CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY &

DIFFERENTIATION
 Chapter 03 135

CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY &

DIFFERENTIATION

CONTINUITY 2. PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Let f (x) and g (x) be continuous functions at x = a. Then,

1. DEFINITION 1. c f (x) is continuous at x = a, where c is any constant.
A function f (x) is said to be continuous at x = a; where 2. f (x) ± g (x) is continuous at x = a.
a Î domain of f (x), if 3. f (x). g (x) is continuous at x = a.

lim f x = lim+ f x = f a 4. f (x)/g (x) is continuous at x = a, provided g(a) ¹ 0.-

x ®a - x ®a
5. If f (x) is continuous on [a, b] such that f (a) and f (b)
i.e., LHL = RHL = value of a function at x = a are of opposite signs, then there exists at least one
solution of equation f (x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
or lim f x = f a
x ®a
3. THE INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM
1.1 Reasons of discontinuity
Suppose f (x) is continuous on an interval I, and a and b are any
If f (x) is not continuous at x = a, we say that f (x) is two points of I. Then if y0 is a number between f (a) and f (b),
discontinuous at x = a. their exits a number c between a and b such that f (c) = y0.
There are following possibilities of discontinuity :

1. lim f x and lim+ f x exist but they are not

x ®a - x ®a
equal.

2. lim f x and lim+ f x exists and are equal but

x ®a - x ®a
not equal to f (a).
3. f (a) is not defined.
4. At least one of the limits does not exist. Geometrically,
the graph of the function will exhibit a break at the
point of discontinuity. NOTES :

That a function f which is continuous in [a, b] possesses

the following properties :
(i) If f (a) and f (b) possess opposite signs, then there
exists at least one solution of the equation
f (x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
(ii) If K is any real number between f (a) and f (b), then
there exists at least one solution of the equation f
(x) = K in the open interval (a, b).
The graph as shown is discontinuous at x = 1, 2 and 3.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 136
Note : If c = a or b, in a similar way as Theorem we can show that
4. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL
gof is continuous at a or b.
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a, b) if f is Theorem 5.3
continuous at each and every point Î (a, b). Suppose f : [a, b] ® R is continuous, f([a, b]) Ì [p, q] and
(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed g:[p, q] ® R is continuous. Then gof : [a, b] ® R is
interval [a, b] if : continuous.
(1) f is continuous in the open interval (a, b) and Proof : Suppose c Î [a, b]. Since f is continuous on [a, b] and g is
continuous on [p, q] it follows that gof is continuous at c
(2) f is right continuous at 'a' i.e. Limit+ (by Theorem and the note). Hence gof is continuous on
x ®a
[a, b].
f (x) = f (a) = a finite quantity.
Theorem 5.4
(3) f is left continuous at 'b'; i.e. Limit-
x ®b Suppose aÎR, a < c < b, f: [a, b] ® [0, ¥) and
f (x) = f (b) = a finite quantity. a a
lim f ( x) = l , then lim f ( x ) = l .
x ®c x®c

5. CONTINUOUS OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS Proof : Since f(x) ³ 0 on [a, b], by Theorem it follows that
lim f ( x) = l ³ 0 . Write g ( x) = xa "x ³ 0 . By Example we
Theorem 5.1 x ®c

get g is continuous at l. Therefore by Theorem it follows

Suppose a < c < b, f : a, b ® R is a function and
that
lim f ( x) = l . Further suppose that g: R ® R is continuous a
x ®c lim f a ( x) = lim f x = lim g f x = g l = la
x®c x®c x ®c
at l. Then lim gof ( x ) exists and is equal to g(l).
x®c

Proof : Write p = g(l)and e > 0. Then there exists d > 0 such that 6. A LIST OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
yÎ(l - d, l + d) Þ |g(y) - p| < e (since g is continuous at l).
Function f (x) Interval in which
Since f(x) ® l as x ® c, corresponding to this d > 0 there
exists h > 0 such that f (x) is continuous
x Î (c - h, c + h) Þ |f(x) - l| < d 1. constant c (–¥, ¥)
Þ 1 - d < f(x) < 1 + d 2. xn, n is an integer ³ 0 (–¥, ¥)
–n
Þ |g(f(x)) - p| < e 3. x , n is a positive integer (–¥, ¥) – {0}
Þ |(gof) (x) - p| < e 4. |x–a| (–¥, ¥)
n n–1
Hence 5. P (x) = a0x + a1x +.....+ an (–¥, ¥)

lim gof ( x ) = p = g (l ) p (x)

x ®c 6. , where p (x) and (–¥, ¥)–{x ; q (x)=0}
q (x)
Theorem 5.2
q (x) are polynomial in x
Suppose a < c < b and f : [a, b] ® R and g: R ® R are,
respectively, continuous at c and f(c). Then gof: [a,b] ® R 7. sin x (–¥, ¥)
is continuous c. 8. cos x (–¥, ¥)
Proof : By Theorem 5.1 p
9. tan x (–¥, ¥) – ìí(2n + 1) : n Î I üý
î 2 þ
lim gof ( x) = g f c = gof c
x®c
10. cot x (–¥, ¥)– {np : n Î I}
Hence gof is continuous at c.
11. sec x (–¥, ¥) – {(2n + 1)
p/2 : nÎI}
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 137

12. cosec x (–¥, ¥) – {np : n Î I}

é 0 if x Î I
13. e x
(–¥, ¥) Similarly f (x) = [x] + [–x] = ê has an isolated
ë -1 if x Ï I
14. logex (0, ¥)
point discontinuity at all x Î I.

7. TYPES OF DISCONTINUITIES

Type-1 : (Removable type of discontinuities)

In case, Limit f (x) exists but is not equal to f (c) then the
x ®c

function is said to have a removable discontnuity or

discontinuity of the first kind. In this case, we can redefine
the function such that Limit f (x) = f (c) and make it
x ®c
Type-2 : (Non-Removable type of discontinuities)
continuous at x = c. Removable type of discontinuity can be
further classified as : In case, Limit f (x) does not exist, then it is not possible to
x®a
(a) Missing Point Discontinuity : make the function continuous by redefining it. Such
Where Limit f (x) exists finitely but f (a) is not defined. discontinuities are known as non-removable discontinuity
x ®a or discontinuity of the 2nd kind. Non-removable type of
discontinuity can be further classified as :
1- x 9 - x2
E.g. f (x) = has a missing point discontinuity
1- x

at x = 1, and

sin x
f (x) = has a missing point discontinuity at x = 0.
x

(a) Finite Discontinuity :

1
e.g., f (x) = x – [x] at all integral x; f (x) = tan–1 at x = 0 and
x

1
f (x) = 1 at x = 0 (note that f (0+) = 0 ; f (0–) = 1)
1+ 2x
(b) Isolated Point Discontinuity :
(b) Infinite Discontiunity :
Where Limit f (x) exists & f (a) also exists but;
x ®a
1 1
Limit ¹ f (a). e.g., f (x) = or g (x) = 2 at x = 4 ; f (x) = 2tanx
x ®a x -4 x -4

x 2 - 16 p cos x
e.g. f (x) = , x ¹ 4 and f (4) = 9 has an isolated point at x = and f (x) = at x = 0.
x-4 2 x
(c) Oscillatory Discontinuity :
discontinuity at x = 4.
1
e.g., f (x) = sin at x = 0.
x
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 138

In all these cases the value of f (a) of the function at x = a (f) A continuous function whose domain is closed must have
(point of discontinuity) may or may not exist but does a range also in closed interval.
not exist. (g) If f is continuous at x = a and g is continuous at
x = f (a) then the composite g [ f (x)] is continous at
x sin x
x = a E.g f (x) = and g (x) = |x| are continuous at x
x2 + 2

x sin x
= 0, hence the composite (gof ) (x) = will also be
x2 + 2
continuous at x = 0.

From the adjacent graph note that

DIFFERENTIABILITY
– f is continuous at x = –1
– f has isolated discontinuity at x = 1
8. DEFINITION
– f has missing point discontinuity at x = 2 Let f (x) be a real valued function defined on an open interval
– f has non-removable (finite type) discontinity at the origin. (a, b) where c Î (a, b). Then f (x) is said to be differentiable or
derivable at x = c,
NOTES :
f x - f c
iff, lim exists finitely..
(a) In case of dis-continuity of the second kind the non- x ®c x -c
negative difference between the value of the RHL at
x = a and LHL at x = a is called the jump of discontinuity. A This limit is called the derivative or differentiable coefficient
function having a finite number of jumps in a given interval of the function f (x) at x = c, and is denoted by
I is called a piece wise continuous or sectionally continuous d
f ¢ c or f x .
function in this interval. dx x =c

(b) All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential

and Logarithmic functions are continuous in their
domains.
(c) If f (x) is continuous and g (x) is discontinuous at x = a
then the product function f (x) = f (x) . g (x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.

é p
sin x¹0
f (x) = x and g (x) = ê x
ê
ë 0 x=0

(d) If f (x) and g (x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the

product function f (x) = f (x) . g (x) is not necessarily be
discontinuous at x = a . e.g. f a +h - f a
· Slope of Right hand secant = as
h
é 1 x ³0
f (x) = –g (x) = ê h ® 0, P ® A and secant (AP) ® tangent at A
ë -1 x < 0
(e) Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous eg. æ f a+h - f a ö
Þ Right hand derivative = Lim ç ÷
h ®0 è h ø
f (x) = 1- x + x -1 is not continuous at x = 1.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 139

= Slope of tangent at A (when approached from right) A function f is said to be a differentiable function if it is
f ¢(a+). differentiable at every point of its domain.

f a–h - f a NOTES :
· Slope of Left hand secant = as h
-h
1. If f (x) and g (x) are derivable at x = a then the
® 0, Q ® A and secant AQ ® tangent at A
functions f (x) + g (x), f (x) – g (x), f (x). g (x) will also
æ f a–h - f a ö be derivable at x = a and if g (a) ¹ 0 then the function
Þ Left hand derivative = Lim ç ÷ f (x)/g(x) will also be derivable at
h ®0 è -h ø x = a.
= Slope of tangent at A (when approached from left) f ¢(a–). 2. If f (x) is differentiable at x = a and g (x) is not
Thus, f (x) is differentiable at x = c. differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F (x) = f (x). g (x) can still be differentiable at
f x - f c x = a. E.g. f (x) = x and g (x) = |x|.
Û lim exists finitely
x ®c x -c 3. If f (x) and g (x) both are not differentiable at
x = a then the product function; F (x) = f (x). g (x)
f x -f c f x -f c can still be differentiable at x = a. E.g.,
Û lim- = lim+ f (x) = |x| and g (x) = |x|.
x ®c x -c x ®c x -c
4. If f (x) and g (x) both are not differentiable at
x = a then the sum function F (x) = f (x) + g (x) may
f c-h - f c f c+h - f c
Û lim = lim be a differentiable function. E.g., f (x) = |x| and
h ®0 -h h ®0 h g (x) = – |x|.

f x –f c f c–h –f c 10. RELATION B/W CONTINUITY &

Hence, xlim
®c– x –c
= lim
h ®0 –h is called
DIFFERENTIABILITY
the left hand derivative of f (x) at x = c and is
denoted by f ¢ (c –) or L f ¢ (c). In the previous section we have discussed that if a function
is differentiable at a point, then it should be continuous at
f x –f c f c+h – f c that point and a discontinuous function cannot be
While, lim+ = lim is called differentiable. This fact is proved in the following theorem.
x ®c x–c h ®0 h
the right hand derivative of f (x) at x = c and is Theorem : If a function is differentiable at a point, it is
denoted by f ¢ (c +) or R f ¢ (c). necessarily continuous at that point. But the converse is
not necessarily true,
If f ¢ (c–) ¹ f ¢ (c+), we say that f (x) is not differentiable
at x = c. or f (x) is differentiable at x = c
Þ f (x) is continuous at x = c.
9. DIFFERENTIABILITY IN A SET
NOTES :
1. A function f (x) defined on an open interval (a, b) is said to
be differentiable or derivable in open interval (a, b), if it is Converse : The converse of the above theorem is not
differentiable at each point of (a, b). necessarily true i.e., a function may be continuous at a point
but may not be differentiable at that point.
2. A function f (x) defined on closed interval [a, b] is said to be
differentiable or derivable. “If f is derivable in the open e.g., The function f (x) = |x| is continuous at x = 0 but it is not
interval (a, b) and also the end points a and b, then f is said differentiable at x = 0, as shown in the figure.
to be derivable in the closed interval [a, b]”.

f x -f a f x - f b
i.e., lim and lim , both exist.
x ®a+
x -a x ®b - x-b
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 140

Derivative at a Point
The derivative of a function at a point x = a is defined by
f a+h - f a
f ' a = lim (provided the limit exists and
h®0 h
is finite)
The above definition of derivative is also called derivative
by first principle.
The figure shows that sharp edge at x = 0 hence, function (1) Geometrical meaning of derivatives at a point : Consider
is not differentiable but continuous at x = 0. the curve y = f(x). Let f(x) be differentiable at x = c. Let
P(c,f(c)) be a point on the curve and Q(x, f(x)) be a
NOTES : neighbouring point on the curve. Then,

(a) Let f ¢+ (a) = p & f ¢– (a) = q where p & q are finite then: f x -f c
Slope of the chord PQ = . Taking limit as
(i) p = q Þ f is derivable at x = a x-c
Þ f is continuous at x = a. Q ® P , i.e., we get
(ii) p ¹ q Þ f is not derivable at x = a.
It is very important to note that f may be still continuous f x -f c
lim Slope of the chord PQ = lim ..(i)
at x = a. Q®P x ®e x-c
In short, for a function f : As Q ® P , chord PQ becomes tangent at P..
Differentiable Þ Continuous;
Therefore from (i), we have
Not Differentiable / Not Continuous
Þ
(i.e., function may be continuous) f x -f c æ df x ö
slope of the tangent at P = lim x -c
=ç ÷
But,
x ®c
è dx ø x = c
Not Continuous Þ Not Differentiable.
(b) If a function f is not differentiable but is continuous at
x = a it geometrically implies a sharp corner at
x = a.
Theorem 2 : Let f and g be real functions such that fog is
defined if g is continuous at x = a and f is continuous at g
(a), show that fog is continuous at x = a.

