜃
2
1440 9
𝜃= = .
800 5
Thus
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2𝑟 + 𝑟𝜃
9
= 2(40) + 40 ( )
5
= 80 + 72
= 152.
20. Given that 𝑀(8, 𝑦) is the midpoint of 𝐴(𝑥, 7) and 𝐵(11, −4) for real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, what
is 𝑥𝑦?
15 1
Answer: 𝑜𝑟 7 2 𝑜𝑟 7.5
2
Solution:
It follows that
𝑥 + 11 7 + (−4)
8= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
2 2
16 = 𝑥 + 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑦 = 3
3
𝑥 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
2
Thus
 3 15 1
𝑥𝑦 = 5 ( ) = = 7 = 7.5
2 2 2
Combinatorics

21. How many different way(s) is/are there to arrange 4 different red books and 10 identical
blue books in a row?
Answer: 24024
Solution:
Since we only have 10 identical objects,
(4 + 10)! 14!
= = 14 × 13 × 12 × 11 = 24024.
10! 10!
22. If 𝑥, 𝑦 are positive integers satisfying 40𝑥𝑦 − 20𝑦 + 20𝑥 = 120, how many possible
value(s) of 𝑥 is/are there?
Answer: 1
Solution:
40𝑥𝑦 − 20𝑦 + 20𝑥 = 120
4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 12
2𝑦(2𝑥 − 1) + 2𝑥 = 12
Let us subtract 1 both sides so that
2𝑦(2𝑥 − 1) + 2𝑥 − 1 = 12 − 1
2𝑦(2𝑥 − 1) + (2𝑥 − 1) = 11
(2𝑦 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1) = 11
This means that 2𝑦 + 1 and 2𝑥 − 1 are factors of 11.
Since 𝑥, 𝑦 are positive integers, we only have
2𝑦 + 1 = 11 and 2𝑥 − 1 = 1 so that
𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 = 1.
Therefore, only one (1) possible value for 𝑥.

23. How many different way(s) is/are there to arrange the English letters of the word
“RADIUS,” with or without meaning, such that the last two letters of the word must be
vowels?
Answer: 144
Solution:
First, we need to arrange 2 vowels to be put in the last two letters, and that is by
3𝑃2 = 3 × 2 = 6.
All that’s left to do is to take care of the arrangements of the other four letters, and that is
4! = 4 × 3 × 2 = 24.
Altogether
24 × 6 = 144.

24. Five fair 8-face dice are thrown. Find the probability that the product of numbers obtained
is an even number.
 31
Answer: 32
Solution:
Note that to have a product that is an even number, we need to have at least one even
number showing in the five dice that are thrown.
Getting the complement probability,
4 5 1 31
1−( ) = 1− = .
8 32 32
25. At least how many minutes after 9:00 pm will the hour hand and the minute hand overlap?
540 1
Answer: or 49 11
11
Solution:
Using the formula
11
𝜃 = |30𝐻 − 𝑀|,
2
where 𝐻 is the number of hours, and 𝑀 is the number of minutes.
Then
11
0 = |30(9) − 𝑀|
2
11
0 = 270 − 𝑀
2
11
𝑀 = 270
2
540 1
𝑀= = 49 .
11 11