DIFFERENTIATION NOTES :

11. DEFINITION Thus, the derivatives of a function at point x = c is the slope of

the tangetn to curve , y = f(x) at point (c, f(c)).
The rate of change of one quantity with respect to some
another quantity has a great importance. For example, the (2) Physical interpretation at a point : Let a particle moves
rate of change of displacement of a particle with respect to in a straight line OX starting from O towards X. Clearly, the
time is called its velocity and the rate of change of velocity position of the particle at any instant would depend upon
is called its acceleration. the time elapsed. In other words, the distance of the particle
from O will be some function f of time t.
The rate of change of a quantity ‘y’ with respect to another
quantity ‘x’ is called the derivative or differential coefficient Let at any time t = t0, the particle be at P and after a further
of y with respect to x.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 141

(b) The derivative of a given function f at a point x = a of its

time h, it is at Q so that OP = f t0 and OQ = f t0 + h .
domain is defined as :
hence, the average speed of the particle during the journey
f a+h - f a
PQ f t0 + h - f t0 Limit , provided the limit exists & is
from P to Q is , i.e., = f t0 , h . Taking h ®0 h
h h
denoted by f ’(a).
the limit of f t0 , h as h ® 0 , we get its instantaneous Note that alternatively, we can define

f t0 + h - f t 0 f x -f a
speed to be lim , which is simply f(t0). f ' a = Limit , provided the limit exists.
h®0 h x ®a x -a
Thus, if f(t) gives the distance of a moving particle at time t, This method is called first principle of finding the derivative
then the disivative of f at t = t0 represents the instantaneous of f(x).
speed of the particle at the point P, i.e., at time t = t0.
Important Tips 12. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARD FUNCTION
dy d d
* is y in which is simply a symbol of operation d n
dx dx dx (i) x = n . x n -1 ; x Î R, n Î R, x > 0
dx
and ‘d’ divided by dx.
d x
* If f x0 = ¥ , the function is said to have an infinite (ii) e = ex
dx
dervative at the point x0 . In this case the line tangent to the
d x
curve of y = f(x) at the point x0 is perpendicular to the x- (iii) a = a x . ln a a > 0
dx
axis.
(a) Let us consider a function y = f (x) defined in a certain interval. d 1
(iv) ln x =
It has a definite value for each value of the independent dx x
variable x in this interval.
d 1
Now, the ratio of the increment of the function to the increment (v) log a x = log a e
dx x
in the independent variable,
d
Dy f x + Dx - f x (vi) sin x = cos x
= dx
Dx Dx
d
Dy (vii) cos x = - sin x
Now, as D x ® 0, D y ® 0 and ® finite quantity, then dx
Dx
dy d
derivative f(x) exists and is denoted by y’ or f ’(x) or (viii) (tan x) = sec2 x
dx dx

Dy ö f x + Dx - f x d
Thus, f ' x = lim æç ÷ = lim (ix)
dx
sec x = sec x . tan x
x ®0 è Dx ø Dx ®0 Dx

(if it exits) d
(x) cosec x = - cosec x . cot x
for the limit to exist, dx

f x+h - f x f x-h - f x d
lim = lim (xi) cot x = - cosec 2 x
h ®0 h h ®0 -h dx

(Right Hand derivative) (Left Hand derivative)

CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 142

d (a) If u1, u2, u3, u4, ..., un are the functions of x, then
(xii) constant = 0
dx d
u1 . u 2 . u 3 . u 4 .... . u n
d 1 dx
(xiii) sin -1 x = , –1<x<1
dx 1- x2 æ du ö æ du ö
= ç 1 ÷ u 2 u 3 u 4 ... u n + ç 2 ÷ u1 u 3 u 4 ... u n
è dx ø è dx ø
d -1
(xiv) cos -1 x = , –1<x<1
dx 1 - x2 æ du ö æ du ö
+ ç 3 ÷ u1 u 2 u 4 ... u n + ç 4 ÷ u1 u 2 u 3 u 5 ... u n
è dx ø è dx ø
d 1
(xv) tan -1 x = , xÎR
dx 1 + x2
æ du ö
+ ... + ç n ÷ u1 u 2 u 3 ... u n -1
d -1 è dx ø
(xvi) cot -1 x = , xÎR
dx 1+ x2
æ du ö æ dv ö
vç ÷ - u ç ÷
d 1 d æuö è dx ø è dx ø where v ¹ 0
sec-1 x = (iv) “Quotient Rule” ç ÷=
(xvii) , x >1 dx è v ø v 2
dx x x2 -1
known as
d -1 (b) Chain Rule : If y = f (u), u = g(w), w = h (x)
(xviii) cosec-1x = , x >1
dx x x 2 -1
dy dy du dw
then = . .
(xix) Results : dx du dw dx
If the inverse functions f & g are defined by dy
or = f ' u . g ' w . h' x
y = f (x) & x = g (y). Then g (f (x)) = x. dx
Þ g’ (f(x)) . f’ (x) = 1.
NOTES :
dy dy
This result can also be written as, if exists & ¹ 0 , then
dx dx dy du
In general if y = f (u) then = f¢ u . .
dx dx
dx æ dy ö dy dx dy æ dx ö é dx ù
= 1/ ç ÷ or . = 1 or = 1/ ç ÷ ê ¹ 0 ú
dy è dx ø dx dy dx è dy ø ë dy û 14. METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION

14.1 Derivative by using Trigonometrical Substitution

13. THEOREMS ON DERIVATIVES Using trigonometrical transformations before differentiation
shorten the work considerably. Some important results are
If u and v are derivable functions of x, then,
given below :
d du dv
(i) Term by term differentiation : u±v = ± 2 tan x
dx dx dx (i) sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x =
1 + tan 2 x
d du
(ii) Multiplication by a constant K u = K , where K is 1 - tan 2 x
dx dx (ii) cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 x =
any constant 1 + tan 2 x

d dv du 2 tan x 1 - cos 2x
(iii) “Product Rule” u.v = u + v known as (iii) tan 2x = , tan 2 x =
dx dx dx 1 - tan 2 x 1 + cos 2x

In general, (iv) sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x

CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 143
(v) cos 3x = 4 cos3 x – 3 cos x
x -a x - b or x = a sec2 q – b tan2 q
3tan x - tan 3 x
(vi) tan 3x =
1 - 3tan 2 x
æ x-a ö æ x-bö
ç ÷ or ç ÷
æp ö 1 + tan x è x -bø è x -a ø
(vii) tan ç + x ÷ =
è4 ø 1 - tan x
2ax - x 2 x = a (1 – cos q)
æp ö 1 - tan x
(viii) tan ç - x ÷ =
è 4 ø 1 + tan x 14.2 Logarithmic Differentiation

To find the derivative of :

x x
(ix) 1 ± sin x = cos ± sin
2 2 f2 (x)
If y = f1 x or y = f1 (x) . f2 (x) . f3 (x) ...

æ x±y ö
(x) tan -1 x ± tan -1 y = tan -1 ç ÷ f1 x . f 2 x . f3 x ...
è 1 m xy ø or y=
g1 x .g 2 x .g3 x ...

(xi) sin -1 x ± sin -1 y = sin -1 x 1 - y 2 ± y 1 - x 2 then it is convenient to take the logarithm of the function
first and then differentiate. This is called derivative of the
logarithmic function.
(xii) cos x ± cos y = cos xy m 1 - x 1 - y
-1 -1 -1 2 2
Important Notes (Alternate methods)
(xiii) sin–1x + cos–1x = tan–1x + cot–1x = sec–1x + cosec–1x = p/2
g x
1. If y = f x = eg x ln f x
((variable)variable) {Q x = eln x}
(xiv) sin–1x = cosec–1(1/x) ; cos–1x = sec–1(1/x) ; tan–1x = cot–1(1/x)

dy ì d d ü
NOTES : \ = eg x ln f x
. í g x . ln f x + ln f x . g x ý
dx î dx dx þ
Some standard substitutions :
Expressions Substitutions g x ìï f' x üï
= f x . íg x . + ln f x . g ' x ý
ïî f x ïþ
a2 - x2 x = a sin q or a cos q
2. If y = {f (x)}g (x)

a2 + x2 x = a tan q or a cot q dy
\ = Derivative of y treating f (x) as constant + Derivative of
dx
y treating g(x) as constant
x2 - a 2 x = a sec q or a cosec q
g x d g x -1 d
= f x .ln f x . g x +g x f x . f x
dx dx
æa+xö æa-x ö
ç ÷ or ç ÷ x = a cos q or a cos 2q g x g x -1
èa-xø èa+xø = f x .ln f x . g ' x + g x . f x .f ' x

a-x x - b or x = a cos2 q + b sin2 q 14.3 Implict Differentiation : f (x, y) = 0

(i) In order to find dy/dx in the case of implicit function, we

æa-xö æ x-bö differentiate each term w.r.t. x, regarding y as a function of x
ç ÷ or ç ÷
è x-bø èa-xø & then collect terms in dy/dx together on one side to finally
find dy/dx.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 144
(ii) In answers of dy/dx in the case of implicit function, both x & .......
y are present. f  x f  x 
(B) If y  f  x  then y = {f (x)}y  y = ey ln f (x)
Alternate Method : If f (x, y) = 0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
 f 
  y 1
dy x diff . of f w.r.t. x treating y as constant dy y  f  x  . f '  x  y2 f ' x 
then       
dx  f  diff . of f w.r.t. y treating x as constant dx 1   f  x y . n f  x  f  x  1  y  n f  x 
 
 y 

14.4 Parametric Differentiation 15. DERIVATIVE OF ORDER TWO & THREE

If y = f (t) & x = g(t) where t is a Parameter, then Let a function y = f (x) be defined on an open interval
(a, b). It’s derivative, if it exists on (a, b), is a certain function
dy dy / dt f ’(x) [or (dy/dx) or y’] & is called the first derivative of y w.r.t.
 ...(1)
dx dx / dt x. If it happens that the first derivative has a derivative on
(a, b) then this derivative is called the second derivative of
NOTES : y w.r.t. x & is denoted by f ”(x) or (d2y/dx2) or y”.
Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w.r.t. x, if it exists, is
dy dy dt
1.  .
dx dt dx d3 y d  d 2 y 
defined by    it is also denoted by f ”(x) or y”’.
dx 3 dx  dx 2 
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt  dy 
2. 2
     .  in terms of t  Some Standard Results :
dx dx  dx  dt  dx  dx  dx 
dn m!
d  f 't   1
(i) n
 ax  b m  .a n .  ax  b 
mn
, m  n.
  . {From (1)} dx  m  n !
dt  g '  t   f '  t 
dn n
(ii) x  n!
f   t  g   t   g   t  f   t  dx n
 3
 f '  t  dn
(iii)
dx n
 
e mx  m n .emx , m  R
14.5 Derivative of a Function w.r.t. another Function
dn  n 
n 
(iv) sin  ax  b    a n sin  ax  b   , n  N
dy dy / dx f   x  dx  2 
Let y = f (x) ; z = g(x) then dz  dz / dx  g  x
 
dn  n 
n 
(v) cos  ax  b    a n cos  ax  b  , n  N
14.6 Derivative of Infinite Series dx  2 

If taking out one or more than one terms from an infinite d n ax

series, it remains unchanged. Such that
(vi)
dx n
 
e sin  bx  c   r n .eax .sin  bx  c  n   , n  N

(A) If y  f x  f x  f  x   ....... where r   a 2  b2  ,   tan 1  b / a .

then y  f  x   y  (y2 – y) = f (x) d n ax
(vii)
dx n
 
e .cos  bx  c   r n .eax .cos  bx  c  n   , n  N

dy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get (2y – 1) = f ’(x)
dx where r   a 2  b2  ,   tan 1  b / a .
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 145

16. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANTS 17. L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE

If f (x) & g(x) are functions of x such that :

f x g x h x
If F X = l x m x n x , (i) lim f x = 0 = lim g x or lim f x = ¥ = lim g x and
x ®a x®a x ®a x ®a
u x v x w x
(ii) Both f (x) & g(x) are continuous at x = a and
where f, g, h, l, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable function of x then (iii) Both f (x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a and
(iv) Both f ’(x) & g’(x) are continuous at x = a, Then
f' x g' x h' x f x g x h x
F' x = l x m x n x + l' x m' x n x f x f' x f" x
u x v x w x u x v x w x Limit = Limit = Limit & so on till
x ®a g x x ®a g ' x x ®a g " x

indeterminant form vanishes..

f x g x h x
+ l x m x n x
u' x v' x w' x

18. ANALYSIS & GRAPHS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTION

é p pù
(i) y = sin–1 (sin x) x Î R ; y Î ê- , ú
ë 2 2û

(ii) y = cos–1 (cos x) x Î R ; y Î 0, p

ì p ü æ p pö
(iii) y = tan–1 (tan x) x Î R - í x : x = 2n + 1 , n Î Z ý ; y Î ç - , ÷
î 2 þ è 2 2ø
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 146

19. LEIBNITZ THEOREM

19.1 If u and v are functions of x such that their nth derivatives

exist, then the nth derivative of their product is given by

uv n
= unv + nC1un-1v1 + nC2un-2v2 + ... + nCr un-r vr + ... + uvn

where u r and v r represent r th derivatives of u and u

respectively.

d é ù d
h( x)
d
19.2 ê ò f (t ) dt ú = h( x ) . f h( x ) - g ( x) . f g ( x )
dx ê g ( x ) úû dx dx
ë
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 147

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 3
(RHL at x = 1) = lim f (x) = lim 4x - 3x
x ®1+ x ®1+
If f is a real-valued function satisfying the relation
[Q f(x) = 4x3 – 3x, x > 1]
æ1ö = 4 (1)3 – 3(1) = 1,
f (x) + 2f ç ÷ = 3x for all real x ¹ 0, then lim
x ®0
(sin x) f (x)
èxø and, f(1) = 5 × 1 – 4 = 1
is equal to
[Q f(x) = 5x – 4, where x £ 1]
(a) 1 (b) 2
\ lim f (x) = f (1) = lim f (x)
(c) 0 (d) ¥ x ®1- x ®1+
Ans. (b)
So, f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
1
Sol. We have f (x) + 2f æç ö÷ = 3x ... (1)
èxø Example – 3

Replacing x with 1/x, we have Test the continuity of the function f (x) at the origin :

æ1ö 3 ì| x |
2f (x) + f ç ÷ = ... (2) ï ; x¹0
èxø x f (x) = í x
ïî 1 ; x = 0
From Eqs. (1) and (2) we get

2 Sol. We have,
f (x) = -x
x
(LHL at x = 0) = lim- f (x) = hlim
®0
f (0 - h) = lim f (- h)
h ®0
x ®0
Therefore
| -h | h
æ 2sin x ö = lim = lim = lim - 1 = -1
lim (sin x) f (x) = lim ç - x sin x ÷ h ®0 - h h ®0 - h h ®0
x ®0 x ®0 è x ø

= 2 (1) – 0 = 2. and, (RHL at x = 0) = lim+ f (x) = lim f (0 + h) = lim f (h)

x ®0 h ®0 h ®0

Example – 2 | h| h
= lim = lim = lim1 = 1
h®0 h h®0 h h®0
ìï 5x - 4, when 0 < x £ 1
Show that f (x) = í 3 Thus, f(x) is not continuous at the origin.
ïî4x - 3x, when 1 < x < 2

is continuous at x = 1. Example – 4

Sol. We have, Discuss the continuity of the function of given by

(LHL at x = 1) = lim f (x) = lim 5x - 4 f(x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | at x = 1 and x = 2.
x ®1- x ®1-
Sol. We have,
[Q f(x) = 5x – 4, when x £ 1] f(x) = | x–1 | + | x–2 |
= 5 × 1 – 4 = 1,
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 148

and, (RHL at t = p/2) = lim f (t)

ì -(x - 1) - (x - 2), if x < 1 t ®p / 2+
Þ ï
f (x) = í(x - 1) - (x - 2), if 1 £ x < 2
ï (x - 1) + (x - 2), if x ³ 2 cos ( p / 2 + h)
î = lim f (p / 2 + h) = lim
h ®0 h ®0 p / 2 - (p / 2 + h)

ì-2x + 3, if x < 1 - sin h sin h

ï = lim = lim =1
Þ f (x) = í 1, if 1 £ x < 2 h ®0 -h h ®0 h
ï 2x - 3, x³2
î Also,f(p/2) = 1.
Continuity at x = 1: \ lim f (t) = lim = f (p / 2)
t ®p / 2- t ®p / 2+
We have,
So, f(t) is continuous at t = p/2.
lim f (x) = lim (–2x +3) = –2 × 1 + 3 = 1
x ®1- x ®1-
Example – 6
lim f (x) = lim 1 = 1
x ®1+ x ®1+ Show that the function f(x) given by
and, f(1) = 1.
ì e1/ x - 1
lim f (x) = f (1) = lim f (x) ï , when x ¹ 0
\ f (x) = í e1/ x + 1 is discontinuous at x=0.
x ®1- x ®1+
ï 0 , when x = 0
î
So, f (x) is continuous at x = 1.
Continuity at x = 2 Sol. We have,
We have, (LHL at x = 0) = lim f (x) = lim f (0 - h) = lim f (- h)
x ®0- h ®0 h ®0
lim f (x) = lim 1 = 1
x ®2 - x ® 2-
1
-1
lim f (x) = lim (2x–3) = 2×2 – 3 = 1 e-1/ h - 1 1/ h 0 -1
x ®2+ x ®2 = lim -1/ h = lim e = = -1
h ®0 e +1 h ®0 1 0 +1
+ 1
and, f(2) = 2 × 2 – 3 = 1. e1/ h

\ lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (2)

x ®2 - x ®2+ é 1 ù
êëQ hlim
®0 e h
1/
= 0ú
û
So, f (x) is continuous at x = 2.

and, (RHL at x = 0) = lim f (x) = lim f (0 + h) = lim f (h)

Example – 5 x ®0+ h ®0 h ®0

Examine the function f(t) given by

e1/ h - 1 1 - 1/ e1/ h 1 - 0
= lim = lim = =1
ì cos t
h ®0 e1/ h + 1 h ®0 1 + 1/ e1/ h 1 + 0
ï ; t ¹ p/2
f (t) = í p / 2 - t So, f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 as LHL ¹ RHL and has a
ïî 1 ; t = p/2 discontinuity of first kind at x = 0.

for continuity at t = p/2 Example – 7

Sol. We have,
Show that the function f (x) = | sin x + cos x | is continuous
(LHL at t = p/2) = lim f(t) at x = p.
t ®p / 2 -
Sol. Let g(x) = sin x + cos x and h (x) = | x |. Then, f (x) = hog (x).
cos ( p / 2 - h) sin h In order to prove that f (x) is continuous at x = p. It is
= lim f (p / 2 - h) = lim = lim =1
h ®0 h ®0 p / 2 - (p / 2 - h) h ®0 h sufficient to prove that g (x) is continuous at x = p and h (x)
is continuous at y = g (p) = sin p + cos p = –1.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 149
Now, lim f (x) = lim f (a + h)
x ®a + h ®0
lim g(x) = lim (sin x + cos x) = sin p + cos p = –1
x ®p x ®p
Þ lim f (x) = lim [f (a) + f (h)]
and g (p) = – 1 x ®a + h ®0

\ lim g(x) = g (p) [Q f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y)]

x ®p
Þ lim f (x) = f (a) + lim f (h)
LHL at x = p x ®a + h ®0

lim f ( x ) = lim sin p + cos p = +1 Þ lim f (x) = f (a) + 0 = f (a) [Using (i)]
x ®p x ®p
x ®a +

RHL at x =p Thus, we have

lim sin p + cos p = +1 lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a)
x ®p
x ®a - x ®a +

Hence continuous \ f (x) is continuous at x = a.

Since a is an arbitrary real number. So, f (x) is continuous at
Example – 8
all x Î R.
Let f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y Î R. If f (x) is continuous
at x = 0, show that f (x) is continuous at all x. Example – 9
Sol. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0. Therefore, If f is a real-valued function defined for all x ¹ 0, 1 and
lim f (x) = lim f(x) = f(0) satisfying the relation
x ®0- +
x ®0
æ 1 ö 2 2
f (x) + f ç ÷ = x - 1 - x . Then lim f (x) is______.
Þ lim f (0 - h) = lim f(0 + h) = f(0) è 1 - x ø x ®2
h ®0 h ®0

Sol. Given relation is

Þ lim f (0 + (-h) = lim f (0 + h) = f (0)
h ®0 h ®0
æ 1 ö 2 2
f (x) + f ç ÷= - ... (1)
Þ lim [f (0) + f ( -h)] = lim [f(0) + f(h)] = f(0) è1- x ø x 1- x
h ®0 h ®0

[Using : f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)] 1

Replacing x with in above equation Eq. we have
1- x
Þ f (0) + lim f (-h) = f (0) + lim f (h) = f (0)
h ®0 h ®0
æ 1 ö æ x -1 ö 2 (1 - x)
lim f ( -h) = lim f (h) = 0 fç ÷+f ç ÷ = 2 (1 - x) + ... (2)
Þ h ®0 h ®0
... (i) è1- x ø è x ø x

Let a be any real number. Then,

1
Again replacing x with in Eq. (1), we get
lim f (x) = lim f (a - h) = lim f (a + ( - h)) 1- x
x ®a - h ®0 h ®0

æ x -1 ö 2x
Þ lim f (x) = lim [f (a) + f ( -h)] fç ÷ + f (x) = -2x - ... (3)
x ®a - h ®0 è x ø 1- x

[Q f(x + y) = f (x) + f(y)] Now adding Eqs. (1) and (3) and subtracting Eq. (2) gives

Þ lim f (x) = f (a) + lim f ( - h) æ2 2 2x ö 2 (1 - x)

x ®a - h ®0 2f (x) = ç - - 2x - ÷ - 2 (1 - x) -
è x 1- x 1- x ø x
Þ lim f (x) = f (a) + 0 [Using (i)]
x ®a -

Þ lim f (x) = f (a). and,

x ®a -
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 150

æ 2 2(1 - x) ö æ -2 2x ö Let a be any real number other than an integer. Then, there
=ç - ÷+ç - ÷ - 2x - 2(1 - x) exists an integer k such that k – 1 < a < k.
èx x ø è1- x 1- x ø
Now, (LHL at x = a)
2x 2(1 + x)
= - -2 lim f (x) = lim f (a - h) = lim [a - h]
x (1 - x) x ®a - h ®0 h ®0

2 (x + 1) = lim k - 1 = k - 1
= 2+ -2 h ®0
x -1
[Q k – 1 < a – h < k \ [a–h] = k – 1]
2(x + 1) (RHL at x = a)
=
x -1
= lim f (x) = lim f (a + h)
Therefore x ®a + h ®0

x +1 = lim [a + h) = lim (k - 1) = k - 1
f (x) = h ®0 h ®0
x -1
[Q k – 1 < a + h < k \ [a+h] = k – 1]
Taking limit we get
and, f(a) = k – 1
æ x +1 ö 2 +1 [Q k – 1 < a < k \ [a] = k – 1]
lim ç ÷ = 2 -1 = 3
x ®2 x - 1
è ø Thus,

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a)

Example – 10 x -a - x ®a +

Prove that the greatest integer function [x] is continuous So, f(x) is continuous at x = a. Since a is an arbitrary real
at all points except at integer points. number, other than an integer. Therefore, f(x) is continuous
at all real points except integer points.
Sol. Let f(x) = [x] be the greatest integer function. Let k be any
integer. Then,
Example – 11
ì k - 1, if k - 1 £ x < k
f (x) = [x] = í [By def.] Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f (x) = max {x, x3}.
î k , if k £ x < k + 1 Show that the set of points {–1, 0, 1}, f (x) is not
Now (LHL at x = k) differentiable.
Sol. f (x) = max {x, x3 } considering the graph separately,
= lim f (x) = lim f (k - h) = lim [k - h] y = x3 and y = x.
x ®k - h ®0 h ®0

= lim (k - 1) = k - 1 ì x in - ¥, -1
h ®0 ï 3
x in -1, 0
Now, f x = ïí
[Q k–1 £ k – h < k \ [k–h] = k–1] ï x in 0, 1
ï x 3 in 1, ¥
and, (RHL at x = k) î

= lim f (x) = lim f (k + h) = lim [k + h] The point of consideration are

x ®k + h ®0 h ®0

= lim k = k
h ®0

[Q k £ k + h < k + 1 \ [k + h] = k]

\ lim f (x) ¹ lim f (x)

x ®k - x ®k +

So, f(x) is not continuous at x = k.

Since k is an arbitrary integer. Therefore, f(x) is not
continuous at integer points.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 151

f ¢ (–1–) = 1 and f ¢ (–1+) = 3

f ¢ (–0–) = 0 and f ¢ (0+) = 1
f ¢ (1–) = 1 and f ¢ (1+) = 3
Hence, f is not differentiable at –1, 0, 1.

Example – 12

Find the number of points of non-differentiability of

f(x) = max. {sin x, cos x, 0} in (0, 2np). Where n Î N
Sol. Here, we know sin x and cos x are periodic with period 2p.
Thus we could sketch the curve as; (In the interval 0 to 2p)
Which shows

y = max. {sin x, cos x, 0}

Thus, from above graph we can simply say,

ì p 3p f (x) is not differentiable at x = ± 3.

ïcos x, 0 < x < 4 or 2 < x < 2 p
ï And it could be defined as :
ï 3p
=í 0, p < x <
2
ï ïì4, - 3 £ x £ 3
ï p f (x) = í
ï sin x, < x < p 2
ïî x + 1, x £ - 3 or x ³ 3
î 4

Clearly, y = max. {sin x, cos x, 0} is not differentiable at 3 Example – 14

points when x = (0, 2p).
Discuss the differentiability of f (x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |.
Example – 13
Sol. We have,
2 2
Let f (x) = maximum {4, 1 + x , x – 1} " x Î R. Then find the f (x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |
total number of points, where f (x) is not differentiable.
Sol. Using functions for sketching maximum {4, 1 + x2, x2 – 1} as ì -(x - 1) - (x - 2) for x < 1
ï
Þ f (x) = í x - 1 - (x - 2) for 1 £ x < 2
ï (x - 1) + (x - 2) for x ³ 2
î
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 152

f (x) - f (2)
ì -2x + 3 , x <1 (RHD at x = 2) = lim+
ï x ®2 x-2
Þ f (x) = í 1 , 1£ x < 2
ï 2x - 3 , x³2
î (2x - 3) - (2 ´ 2 - 3)
Þ (RHD at x = 2) = lim+ x-2
x®2
When x < 1, we have
f (x) = –2x + 3 which, being a polynomial function is [Q f (x) = 2x – 3 for x ³ 2]
continuous and differentiable. 2x - 4 2(x - 2)
When 1 £ x < 2, we have Þ (RHD at x = 2) = xlim
® 2+ x - 2
= lim
x ® 2+ x-2
=2

f (x) = 1 which, being a constant function, is differentiable \ (LHD at x = 2) ¹ (RHD at x = 2)

on (1, 2).
So, f (x) not differentiable at x = 2.
When x ³ 2, we have
Remark It should be noted that the function f(x) given by
f (x) = 2x – 3 which, being a polynomial function, is
f(x) = | x – a1| + |x – a2| + |x – a3| +.... + |x – an|
differentiable for all x > 2. Thus, the possible points of non-
differentiability of f (x) are x = 1 and x = 2. is not differentiable at x = a1, a2, a3, ..., an.
Now,
Example – 15
f (x) - f (1)
(LHD at x = 1) = lim-
x ®1 x -1
If 1 - x 2n + 1 - y 2n = a x n - y n then prove that
(-2x + 3) - 1
Þ (LHD at x = 1) = lim
x ®1 x -1 dy x n -1 æ 1 - y 2n ö
= ç 2n ÷ .
[Q f (x) = –2x + 3 for x < 1] dx y n -1 è 1- x ø

-2(x - 1)
Þ (LHD at x = 1) = lim = -2 Sol. We have 1 - x 2n + 1 - y 2n = a x n - y n ...(1)
x ®1 x -1

f (x) - f (1) Putting x n = sin q Þ q = sin -1 x n ü

(RHD at x = 1) = lim+ ý ...(2)
x ®1 x -1 and y n = sin f Þ f = sin -1 y n þ

1-1 then (1), becomes cos q + cos f = a (sin q – sin f)

Þ (RHD at x = 1) = lim =0
x ®1 x -1
æ q+fö æq-fö æq+fö æq-fö
[Q f (x) = 1 for 1 £ x < 2] Þ 2 cosç ÷ cosç ÷ = a.2 cosç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2 ø
\ (LHD at x = 1) ¹ (RHD at x = 1)
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1. æ q+fö -1
Þ cotç ÷ = a Þ q - f = 2 cot a
è 2 ø
f (x) - f (2)
(LHD at x = 2) = lim-
x ®2 x -2 Þ sin–1 xn – sin–1 yn = 2cot–1 a {from (2)}

1 - (2 ´ 2 - 3) Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

Þ (LHD at x = 2) = lim- x-2
x®2
1 1 dy
.nx n -1 - .ny n -1 =0
1 - x 2n 1 - y 2n dx
éQ f (x) = 1 for 1 £ x < 2ù
ê and f (2) = 2 ´ 2 - 3 ú
ë û
dy x n -1 æ 1 - y 2n ö
1 -1 Þ = ç 2n ÷
Þ (LHD at x = 2) = xlim = 0. dx y n -1 è 1- x ø
® 2- x - 2
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 153
Example – 16
dy -2a 2 2a 4 -2a 2 ïì a2 ïü
Þ = 3 - = 3 í1 + 4 ý
dx x x3 a 4 - x 4 x ïî a - x4 ïþ
a 2 + x2 + a2 - x2
If y = , show that
a2 + x2 - a2 - x2 Example – 17
dy -2a 2 ïì a2 ïü
= 3 í1 + 4 ý.
dx dy 1
x ïî a - x4 ïþ If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0, prove that =- 2
dx x +1
Sol. We have,
Sol. We have,
a2 + x2 + a 2 - x2
y=
a2 + x2 - a 2 - x2 x 1+ y + y 1+ x = 0

Þ x 1+ y = -y 1+ x
a2 + x2 + a2 - x2 a 2 + x2 + a 2 - x 2
= . x2 (1 + y)= y2 (1 + x) [On squaring both sides]
Þ
a2 + x2 - a2 - x2 a 2 + x 2 + a 2 - x2
Þ x2 – y2 = y2 x – x2y
2
é a 2 + x 2 + a 2 - x2 ù Þ (x + y) (x – y) = – xy (x – y)
ê úû
Þ y= ë Þ x + y = – xy [Qx - y ¹ 0. as y = x does not satisfy the
a 2 + x2 - a 2 - x 2 given equation]
Þ x = – y – xy
a 2 + x2 + a 2 - x 2 + 2 a 2 + x2 a 2 - x2
= Þ y (1 + x) = – x
2 x2
x
Þ y=-
2 4 4 1+ x
2a + 2 a - x
Þ y=
2x 2 ìï 1 + x .1 - x 0 + 1 üï
dy
Þ = -í 2 ý
a2 a 4 - x4 dx ïî 1+ x þï
Þ y= +
x2 x2
dy 1
=-
Þ y=a x 2 -2 4
+ a -x x 4 -2 Þ dx 1+ x
2

dy d -2 d
Þ = a2 x + a 4 - x 4 x -2 Example – 18
dx dx dx

dy
Þ = -2a 2 x -3 + -2 x -3 a 4 - x 4 xa
x ... ¥ dy y 2 log y
dx If y = a =
, prove that dx x 1 - y log x . log y .
1 4 -1/2 d 4
+ x -2 a - x4 a - x4 Sol. The given series may be written as
2 dx
y)
dy -2a 2 2 4 4 1 3
y = a(x
Þ = 3 - 4 a -x + -4x
dx x x 2x 2 a 4 - x 4 log y = xy log a [Taking log of both sides]
Þ
dy -2a 2 2 2x Þ log (log y) = y log x + log (log a)
Þ = 3 - 3 a4 - x4 -
dx x x a - x4
4
1 d dy d
Þ (log y) = . log x + y . (log x) + 0
ìï a - x
2 4 4 üï log y dx dx dx
dy -2a x
Þ = 3 -2 í 3
+ ý
dx x ïî x a - x4
4
þï [Differentiating both sides with respect to x]

dy -2a 2 ìï a 4 - x 4 + x 4 ïü 1 1 dy dy 1
= 3 - 2í ý Þ . = .log x + y.
Þ dx x log y y dx dx x
ïî x 3 a 4 - x 4 þï
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 154
[Q f(x) = 2x – 3 for x ³ 2]
dy ì 1 ü y
Þ í - log x ý =
dx î y log y þ x 2x - 4
Þ (RHD at x = 2) = lim+ = lim 2 = 2
x ®2 x - 2 x ®2+
dy ì1 - y log y.log x ü y Þ (LHD at x = 2) ¹ (RHD at x = 2).
Þ í ý=
dx î y log y þ x So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 2.

dy y2 log y Example – 21
Þ = .
dx x 1 - y log y.log x
Discuss the differentiability of

Example – 19
ì -æç 1 + 1 ö÷
ï |x| x ø
f (x) = í xe è , x ¹ 0 at x = 0.
x + .... to ¥
x +ex +e dy y ï0 , x =0
If y = e , show that = î
dx 1 - y
Sol. We have,
Sol. The given function may be written as
y = ex + y ì -æç 1 + 1 ö÷
Þ log y = (x + y) . log e [Taking log of both sides] ï xe è x x ø = xe -2/ x , x ³ 0
ï
log y = x + y[Q log e = 1] f (x) = í -æç -1+ 1 ö÷
Þ
ï xe è x x ø = x , x < 0
ï
1 dy dy î0 , x=0
Þ = 1+ [Differentiating with respect to x]
y dx dx
Now,
dy æ 1 ö dy y
Þ ç - 1 ÷ = 1Þ = f (x) - f (0)
dx è y ø dx 1 - y (LHD at x = 0) = lim
x ®0 - x -0

Example – 20 x -0
Þ (LHD at x = 0) = lim- =1
x®0 x -0

ì x - 1, if x < 2 [Q f (x) = x for x < 0 and f (0) = 0]

Show that the function f(x) = í is not
î 2x - 3, if x ³ 2 and,
differentiable at x = 2.
f (x) - f (0)
Sol. We have, (RHD at x = 0) = lim
x ®0 + x -0
f (x) - f (2)
(LHD at x = 2) = lim xe -2/ x - 0
x ®2 - x -2 Þ (RHD at x = 0) = lim+
x ®0 x
(x - 1) - (4 - 3)
Þ (LHD at x = 2) = xlim
®2- x-2 éQ f (x) = xe -2 / x for x > 0 ù
ê ú
[Q f(x) = x – 1 for x < 2] ë and f (0) = 0 û

x -2
Þ (LHD at x = 2) = lim- = lim 1 = 1 Þ (RHD at x = 0) = xlim e -2/x = 0.
x ®2 x - 2 x ®2- ®0 +

f (x) - f (2) -2
and, (RHD at x = 2) = lim+ tends to - ¥ and e -¥ = 0
x ®2 x -2 x
(2x - 3) - (4 - 3) Þ (LHD at x = 0) ¹ (RHD at x = 0)
Þ (RHD at x = 2) = lim+
x®2 x-2
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 155

Example – 22 Example – 23

Show that the function f (x) is continuous at x = 0 but its Find the value of the constant l so that the function
derivative does not exists at x = 0 given below is continuous at x = – 1.

ìï x sin log x 2 ; x ¹ 0 ì x 2 - 2x - 3
if f x = í ï , x ¹ -1
0 ; x=0 f (x) = í x +1
ïî
ï l , x = -1
î
2
Sol. LHL = lim f 0 – h = lim f – h sin log – h Sol. Since f(x) is continuous at x = –1. Therefore,
h ®0 h ®0

lim f (x) = f (-1)

= – lim h sin log h 2 x ®-1
h ®0

As h ® 0, log h2 ® –¥. x 2 - 2x - 3
Þ lim =l [Q f(–1) = l]
Hence sin log h2 oscillates between –1 and +1.
x ®-1 x +1

h ´ lim sin log h 2 (x - 3) (x + 1)

L.H.L = – lim
h ®0 h ®0 Þ lim = l Þ lim (x–3) = l Þ –4 = l
x ®-1 x +1 x ®-1

= – 0 × (number between –1 and +1) = 0 So, f(x) is continuous at x = –1, if l = –4.

R.H.L = lim f 0 + h
h®0 Example – 24

= lim h sin log h 2 = lim h lim sin log h 2 If the function f(x) defined by
h ®0 h®0 h ®0

= 0 × (oscillating between –1 and +1) = 0 ì log (1 + ax) - log (1 - bx)

ï , if x ¹ 0
f (x) = í x
f (0) = 0 (Given) ïî k , if x = 0
Þ L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f (0)
Hence f (x) is continuous at x = 0. is continuous at x = 0, find k.

Test for differentiability : Sol. Since f(x) is continuous at x = 0. Therefore,

lim f (x) = f (0)

f 0–h – f 0 x ®0
Lf ¢ 0 = lim
h ®0 –h
log (1 + ax) - log (1 - bx)
Þ lim =k [Q f(0) = k]
2
x ®0 x
– h sin log – h –0
= lim
h®0 –h é log (1 + ax) log (1 - bx) ù
Þ lim ê - úû = k
x ®0ë x x
= lim sin log h 2
h ®0 log (1 + ax) log (1 - bx)
Þ lim - lim =k
x ®0 x x ®0 x
As the expression oscillates between –1 and +1, the limit
does not exists.
log (1 + ax) log (1 - bx)
Þ a lim - (-b) lim =k
Þ Left hand derivative is not defined. x ®0 ax x ®0 (-b) x
Hence the function is not differentiable at x = 0
Þ a (1) – (–b) (1) = k

é log (1 + x) ù
êë Usin g : xlim
®0 x
= 1ú
û
Þ a+b=k
Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = 0, if k = a + b.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 156

Example – 25 Example – 26

Determine the value of the constant m so that the function

 1  cos 4x
 , if x  0
 x2  m(x 2  2x), if x  0
 f (x)   is continuous
Let f (x)   a , if x  0  cos x , if x  0

 x
, if x  0 Sol. When x < 0, we have
 16  x  4
 f (x) = m (x2 – 2x), which being a polynomial is continuous at
each x < 0.
Determine the value of a so that f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
When x > 0, we have
Sol. For f (x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must have
f (x) = cos x, which being a cosine function is continuous at
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (0) each x > 0.
x 0 x 0
So, consider the point x = 0.
 lim f (x)  lim f (x)  a ... (i) We have,
x 0  x 0
(LHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  lim (x2 – 2x) = 0, for all values of
1  cos 4x x 0  x 0
Now, lim f (x)  xlim
x 0 0 x2 m and (RHL at x = 0) = lim f (x)  lim cos x = 1
x 0  x 0

 1  cos 4x 
 f (x)  x 2
for x  0

Clearly, lim f (x)  lim f(x) for all values of m.
x 0 x 0

So, f (x) cannot be made continuous for any value of m.

2sin 2 2x
 lim f (x)  lim In other words, the value of m does not exist for which f(x)
x 0 x 0 x2
can be made continuous.
2
 sin 2x  Example – 27
 lim f (x)  2 lim  
x 0  x 0  x 
 1 , if x  3
2 
 sin 2x  2 If f(x) = ax  b , if 3  x  5
 lim f (x)  2  4 . lim    8(1)  8 ... (ii)  7
x 0  x  0  2x   , if 5  x
Determine the values of a and b so that f(x) is continuous.
x Sol. The given function is a constant function for all x < 3 and
and, lim f (x)  xlim
0
x 0 16  x  4 for all x > 5 so it is continuous for all x < 3 and for all x > 5.
We know that a polynomial function is continuous. So, the
 x  given function is continuous for all x (3, 5). Thus, f(x) is
 f (x)  for x  0 
continuous at each x R except possibly at x = 3 and x = 5.
 16  x  4 
At, x = 3, we have
x
 lim f (x)  lim . ( 16  x  4) lim f (x)  lim 1  1, lim f (x)  lim ax+b = 3a + b, and,
x 0 x 0 16  x  16
x 3 x 3  x 3 x 3
Rationalizing Denominator f(3) = 1
For f(x) be continuous at x = 3, we must have
 lim f (x)  lim ( 16  x  4)  4  4  8 ... (iii)
x 0 x 0
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f (3)
x 3 x 3
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get a = 8.
1 = 3a + b ....... (i)
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 157
At x = 5, we have
Example – 29
lim f (x) = lim ax + b = 5a + b;
x ®5- x ®5
Draw graph for y = max. {2x, x2} and discuss the continuity
and differentiability.
lim f (x) = lim 7 = 7, and, f(5) = 7
x ®5+ x ®5 Sol. Here, to draw, y = max. {2x, x2}
For f(x) to be continuous at x = 5, we must have

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (5)

x ®5- x ®5+

Þ 5a + b = 7 ....... (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 3, b = – 8

Example – 28
Firstly plot y = 2x and y = x2 on graph and put 2x = x2 Þ x =
Find the values of a & b so that the function is continuous 0, 2 (i.e., their point of intersection).
for 0 < x < p Now, since y = max. {2x, x2} we have to neglect the curve below
point of intersections thus, the required graph is, as shown.

ì p
ï x + a 2 sin x , 0£x<
4
ï
ï p p
f x = í 2x cot x + b , £x£
ï 4 2
ï p
ïa cos 2x - b sin x , 2 < x £ p
î

Sol. Since, f (x) is continuous for 0 < x < p Thus, from the given graph y = max. {2x, x2} we can say y =
max. {2x, x2} is continuous for all x Î R.
\ RHL æç at x = p ö÷ = LHL æç at x = p ö÷ But y = max. {2x, x 2 } is differentiable for all
è 4ø è 4ø x ÎR – {0, 2}

æ p p ö æp pö NOTES :
Þ ç 2 . cot + b ÷ = ç + a 2 .sin ÷
è 4 4 ø è4 4ø
One must remember the formula we can write,
p p
Þ +b = +a f (x) + g(x) f (x) - g(x)
2 4 max.{f (x), g(x)} = +
2 2
p
Þ a-b= ....(i)
4 f (x) + g(x) f (x) - g(x)
min .{f (x), g(x)} = -
2 2
Also, RHL æç at x = p ö÷ = LHL æç at x = p ö÷
è 2ø è 2ø Example – 30

æ 2p pö æ p p ö Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :

Þ ç a cos - bsin ÷ = ç 2 . .cot + b ÷
è 2 2ø è 2 2 ø
x x x
(i) x (ii) x x
Þ –a–b=b
Þ a + 2b = 0 ...(ii) x x
Sol. (i) Let y = x . Then,
p -p x.log x
From eqs. (i) and (ii), a = and b = y = ex
6 12
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 158
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
Example – 31
dy x.log x d
= ex x x . log x Differentiate : (log x)x + xlog x with respect to x.
dx dx
Sol. Let y = (log x)x + x log x. Then,
dy x d
Þ = xx e x log x . log x
dx dx log log x x log x )
y=e + elog (x
dy x ì d x log x d ü
Þ = x x ílog x. e + e x log x . log x ý Þ y = ex log (log x) + elog x . log x
dx î dx dx þ
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
dy x ì d 1ü
Þ = x x ílog x.e x log x x log x + ex log x . ý
dx î dx x þ dy d 2 d
= e x log (log x) . x log (log x) + e (log x ) (log x) 2
dx dx dx
dy x ì æ 1 ö 1ü
Þ = x x ílog x. x x ç x. + log x ÷ + x x . ý
dx î è x ø xþ
dy ì d d ü
Þ = (log x) x ílog (log x). (x) + x . (log(log x)) ý + x log x
dx î dx dx þ
dy x ì xx ü
Þ = x x í x x 1 + log x .log x + ý
dt î x þ
ì d ü
í 2 (log x. (log x)) ý
dy 1ü î dx þ
x ì
Þ = x x . x x í 1 + log x . log x + ý
dt î xþ

(ii) Let y = (xx)x. Then, dy ì 1 1ü ì 1ü

Þ = (log x) x ílog (log x) + x. . ý + x log x í 2 log x . ý
dx î log x x þ î xþ
2
y = xx . x = xx

log y = x 2 log x dy ì 1 ü log x ì 2 log x ü

Þ = (log x) x ílog (log x) + ý+ x í ý.
dx î log x þ î x þ
2. log x
Þ y = ex

On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get Example – 32

dy 2. log x d
= ex x 2 . log x Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :
dx dx

dy 2.log x æ d 2 d ö 2x 2 - 3
Þ = ex ç log x . x + x2 . log x ÷ x cot x +
dx è dx dx ø x2 + x + 2

dy 2 æ 1ö
Þ = x x ç log x .2x + x 2 . ÷ cot x 2x 2 - 3
dx è xø Sol. Let y = x + . Then,
x2 + x + 2
éQ e x 2 . log x = x x 2 ù
ëê ûú
2x 2 - 3
y = ecot x. log x +
dy 2 x2 + x + 2
Þ = x x 2x .log x + x
dx
éQ x cot x = e log x cot x = ecot x .log x ù
dy 2 êë úû
Þ = x .x x 2 log x + 1 .
dx
On differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 159

dy d cot x . log x d æ 2x 2 - 3 ö 1 x 1 x 1 x
- tan - tan - tan ... = cot x -
1
= e + ç 2 ÷ Þ
dx dx dx è x + x + 2 ø 2 2 4 4 8 8 x

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

dy cot x .log x d
=e (cot x. log x)
dx dx 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
- sec 2 - 2 sec2 - 2 sec2 ... = - cos ec2 x + 2
22 2 4 4 8 8 x
d d
(x 2 + x + 2) (2x 2 - 3) - (2x 2 - 3) (x 2 + x + 2)
+ dx dx 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
(x 2 + x + 2)2 2
sec 2 + 2 sec 2 + 2 sec 2 ... = cos ec 2 x - 2
2 2 4 4 8 8 x

dy ì d d ü Example – 34
= x cot x ílog x . (cot x) + cot x . (log x) ý
dx î dx dx þ

æ 2x - 1 ö dy
2 2 If y = f ç 2 ÷ and f ’ (x) = sin x2, find .
(x + x + 2) (4x) - (2x - 3) (2x + 1) è x +1 ø dx
+
(x 2 + x + 2) 2

2x - 1
Sol. Let z = . Then,
dy ì
2
cot x ü 2x + 14x + 3 x2 +1
= x cot x í- cos ec 2 x .log x + ý+
dx î x þ (x 2 + x + 2)2
y = f (z)

Example – 33 dy d d dz
Þ = f z = f z .
dx dx dz dx

x x x sin x
Given that cos . cos . cos ... = , prove that dy d æ 2x - 1 ö
2 4 8 x =f' z
Þ ç ÷
dx dx è x 2 + 1 ø

1 x 1 x 1
2
sec 2 + 4 sec 2 + ... = cos ec2 x - 2
2 2 2 4 x dy ì 2 (x 2 + 1) - (2x - 1) 2x ü
Þ =f' z í ý
dx î (x 2 + 1) 2 þ
Sol. We have,

x x x sin x
cos . cos . cos ... = dy 2(x 2 + 1) - (4x 2 - 2x)
2 4 8 x Þ = sin z 2
dx (x 2 + 1)2
Taking log on both sides, we get
éQ f ' (x) = sin x 2 ù
x x x ê ú
log cos + log cos + log cos ... = log sin x - log x 2
êë\ f ' z = sin z úû
2 4 8

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

ì 2ü
dy æ 2x - 1 ö ï1 + x - x ï
x x x Þ = 2sin ç 2 ÷ í 2 ý
sin sin sin dx è x +1 ø ï x2 +1 ï
1 2 1 4 1 8 ... = cos x - 1 î þ
- - -
2 cos x 4 cos x 8 cos x sin x x
2 4 8
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 160

Example – 35 1/ 2
dx 1 sin -1 t 1 x log e a
Þ = a (loge a) ´ = and ,
dt 2 1- t2 2 1- t2
-1 t -1 t
If x = a sin , y = a cos , a > 0 and –1 < t < 1, show
dy 1 cos -1 t 1/ 2 -1 - y log e a
dy y = a (log e a) ´ =
that =- dt 2 1- t 2
2 1- t2
dx x

Sol. We have,
dy
sin -1 t cos -1 t
dy dt
x= a and y = a \ =
dx dx
dt
dx 1 sin -1 t -1/ 2 d sin -1 t dy 1 cos -1 t -1/ 2 d cos-1 t
Þ = a a and = a a
dt 2 dt dx 2 dt
dy - y log e a 2 1 - t 2 - y
-1/ 2 Þ = ´ =
dx 1 sin -1 t -1 t d dx 2 1 - t 2 x log e a x
Þ = a a sin log e a . sin -1 t and ,
dt 2 dt

dy 1 cos -1 t -1/ 2 -1 d
= a a cos t
log e a . cos -1 t
dt 2 dt
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 161

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Continuity of the function
7. The function f (x) = maximum x 2 – x , 2 – x is

ì 1 non-differentiable at x equal to :
ï ; x¹0
1. The function f (x) = í 4 x - 1 is continuous (a) 1 (b) 0, 2
ï 0 x = 0
î
(c) 0,1 (d) 1, 2

(a) everywhere except at x = 0 and x = 1 Continuity/ Differentiability of the function

(b) nowhere
8. The function f (x) = sin–1 (cos x) is
(c) everywhere
(a) discontinuous at x = 0
(d) everywhere except at x = 0
(b) continuous at x = 0
2. The function f (x) = (1+x)cot x is not defined at x = 0. The value
of f (0) so that f (x) becomes continuous at x = 0 is (c) differentiable at x = 0

(a) 1 (b) 0 (d) None of these

(c) e (d) none of these

ì |x+2|
ï ; x ¹ -2
ì x , when x is rational 9. If f (x) = í tan -1 (x + 2) then f (x) is
3. If f x = í ï
î1 - x , when x is irrational , then î = 2; x = -2

(a) f (x) is continuous for all real x (a) continuous at x = –2

(b) f (x) is discontinuous for all real x (b) not continuous at x = –2
(c) f (x) is continuous only at x = 1/2 (c) differentiable at x = –2
(d) f (x) is discontinuous only at x = 1/2 (d) continuous but not diff. at x = –2
Differentiability of the function
ì x(3e1/ x + 4)
4. Let f (x) = [n + p sin x], x Î (0, p), n Î I, p is a prime number ï ; x¹0
10. If f (x) = í 2 - e1/ x then
and [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. ï 0; x = 0
î
The number of points at which f (x) is not differentiable is
(a) p – 1 (b) p
(a) lim f (x) = 1
(c) 2 p + 1 (d) 2 p – 1 x ®0

5. The set of points where the function (b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0

f (x) = [x] + |1 – x|, –1 £ x £ 3 (c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is not (d) None of these
differentiable, is
(a) {–1, 0, 1, 2, 3} (b) {–1, 0, 2} x x
11. If f (x) = x + + + ... to ¥, then at x = 0, f (x)
1 + x (1 + x) 2
(c) {0, 1, 2, 3} (d) {–1, 0, 1, 2}
6. The set of points where the function f (x) = |x–1| ex is
(a) lim
x ®0
f (x) does not exist
differentiable is
(a) R (b) R–{1} (b) is discontinuous
(c) R – {–1} (d) R – {0} (c) is continuous but not differentiable
(d) is differentiable
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
162

12. If f (x) = x2|x|sgn x, then Defferentiation of logarithmic functions

(a) f is derivable at x = 0 6 x
18. Derivative of x + 6 with respect to x is
(b) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
(a) 12x (b) x + 4
(c) LHD at x = 0 is 1
5 x 5 x–1
(d) RHD at x = 0 is 1 (c) 6x + 6 log 6 (d) 6x + x6

13. The function f (x) = 1 + | sin x | is dy

y x–y
(a) continuous no where 19. If x = e , then is equal to
dx
(b) continuous every where and no differentiable at x = 0 –1 –2
(a) (1 + log x) (b) (1 + log x)
(c) differentiable no where –2
(c) log x . (1 + log x) (d) None of these
(d) differentiable at x = 0
dy
ì | x - 3 |, x ³1 20. If y = loga x + logx a + logx x + loga a, then is equal to
ï dx
14. For the function f (x) = í x 2 3x 13 which of
ï - + , x <1
î4 2 4
1 log a x
(a) + x log a (b) +
the following is incorrect ? x x log a
(a) continuous at x = 1 (b) continuous at x = 3
(c) derivable at x = 1 (d) derivable at x = 3 1 1 log a
-
(c) x log a + x log a (d) x log a x log x 2
ì 3x , -1 £ x £ 1
15. If f (x) = í , then f (x) is
î 4 - x, 1 < x £ 4 21. If f (x) = log |x|, x ¹ 0 then f ¢(x) equals
(a) continuous as well as differentiable at x = 1
1 1
(b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (a) x (b)
x
(c) differentiable but not continuous at x = 1
(d) none of the above
1
16. A function is defined as follows : (c) - (d) None of these
x
ìx 3 ; x 2 < 1 22. The derivative of y = x
1n x
is
f (x) = í 2
The function is
î x; x ³ 1 (a) x
1n x
1n x (b) x
1n x–1
1n x
1n x–1 1n x–2
(a) dis continuous at x = 1 (c) 2x 1n x (d) x
(b) differentiable at x = 1
f (x) dy
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 23. If y = {f (x)} , then is
dx
(d) none of these

f(x ) log f(x) ì f(x) d f(x) d f(x) ü

ì4, - 3 < x < -1 (a) e í + log f(x). ý
ï5 + x , - 1 £ x < 0 î f(x) dx dx þ
ï
17. If f x = í , then f |x| is
ï5 - x , 0 £ x < 2
ï x 2 + x - 3, 2 £ x < 3 f(x) æ df (x) ö df(x)
î (b) f(x) ç dx ÷ + dx log f(x)
è ø

(a) differentiable but not continuous in (–3, 3)

(b) continuous but not differentiable in (–3, 3) f (x)log f(x) ì f ¢(x) ü
(c) e íf(x) + f¢(x) log f ¢(x) ý
î f(x) þ
(c) continuous as well as differentiable in (–3, 3)
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable in (–3, 3) (d) None of these
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 163
Parametric defferentiation Various rule of solving differentiation

1- t 2 2t dy
24. If x = and y = , then dy is equal to 30. If y = logcos x sin x, then is equal to
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
dx dx
2
(a) (cot x log cos x + tan x log sin x)/ (log cos x)
y y 2
(a) - (b) (b) (tan x log cos x + cot x log sin x)/ (log cos x)
x x 2
(c) (cot x log cos x + tan x log sin x)/ (log sin x)
x x (d) None of these
(c) - (d)
y y
æ 2x - 1 ö 2 dy
31. If y = f ç 2 ÷ and f ¢ (x) = sin x , then is equal to
dy ç x +1 ÷ dx
-1 x è ø
25. If y = esin and u = log x, then is
du

2ì ü
sin -1 x æ 2x -1 ö ï x 2 + 2x + 2 ï
e (a) sin çç 2 ÷÷ í
(a) (b) x esin
-1 x 2 ý
2 è x + 1 ø ï x 2 +1 ï
1- x î þ

-1 x
x esin esin
-1 x 2ì ü
æ 2x - 1 ö ï 2 + 2x - 2x 2 ï
(c) (d) (b) sin çç 2 ÷÷ í 2 ý
2
1- x x è x +1 ø ï x 2 + 1 ï
î þ

4 4 dy 3p
26. If x = a cos q, y = a sin q, then at q = is
dx 4 2 ì 2ü
æ 2x - 1 ö ï 2 + 2x - x ï
(c) sin çç 2 ÷÷ í 2
ý
(a) –1 (b) 1 è x +1 ø ïî x + 1 ïþ
2 2
(c) –a (d) a
(d) None of these
Differentiation of function w.r.t functions
x 2x–1 dy
32. If y = 2 . 3 , then is equal to
x3 dx
27. The derivative of e with respect to log x is

3 3 (a) (log 2) (log 3) (b) (log 18)

(a) e x (b) 3x 2 2e x 2 2
(c) (log 18 ) y (d) (log 18) y
3 3
(c) 3x 3 e x (d) 3x 2 e x + 3x 2 2 –1 dy
33. If y = (1 + x ) tan x – x, then is equal to
2 dx
28. The derivative of log10 x with respect to x is
–1 –1
(a) tan x (b) 2x tan x
1 2
(a) 2
log e 10 (b) log10 e
2x x2 –1 2x
(c) 2x tan x – 1 (d)
tan -1 x
1
(c) log10 e (d) None of these
2x 2 n dy
34. If y = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) ... æç1 + x 2 ö÷ , then at x = 0 is
2 2 è ø dx
29. The derivative of sin x with respect to cos x is
2
(a) tan x (b) tan x (a) –1 (b) 1
(c) – tan x (d) None of these (c) 0 (d) None of these
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
164

Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

1 dy
40. If y = x + , then find
1 dx
æ 1- x2 ö x+
1
35. If f (x) = 2 tan x + cos çç
–1
2
–1
÷÷ , then x+
è 1+ x ø x + ..... ¥

4 y x
(a) f ¢ -2 =
5 (a) 2y - x (b) 2x - y

(b) f ¢ -1 = - 1
y x
(c) y - x (d)
(c) f ¢ x = 0 for all x < 0 x-y

(d) None of these dy

2
41. For |x| < 1, let y = 1 + x + x + ... to ¥, then equal to
dx
é -1 1 1
36. If y = ê tan 2
+ tan -1 2 +
ë 1 + x + x x + 3x +3
x x2
(a) (b)
y y2
1 ù
+ tan -1 + ....upto n terms ú then y¢(0) equals
x 2 + 5x + 7 û x 2
(c) (d) xy + y
y2
-1 -n 2
(a) 2 (b) Higher order Derivative problems
n +1 n2 +1

n2 d2 y
(c) (d) None of these 42. If x = a sin q and y = b cos q, then is equal to
n2 +1
dx 2

–1
æ 2 cos x - 3sin x ö p dy a b 2
37. If y = cos ç ÷ ; 0 < x < , then is (a) sec 2 q (b) - sec q
è 13 ø 2 dx b2 a
(a) zero (b) constant = 1
b b
(c) constant ¹ 1 (d) none of these (c) sec3 q (d) - sec3 q
a2 a2
Differentiation of infinite series 43. If f be a polynomial then, the second derivative of f (e ) is
x

x x x x
(a) f ¢(e ) (b) f ¢¢(e ) e + f ¢(e )
dy x 2x x x 2x x x
38. If y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ... ¥, then is equal to (c) f ¢¢(e ) e + f ¢¢(e ) (d) f ¢¢(e ) e + f ¢(e ) e
dx 2 2
44. If x + y = 1, then
2 2
cos x - cos x (a) yy¢¢ – 2(y¢) + 1 = 0 (b) yy¢¢ + (y¢) + 1 = 0
(a) 2y -1 (b) 2y - 1 2 2
(c) yy¢¢ + (y¢) – 1 = 0 (d) yy¢¢ + 2(y¢) + 1 = 0

sin x - sin x d2 y
(c) 1 - 2y (d) 1 - 2y 45. If x + y + y - x = c then is
dx 2

...¥ 2x 2
x dy (a) (b)
xx c2 c3
39. If y = x , then x (1 – y log x)
dx
2 2
(a) x (b) y 2 2
(c) - (d)
(c) xy
2
(d) xy c2 c2
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 165
2 2
46. If y = ax + bx + c where a, b, c are constants, then
(x  1)2 (x  1)
53. Let f (x)  , then f (0)is
3 d2 y (x  2)3
y , is equal to
dx 2 –1 3
54. If t  (0, ½) and x = sin (3t – 4t ) and
(a) a constant
(b) a function of x y = cos
–1
 1 t  , then dxdy is equal to
2

(c) a function of y
55. If u = f(x2), v = g (x3), f’(x) = sin x and g’(x) = cos x then
(d) a function of x and y both
du
d2 y =k sin(x2)/x cos(x3), then find the value of k
dx
47. Let x = sin (l nt) and y = cos (l nt) then is
dx 2
56. Find the derivative of f (tan x) with respect to
1
(a)  y2
1
(b)  y3
g (sec x) at x = /4, if f ’(1) = 2, g '  2  4 .
 
1
(c) y 2
1
(d) y3
57.  
If f (x) = 1+cos2 x 2 , then the value of f   2  is
 

48. If y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) where a, b are parameters, dy 2

2 58. If y = | cos x| + | sin x | then at x  is
the x y + xy is equal to dx 3
(a) y (b) –y 59. If Differentiation of log(sin x2) with respect to x is k.xcot(x2),
(c) 2y (d) –2y then the value of k is
60. If f (x) = logx (loge x), then f  (x) at x = e is
d y
49. If y = A cos nx + B sin nx, then 
dx 2 –1  sin x + cos x  dy
61. If y = tan   , then dx is equal to
(a) –n y
2
(b) –y  cos x  sin x 
2
(c) n y (d) none of these
 2x 
62. Let f (x) = sin 1  2 
, find f (1/ 2)
Numerical Value Type Questions  1 x 

1 tan x    1  2x 
50. Let f (x) = , x  , x  0 ,  . 63. Find the derivative of y  tan   at x = 0
4x   4  2 1 x2 

   sin x
If f (x) is continuous in  0,  , then f   is 64. If y  then y(0) is
 2 4 cos x
1
sin x
1
cos x
a  bx 3/ 2 1 ..... 
51. If y = and y = 0 at x = 5, then the ratio a : b is 1 sin x
x 5/4
equal to
y d2 y
dy 65. If e + xy = e, then the value of for x = 0, is
52.
x y x+y
If 2 + 2 = 2 , then the value of at x = y = 1, is dx 2
dx
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
166

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. If the function. 6. The value of k for which the function

ïìk x + 1 , 0 £ x £ 3 ì tan 4 x
g(x) = í is differentiable, then the
ïî mx + 2 , 3 < x £ 5 ïæ 4 ö tan 5x , 0 < x < p
ç ÷
f (x) = ïíè 5 ø 2
value of k + m is: (2015) ï 2 p
ï k+ , x=
î 5 2
10
(a) (b) 4
3
p
is continuous at x = , is : (2017/Online Set–2)
16 2
(c) 2 (d)
5
17 2
2. For x Î R, f (x) = |log 2 – sin x| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then : (a) (b)
20 5
(2016)
3 2
(a) g’(0) = cos (log 2) (c) (d) -
5 5
(b) g’(0) = – cos (log 2)
(c) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g’(0) = –sin (log 2) 7. Let S = {t Î R : f x = x - p . e - 1 sin x
x
is not
(d) g is not differentiable at x = 0
differentiable at t}. Then the set S is equal to: (2018)
15 15
If y = éê x + x - 1 ùú + éê x - x - 1 ùú ,
2 2
3. (a) 0, p (b) f (an empty set)
ë û ë û
(c) {0} (d) {p}
2 d2 y dy
then x - 1 2
+x is equal to : ìï 1
dx dx
Let f x = í x -1 , x > 1, x ¹ 2
2-x
8.
(2017/Online Set–1) ïî k ,x=2

(a) 125 y (b) 224 y2 The value of k for which f is continuous at x = 2 is:
(c) 225y2 (d) 225 y (2018/Online Set–2)
1 1 (a) 1 (b) e
- d2 y dy
4. If 2x = y 5 + y 5 and (x 2 - 1) + lx + ky = 0, then
dx 2 dx (c) e-1 (d) e-2

l + k is equal to : (2017/Online Set–2)

æ
2
æ 3 cos x + sin x ö ö æ pö
9. If 2 y = ç cot -1 ç
(a) –23 (b) –24 ç ç cos x - 3 sin x ÷÷ ÷÷ , x Î çè 0, 2 ÷ø
è è øø
(c) 26 (d) –26
5. Let f be a polynomial function such that dy
then is equal to: (2019-04-08/Shift-1)
dx
f (3x) = f ¢(x) × f ¢¢(x), for all x Î R. Then :

(2017/Online Set–2) p p
(a) -x (b) x -
6 6
(a) f (2) + f ¢(2) = 28 (b) f ¢¢(2) - f ¢(2) = 0
p p
(c) f ¢¢(2) - f (2) = 4 (d) f (2) - f ¢(2) + f ¢¢(2) = 10 (c) -x (d) 2 x -
3 3
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 167
10. Let f: [–1, 3] ® R be defined as 2 -2
(a) (b)
p +5 p +5
ì x + x , -1 £ x < 1
ï
f x = í x + x , 1£ x < 2 2 2
ï x + x , 2 £ x £ 3, (c) (d)
î p -5 5 -p
where [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal 15. Let f: R ® R be differentiable at c Î R and f (c) = 0. If
to t. Then f is discontinuous at: (2019-04-08/Shift-2) g (x) = |f(x)|, then at x = c, g is : (2019-04-10/Shift-1)
(a) only one point (b) only two points (a) not differentiable if f ’( c) = 0
(c) only three points (d) four or morepoints (b) differentiable if f’(c) ¹ 0
11. If f(1) =1, f ’ (1) = 3, then the derivative of (c) differentiable if f’(c) = 0
f (f (f (x))) + (f (x))2 at x = 1 is: (2019-04-08/Shift-2) (d) not differentiable
(a) 33 (b) 12
(d) 9 (c) 15 ì sin p + 1 x + sin x
ï , x<0
ïï x
æp p ö
12. If the function f defined on ç , ÷ by 16. If f x = í q , x=0
è6 3ø ï
ï x + x2 - x
, x>0
ì 2 cos x - 1 ïî x 3/2
p
ïï , x¹
f x = í cot x - 1 4
is continuous at x = 0, then the ordered pair (p, q) is equal
ï p
k, x= to: (2019-04-10/Shift-1)
ïî 4
æ 3 1ö æ 1 3ö
is continuous, then k is equal to: (2019-04-09/Shift-1) (a) ç - , - ÷ (b) ç - , ÷
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø
1
(a) 2 (b) æ 3 1ö æ5 1ö
2
(c) ç - , ÷ (d) ç , ÷
è 2 2ø è2 2ø
1
(c) 1 (d)
2 æ dy d 2 y ö
17. If e y + xy = e, the ordered pair ç dx , dx 2 ÷ at x = 0 is equal
è ø
éxù
13. If f x = x - ê ú , x Î R, where x denotes the to : (2019-04-12/Shift-1)
ë4û
greatest integer function, then: (2019-04-09/Shift-2) æ1 1ö æ 1 1ö
(a) ç , - 2 ÷ (b) ç - , 2 ÷
(a) f is continuous at x = 4. èe e ø è e e ø

æ1 1 ö æ 1 1ö
(b) xlim
® 4+
f x exists but lim f x does not exist
x ® 4- (c) ç , 2 ÷ (d) ç - , - 2 ÷
èe e ø è e e ø
(c) Both lim- f x and lim+ f x exist but are not equal.
x® 4 x® 4
æ sin x - cos x ö
18. The derivative of tan -1 ç ÷ with respect
è sin x + cos x ø
(d) xlim
® 4-
f x exists but lim f x does not exist
x ® 4+

x æ æ p öö
14. If the function to where ç x Î ç 0, ÷ ÷ is _____.(2019-04-12/Shift-2)
2 è è 2 øø
ïì a p - x + 1, x £ 5 2
f x =í (a) 1 (b)
ïîb x - p + 3, x > 5 3
is continuous at x = 5, then the value of a-b is: 1
(2019-04-09/Shift-2) (c) (d) 2
2
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
168
19. Let f : R  R be a function defined as
24. Let f :  1,1  R be a function defined by
 5, if x 1
 a  bx,

f ( x)  
if 1 x  3
 
f  x   max  x ,  1  x 2 . If K be the set of all points
b  5 x, if 3 x5
 30, at which f is not differentiable, then K has exactly:
if x5
(2019-01-10/Shift-2)
Then, f is: (2019-01-09/Shift-1) (a) five elements (b) one element
(a) continuous if a = 5 and b = 5 (c) three elements (d) two elements
(b) continuous if a = - 5 and b = 10
dy
(c) continuous if a= 0 and b = 5 25. If x loge  log e x   x 2  y 2  4  y  0  , then at x  e
dx
(d) not continuous for any values of a and b is equal to (2019-01-11/Shift-1)
20. Let f be a differentiable function from R to R such that
| f  x   f  y  | 2 | x  y |3/ 2 , for all x, y,  R.
1  2e   2e  1
(a) 2 (b)
2 4e 2 4  e2
1
2
If f  0   1 then   f  x 
0
dx is equal to 1  2e  e
(c) (d)
4e 2
4  e2
(2019-01-09/Shift-2)
(a) 1 (b) 2 26. Let k be the set of all real values of x where the function
f(x) = sin|x| – |x| + 2(x – ) cos|x| is not differentiable.
1
(c) (d) 0 Then the set k is equal to: (2019-01-11/Shift-2)
2 (a) {an empty set} (b) {}
2
d y (c) {0} (d) {0, }
21. If x = 3 tan t and y = 3 sec t, then the value of at
dx 2
2y 2 dy
27. For x > 1, If  2 x   4e 2 x  2 y , then 1  log e 2 x  is
 dx
t , is: (2019-01-09/Shift-2)
4 equal to _____. (2019-01-12/Shift-1)
1 1
(a) (b) x log e 2 x  log e 2
3 2 6 2 (a) (b) log e 2 x
x
3 1
(c) (d)
2 2 6 x log e 2 x  log e 2
(c) (d) x log e 2 x
x
max  x , x 2  x 2
22. Let   
f x  28. If a function f(x) defined by
 8  2 x 2 x 4

Let S be the set of points in the interval (- 4, 4) at which ae x  be  x , 1  x  1


f is not differentiable. Then S: (2019-01-10/Shift-1) f ( x)   cx 2 , 1  x  3 be continuous for
 ax 2  2cx , 3 x 4
(a) is an empty set (b) equals {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} 
(c) equals {-2, -1, 1, 2} (d) equals {-2, 2}
some a, b, c  R and f ' (0)  f ' (2)  e, then the value of
23. Let f : R  R be a function such that a is : (2020-09-02/Shift-1)

f  x   x3  x 2 f  1  xf   2   f   3 , x  R. 1 e
(a) 2 (b) 2
e  3e  13 e  3e  13
then f (2) equals: (2019-01-10/Shift-1)
(a) -4 (b) 30 e e
(c) 2 (d) 2
(c) -2 (d) 8 e  3e  13 e  3e  13
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 169

6
ì3 4 ü ìïk ( x - p) 2 - 1, x £ p
29. If y = å k cos -1 í cos kx - sin kx ý, 34. If the function f ( x) = í 1 is twice
k =1
î5 5 þ ïî k 2 cos x , x > p
differentiable, then the ordered pair (k1,k2) is equal to:
dy (2020-09-05/Shift-1)
then at x = 0 is ………… . (2020-09-02/Shift-2)
dx
(a) (1,1) (b) (1,0)

2 2 æ p pö æ1 ö æ1 ö
30. If y + log e (cos x) = y, x Î ç - , ÷ , then (c) ç , -1÷ (d) ç ,1÷
è 2 2ø è 2 ø è2 ø
(2020-09-03/Shift-1)
éxù
35. Let f ( x) = x . ê ú , for –10 < x < 10, where [t] denotes the
(a) | y ¢ (0) | + | y ¢¢ (0) | = 1 ë2û
greatest integer function. Then the number of points of
(b) y¢¢ (0) = 0 discontinuity of f is equal to ……….
(c) | y ¢ (0) | + | y¢¢ (0) | = 3 (2020-09-05/Shift-1)

(d) | y ¢¢ (0) | = 2 æ 1 + x2 - 1 ö
-1
36. The derivative of tan ç ÷ with respect to
ç x ÷
è ø
31. If (a + 2 b cos x) (a - 2 b cos y ) = a 2 - b 2 , where
æ 2 x 1 - x2 ö
dx æ p p ö tan -1 ç ÷ 1
a>b>0,then dy at ç , ÷ is: (2020-09-04/Shift-1) ç 1 - 2 x2 ÷ at x = 2 is: (2020-09-05/Shift-2)
è4 4ø è ø

a+b a - 2b
(a) (b)
a-b a + 2b
2 3 2 3
(a) (b)
3 5
a-b 2a + b
(c) (d)
a+b 2a - b
3 3
(c) (d)
32. Suppose a differentiable function f(x) satisfies the identity 12 10
f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)+xy 2+x 2y, for all real x and y. If
37. Let f : R ® R be defined as
f ( x)
lim = 1 ,then f’(3) is equal to ……..
x ®0 x
ì 5 æ1ö 2
(2020-09-04/Shift-1) ï x sin ç x ÷ + 5 x , x < 0
ïï è ø
f ( x) = í 0, x=0
ìp ï
-1
ïï 4 + tan x, | x | £ 1 ï x5 cos æç 1 ö÷ + l x 2 , x > 0
33. The function f(x) = í is : îï è xø
ï 1 | x | -1 , | x | > 1
ïî 2
The value of l for which f” 0 exists, is_______.
(2020-09-04/Shift-2) (2020-09-06/Shift-1)
(a) both continuous and differentiable on R–{–1} 38. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f(x) = max {x, x2}.
Let S denote the set of all points in R, where f is not
(b) continuous on R–{–1} and differentiable on R–{–1,1}
differentiable. Then (2020-09-06/Shift-2)
(c) continuous on R–{1} and differentiable on R–{–1,1}
(a) {0, 1} (b) f(an empty set)
(d) both continuous and differentiable on R–{1} (c) {1} (d) {0}
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
170

æ tan a + cot a ö 1 æ 1 1ö
39. If y(a )= 2 ç ÷+ 43. If the function f defined on ç - , ÷ by
è 1 + tan 2
a ø sin 2
a è 3 3ø

æ 3p ö dy 5p ìæ 1 ö æ 1 + 3x ö
where a Îç , p ÷ , then at a = is ï log , when x ¹ 0
è 4 ø d a 6 f x = íçè x ÷ø e çè 1 - 2 x ÷ø
ï k , when x = 0
î
(2020-01-07/Shift-1)
is continuous, then k is equal to ________.
1 4
(a) - (b) (2020-01-07/Shift-2)
4 3

(c) 4 (d) -4
ì
ï
1
ï sin(a + 2) x + sin x , x < 0
dy æ y ö 3
ï
40. Let x k + y k = a k , a, k > 0 and + ç ÷ = 0 then k is x
dx è x ø ï
44. If f ( x ) = íb ,x = 0
ï 1 1
(2020-01-07/Shift-1) ï x + 3x 2 3 - x 3
ï 4
,x > 0
ï
1 3 î x3
(a) (b)
3 2

is continuous at x = 0 then a + 2b is equal to:

2 4
(c) (d) (2020-01-09/Shift-1)
3 3
(a) –2 (b) 1
41. Let S be the set of points where the function,
(c) 0 (d) –1
f(x) = 2 - x - 3 , x Î R, is not differentiable.Then, the 45. Let f and g be differentiable functions on R, such that fog
is the identity function. If for some a, b Î R, g ¢ a = 5 and
value of å xÎs f f x is equal to g a = b , then f ¢ b is equal to :

(2020-01-09/Shift-2)
(2020-01-07/Shift-1)
42. Let y = y(x) be a function of x satisfying 2
(a) (b) 5
5
y 1 - x 2 = k - x 1 - y 2 where k is a constant and
1
(c) 1 (d)
æ1ö 1 dy 1 5
y ç ÷ = - . Then at x = , is equal to :
2
è ø 4 dx 2
é4ù
(2020-01-07/Shift-2) 46. Let [t] denotes the greatest integer £ t and lim x = A.
x ®0 ê x ú
ë û

5 5 2
Then the function, f x = éë x ùû sin p x is discontinuous,
(a) - (b)
2 2
when x is equal to (2020-01-09/Shift-2)

5 2 (a) A + 1 (b) A
(c) - (d)
4 5
(c) A + 5 (d) A + 21
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 171

47. If f : R ® R is a fugreatest integer functionnction 51. Let the function f : R ® R and g : R ® R be defined
as:
æ 2x - 1 ö
defined by f x = x - 1 cos ç ÷ p where [.] denotes
è 2 ø ì x + 2, x < 0 ì x3 , x <1
f x =í 2 and g x = í
î x , x³0 î3x - 2, x ³ 1
the greatest integer function, then f is

(24-02-2021/Shift-1) Then, the number of points in R where fog x is NOT

(a) Discontinuous at all integral values of x except at differentiable is equal to (16-03-2021/Shift-1)

(a) 0 (b) 2
(b) Discontinuous only at x = 1
(c) 3 (d) 1
(c) Continuous only at x = 1
52. Let a Î R be such that the function
(d) Continuous for every real x
ì cos -1 1 - {x}2 sin -1 (1 - {x})
48. The number of points, at which the function ï , x¹0
f (x) = í {x} - {x}3 is
ï
f x = 2x + 1 - 3 x + 2 + x 2 + x - 2 , x Î R î a, x =0

is not differentiable, is _____.

continuous at x = 0, where x = x - x , x is the
(25-02-2021/Shift-1)
greatest integer less than or equal to x . Then
49. A function f is defined on -3,3 as (16-03-2021/Shift-2)

p
ìï min x , 2 - x 2 , - 2 £ x £ 2 (a) a = 0 (b) a =
f x =í 2
where x
ïî éë x ùû ,2< x £3
p
(c) no such a exists (d) a =
denotes the greatest integer £ x. The number of points, 4

where f is not differentiable -3, 3 is _____. 53. Let f : S ® S where S = 0, ¥ be a twice differentiable

(25-02-2021/Shift-2) function such that f x + 1 = xf x . If g : S ® R be

50. Let f : R ® R be define as defined as g x = log e f x , then the value of

g ¢¢ 5 - g ¢¢ 1 is equal to : (16-03-2021/Shift-2)
ì æ px ö
ï2 sin ç - 2 ÷ , if x < -1
ï è ø 197
ï (a) 1 (b)
f x = í ax 2 + x + b , if - 1 £ x £ 1 144
ï
ï sin px , if x > 1
187 205
ïî (c) (d)
144 144

54. Let f : R ® R and g : R ® R be defined as

If f x is continuous on R, then a + b equals:
ì x + a, x < 0 ì x + 1, x<0
(26-02-2021/Shift-2) f (x) = í and g(x) = í 2
î| x - 1|, x ³ 0 î (x - 1) + b, x ³0
(a) -3 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) -1 where a, b are non-negative real numbers. If gof x is
continuous for all x Î R, then a + b is equal to.
(16-03-2021/Shift-2)
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
172

cos (sin x) - cos x (a) 5 (b) 3

55. If the function f ( x) = is continuous
x4 (c) 2 (d) 4

1 59. Let a function g : 0, 4 ® R be defined as,

at each point in its domain and f (0) = , then k is ....
k

(17-03-2021/Shift-1) ìïmax t 3 - 6t 2 + 9t - 3 , 0 £ t £ x,0 £ x £ 3

g x =í ,
ïî 4 - x, 3<x £4
ì 1
ï ; | x | ³1
56. If f (x) = í | x | is differentiable at every
ïax 2 + b ; | x | < 1 then the number of points in the interval 0, 4
î
point of the domain, then the value of a and b are where g x (20-07-2021/Shift-2)
respectively : (18-03-2021/Shift-1)
60. Let r : R ® R be function defined as
5 3 1 3
(a) , - (b) , -
2 2 2 2
ì æ x ö
ï3 ç1 - ÷ if x £2
1 3 1 1 f x =í è 2ø
(c) - , (d) , ï
2 2 2 2 î 0 if x >2

57. Let f : R ® R be a function defined as

Let g : R ® R be given by g(x) = f (x + 2) - f (x - 2)
ì sin (a + 1) x + sin 2x
ï , if x < 0 If If n and m denote the number of points in R where g is
ï 2x not continuous and not differentiable, respectively, then
ï
f (x) = í b , if x = 0
ï n + m is equal to (22-07-2021/Shift-2)
3
ï x + bx - x , if x > 0
ïî b x5/ 2 61. Let f : R ® R be defined as

If f is continuous at x = 0 , then the value of a + b is ì l x 2 - 5x + 6

equal to (18-03-2021/Shift-2) ï ; x<2
ï m 5x - x 2 - 6
ï
5 ïï tan x - 2
(a) - (b) -3 f x =í e
x- x
; x>2
2
ï m ; x=2
ï
3 ï
(c) - (d) -2 ï
2
ïî
58. Let a function f : R ® R be defined as

ìsin x - e x if x £ 0 Where x is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.

ï
f x = í a + -x if 0 < x < 1
ï 2x - b If f is continuous at x = 2, then l + m is equal to?
î if x ³ 1
(25-07-2021/Shift-1)
where x is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
(a) e e - 2 (b) 2e - 1
If f is continuous on R, then a + b is equal to:
(c) e -e + 1 (d) 1
(20-07-2021/Shift-1)
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 173

65. Let f : 0,3 ® R be defined by

ì P x
ï ; x¹2
62. Consinder the function f x = í sin x - 2
ï f x = min x - x ,1 + x - x
î 7 ; x=2

where x is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.

where P x P x is a polynomial such that P" x is
Let P denote the set containing all x Î 0,3 where where
always a constant and P 3 = 9. If f x is continuous at
f is discontinuous, and Q denote the set containing all
x = 2, then P 5 is equal to (25-07-2021/Shift-2)
x Î 0,3 where f is not differentiable. Then the sum of

63. Let f : 0, ¥ ® 0, 3 be a function defined by number of elements in P and Q is equal to _________.

(27-07-2021/Shift-1)
ìmax sin t : 0 £ t £ x , 0 £ x £ p
f x =í
î 2 + cos x, x > p æ æ 1- x öö
66. Let f x = cos ç 2 tan -1 sin çç cot -1 ÷ ÷ , 0 < x < 1.
ç
è è x ÷ø ÷ø
Then which of the following is true?
(27-07-2021/Shift-2) Then (26-08-2021/Shift-1)

(a) f is differentiable everywhere in 0, ¥ 2 2

(a) 1 + x f¢ x +2 f x =0
(b) f is continuous everywhere but not differentiable
2 2
exactly at two points in 0, ¥ (b) 1 - x f ¢ x + 2 f x =0

(c) f is not continuous exactly at two points in 0, ¥ (c) 1 + x

2
f¢ x -2 f x
2
=0

(d) f is continuous everywhere but not differentiable

2 2
(d) 1 - x f ¢ x - 2 f x =0
exactly at one point in 0, ¥

67. If y = y x is an implicit function of x such that

æ p pö
64. Let f : ç - , ÷ ® R be defined as
è 4 4ø
d2 y
log e x + y = 4xy , then at x = 0 is equal to
dx 2
3a
ì p
ï 1 + sin x
sin x , - <x<0 (26-08-2021/Shift-1)
ïï 4
f x =í b, x=0 68. Let a, b Î R, b ¹ 0. Define a function
ï p
ï ecot 4x / cot 2x , 0<x<
ïî 4
ì p
ïï a sin 2 x - 1 for £ 0
f x =í
If f is continuous at x = 0, the the value of 6a + b2 is
ï tan 2x - sin 2x for x > 0
equal to : (27-07-2021/Shift-1) ïî bx 3

(a) e (b) 1 + e
If f is continuous at x = 0 , then 10 - ab is equal to
(c) 1 - e (d) e - 1
________. (26-08-2021/Shift-1)
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
174

69. Let [t] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to t .
ì æ xö
Let f x = x - x , g x = 1 - x + x and ï 1 ç 1+ a ÷
ï log e ç ÷, x < 0
h x = min f x , g x , x Î -2, 2 . Then h is:
ï x çç 1 - x ÷÷
ï è bø
ï
72. If the function f x = í k, x=0 is
(26-08-2021/Shift-2) ï 2 2

(a) not continuous at exactly four points in [-2, 2] ï cos x - sin x - 1 , x > 0
ï x2 +1 -1
(b) not continuous at exactly three points in [-2, 2] ï
ï
î
(c) continuous in [-2, 2] but not differentiable at exactly
three point in (-2, 2)
(d) continuous in [-2, 2] but not differentiable at more 1 1 4
continuous at x = 0, then + + is equal to ?
than four points in (-2, 2) a b k

(31-08-2021/Shift-1)
1
-
1 2 d2 y dy
70. If y + y
4 4
= 2x, and x – 1 dx 2 + ax dx + b y = 0, (a) –4 (b) –5
(c) 4 (d) 5
then a – b is equal to ______. (27-08-2021/Shift-1)
9 x 2 -12x + 4
73. The function f x = x 2 - 2x - 3 .e is not

æ 1 + sin x + 1 - sin x ö æp ö differentiable at exactly ? (31-08-2021/Shift-1)

71. If y x = cot -1 çç ÷÷ , x Î ç , p ÷ ,
è 1 + sin x - 1 - sin x ø è2 ø (a) Two points (b) One points
(c) Four points (d) Three

dy 5p 74. Let t denote the greatest integer £ t . The number of

then at x = is: (27-08-2021/Shift-2)
dx 6 points where the function
(a) 0 (b) –1 æ p ö
f x = x x 2 - 1 + sin ç - x + 1 , x Î -2, 2 is
ç x + 3 ÷÷
1 1 è ø
(c) (d) -
2 2 not continuous is _______ (01-09-2021/Shift-2)
75. Let f : R ® R be defined as

ì æ ö
ï x3 1 + 2xe -2x
ï 2
log e ç ÷ x¹0
f x = í 1 - cos 2x ç 1 - xe - x 2 ÷
ï è ø
îï a x=0

If f is continuous at x = 0, then a is equal to :

(22-07-2021/Shift-2)
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 3 (d) 2
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 175

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option]
2 2 1 4 4 2 1 dy
7. If x + y = t + and x + y = t + 2 , then is equal to
1. Let U(x) and V(x) are differentiable functions such that t t dx

U ¢(x) ¢ p+q
U(x)
= 7 . If ¢ = p and æç V(x) ö÷ = q , then (a)
y
(b) –
y
V(x) V (x) è U(x) ø p-q x x

has the value equal to

x x
(c) (d) –
(a) 1 (b) 0 y y
(c) 7 (d) –7
8. If f (x) = | x–3 | and f (x) = (fof) (x), then for x > 10,
2. Suppose the function f(x) – f(2x) has the derivative 5 at
f’ (x) is equal to
x = 1 and derivative 7 at x = 2. The derivative of the function
f (x) – f (4x) at x = 1, has the value equal to (a) 1 (b) 0
(a) 19 (b) 9 (c) –1 (d) None of these
(c) 17 (d) 14 9. Let f (x) = sin x, g (x) = 2x and h (x) = cos x.
3. If f is a periodic function, then
æpö
(a) f ¢ and f ¢¢ are also periodic If f (x) = [go (f h)] (x), then f " ç ÷ is equal to
è4ø
(b) f ¢ is periodic but f ¢¢ is not periodic
(c) f ¢¢ is periodic but f ¢ is not periodic (a) 4 (b) 0
(d) None of these (c) –4 (d) None of these
4. If y = f (x) is an odd differentiable function defined on 10. If f (x) = |x –1| and g (x) = f [f { f (x) }], then for x >2, g' (x) is
(–¥, ¥) such that f ¢ (3) = –2, then f ¢ (–3) equals equal to
(a) 4 (b) 2 (a) –1 if 2 < x < 3 (b) 1 if 2 < x < 3
(c) –2 (d) 0
(c) 1 for all x > 2 (d) None of these
5. If f (x) = log | 2x |, x ¹ 0, then f ¢ (x) is equal to
11. Let f (x) = 2/(x+1) and g(x) = 3x. It is given that
1 1 (fog) (x0) = (gof) (x0). Then (gof)’ (x0) equals
(a) (b) –
x x
32
(a) – 32 (b)
1 3
(c) (d) None of these
|x|

6. Let f (x) be a polynomial function of second degree. If -32 -32

(c) (d)
9 3
f (1) = f (–1) and a, b, c are in AP, then f ¢ (a), f ¢ (b) and
f ¢ (c) are in
12. Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree 3 such that f (3) = 1,
(a) AP
f ¢ (3) = – 1, f '' (3) = 0 and f '''(3) = 12. Then the value of
(b) GP
f ' (1) is
(c) HP
(a) 12 (b) 23
(d) Arithmetico-Geometric progression
(c) –13 (d) None of these
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
176

19. Let f (x) = a + b |x| + c |x|4, where a, b and c are real constants.
p
13. If f (x) = sin æç x - x 5 ö÷ ,1 < x < 2 and [x] denotes the Then f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 if
è2 ø
(a) a = 0 (b) b = 0
æ pö
greatest integer less than or equal to x, then f ' çç 5 ÷÷ is (c) c = 0 (d) None of these
è 2ø
p
equal to 20. The derivative of f (tan x) w.r.t. g (sec x) at x = , where
4
4/5 4/5
p æ pö
(a) 5 æç ö÷ (b) - 5 ç ÷ f ’(1) = 2 and g’ 2 = 4, is
è2ø è2ø
(c) 0 (d) None of these
1
(a) (b) 2
14. If f (x) = x 2 - 10x + 25 , then the derivative of f (x) on the 2
interval [0, 7] is
(c) 1 (d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) none of these 3 dy
21. Let y = x – 8x + 7 and x = f (t). If = 2 and x = 3 at
dt
sin x cos x sin x
dy dx
15. If y = cos x - sin x cos x , then is equal to t = 0, then at t = 0 is given by
dx dt
x 1 1
19
(a) 1 (b) –1 (a) 1 (b)
2
(c) 0 (d) None of these
2
x b b (c) (d) None of these
x b 19
16. If D1 = a x b and D 2 = are given, then
a x
a a x 22. f (x), g( x), h(x) are functions having non-zero
derivatives. The derivative of f (x) w.r.t g(x) is a(x) and
2 d derivative of g(x) w.r.t h(x) is b(x). Then derivative of
(a) D1 = 3 D 2 (b) D1 = 3D 2
dx h(x) w.r.t f (x) =

d 3/ 2 a(x)
(c) D1 = 3(D 2 ) 2 (d) D1 = 3( D 2 ) (a) a (x) . b (x) (b) b(x)
dx

2 2 æ pö æ pö
17. If f (x) = cos x + cos ç x + ÷ –cos x cos ç x + ÷ then 1 b(x)
è 3ø è 3ø (c) a(x)b(x) (d) a(x)
f ’(x) is
(a) 0 (b) 1
f h - f 0
(c) 2 (d) 3 23. If f is an even function such that l im has
h ®0+ h
tan 2 2x some finite non-zero value, then
18. The function f (x) = sin 2x is not defined at
x = p/4. The value of f (p/4) so that f is continuous at (a) f is continuous and derivable at x = 0
x = p/4 is (b) f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0

(a) e (b) 1 / e (c) f may be discontinuous at x = 0

(d) None of these
(c) 2 (d) None of these
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 177

29. Let f : R ® R be a function such that

dy
24. If sin y = x sin (a + y), then is
dx
æ x + y ö f x +f y
fç ÷= , f 0 = 0 and f ¢ (0) = 3. Then
è 3 ø 3
sin a sin 2 a + y
(a) (b) (a) f (x) is a quadratic function
sin 2 a + y sin a
(b) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable
(c) f (x) is differentiable in R
2 sin 2 a - y
(c) sin a sin (a + y) (d) (d) f (x) is bounded in R
sin a
30. If fr (x), gr (x), hr (x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x such that
fr (a) = gr (a)=hr(a), r = 1, 2, 3 and
25. Let f (x) = a x b x g x for all real x, where

a x , b x and g x are differentiable functions of x. If f1 x f2 x f 3 (x)

F(x) = g1 x g2 x g3 x , then F ' (a) is equal to
f '(2) = 18 f (2), a ' 2 = 3a 2 , b ' 2 = -4b 2 and h1 x h2 x h3 x

g ' 2 = kg 2 , then the value of k is

(a) a (b) –a
(a) 14 (b) 16
(c) 0 (d) None of these.
(c) 19 (d) None of these
31. Let f & g be differentiable functions satisfying
ax + b g' (a) = 2, g (a) = b & fog = I (Identity function). Then f '(b) is
26. If y = , where a, b, c are constants then (2xy’ + y) y’’’ equal to
x2 + c
is equal to 2
(a) 2 (b)
(a) 3 (xy’’ + y’) y’’ (b) 3 (xy’ + y’’) y’’ 3
(c) 3 (xy’’ + y’) y’ (d) None of these
1
27. Function f : R ® R satisfies the functional equation (c) (d) None
2

f (x) 32. Let f (x) = a [x] + b e|x| + c |x|2, where a, b and c are real
f (x - y) =
f (y) constants. where [x] denotes greatest integer < x. If f (x) is
differentiable at x = 0, then
If f’(0) = p and f’ (a) = q, then f’ (–a) is
(a) b = 0, c = 0, a Î R (b) a = 0, c = 0, b Î R
p2 q (c) a = 0, b = 0, c Î R (d) None of these
(a) (b)
q p
ì x 3e1 / x + 4
ï ,x ¹ 0
p 33. If f (x) = í 2 - e1 / x , then f (x) is
(c) (d) q ï
q
î0 ,x=0

28. Let f (x) = x n , n Î W . The number of values of n for (a) continuous as well as differentiable at x = 0
which f ¢(p + q) = f ¢(p) + f ¢(q) is valid for all +ve p & q is (b) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) differentiable but not continuous at x = 0

(c) 2 (d) None of these (d) None of these

CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
178

40. People living at Mars, instead of the usual definition of

tan x 2 d2 y
34. If y = e , then cos x = derivative D f(x), define a new kind of derivative, D*f(x) by
dx 2
the formula
dy dy
(a) (1 – sin 2 x) (b) –(1 + sin 2x) f 2 (x + h) - f 2 (x) 2 2
dx dx D * f (x) = lim where f (x) means [f (x)] .
h ®0 h
dy If f (x) = x lnx then
(c) (1 + sin2 x) (d) None of these
dx
ax bx D * f (x) x = e has the value
35. Suppose f(x) = e + e , where a ¹ b, and that
f ”(x) – 2f ’ (x) –15f(x) = 0 for all x. Then the product ab is
(a) e (b) 2e
(a) 25 (b) –15
(c) 4e (d) 8 e
(c) 9 (d) –9
41. If y = ksinpx, then the value of the determinant
3 –1 x
36. If (sin y)sin ( px / 2) + Sec (2x) + 2 tan (log (x+2)) = 0 then
2 y y1 y2
dy/dx at x = –1 is y3 y4 y5 is equal to
y6 y7 y8
3 1
(a) (b)
2
p -3 p p2 - 3
(a) 1 (b) 0

3 3p (c) –1 (d) None of these.

(c) (d)
p p2 - 3 p2 - 3 where yn denotes nth derivative of y w.r.t. x.

2 2 d2y
37. If ax + 2hxy + by = 1, then is equal to
dx 2
xn n! 2
ab - h 2 h 2 - ab np
(a) (b) 42. If f (x) = cos x cos 4 then the value of
hx + by
3 3 2
hx + by
np
sin x sin 8
2
h 2 + ab
(c) 3 (d) None of these
hx + by

38.
2
If y = P(x), a polynomial of degree n ³ 3, then dn
é f x ùû x =0 is
dx n ë
d æ 3 d2y ö
2 çy 2 ÷
dx è dx ø (a) 0 (b) 1

(a) – P (x) . P’’’ (x) (b) P (x) . P’’’ (x) (c) –1 (d) None of these

(c) P (x) . P’’ (x) (d) None of these 43. A non zero polynomial with real coefficients has the
property that f (x) = f’(x) . f’’ (x). The leading coefficient of
x -x 2
39. Let f (x) = e - e - 2sin x - x 3 , then the least value f (x) is
3
1 1
d n f (x) (a) (b)
of n for which is non-zero 6 9
dx n x =0

(a) 4 (b) 5 1 1
(c) (d)
(c) 7 (d) 3 12 18
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 179
44. If 0 < x < 1, then
(sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x)2
49. Let y = then which of the
1 2x 4x 3 8x 7 +(cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x)2
+ + + + ...¥ =
1 + x 1 + x 1 + x 1 + x8
2 4
following is correct ?

1 x dy p
(a) (b) (a) when x = is - 2
1- x 1- x dx 2

x 1- x p 3+ 5
(c) (d) (b) value of y when x = is
1+ x 1+ x 5 2

æ ax + b ö dy d 3 y p 1+ 2 + 3
45. If y = ç ÷ , then 2 . is equal to (c) value of y when x = is
è cx + d ø dx dx 3 12 2
(d) y simplifies to (1 + 2 cos x) in [0, p]
2
æ d2 y ö d2 y
(a) ç 2 ÷ (b) 3 2
dx 1 - x n +1 2 3 n n +1
è dx ø 50. Let f (x) = and g (x) = 1 – + 2 - .........+ (–1) .
1- x x x xn
2
Then the constant term in f’(x) × g(x) is equal to
æ d2 y ö d2x
(c) 3 ç 2 ÷ (d) 3
è dx ø dy 2 n(n 2 - 1)
(a) when n is even
6
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option]
n (n + 1)
(b) when n is odd
46. The function f (x) = max. {(1 – x), (1 + x), 2}, x Î (–¥, ¥), is 2
(a) continuous at all points
n
(b) differentiable at all points (c) - (n + 1) when n is even
2
(c) differentiable at all points except at x = 1 and x = –1.
n (n - 1)
(d) continuous at all points except at x = 1 and x = –1, (d) when n is odd
2
where it is discontinuous.
51. If F(x) = f (x) g (x) and f ’ (x) g’ (x) = c, then
1
47. If f x = , where [.] denotes the greatest function, é f gù F" f " g " 2c
[sin x] (a) F’ = c ê + ú (b) = + +
ë f ' g 'û F f g fg
then
F"' f "' g "' F"' f "' g "'
ì pü (c) = + (d) = +
(a) Domain of f (x) is (2np + p, 2np + 2p) È í2np + ý F f g F" f " g "
î 2þ
52. Suppose f and g are functions having second derivatives
where n Î I f” and g” everywhere, if f (x) . g (x) = 1 for all x and f’ and g’
(b) f (x) is continuous when x Î (2np + p, 2np + 2p) f ¢¢(x) g¢¢(x)
are never zero, then - equals
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = p/2 f ¢(x) g ¢(x)
(d) None of these
f ¢(x) 2g¢(x)
48. Let [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. (a) -2 (b) -
f (x) g(x)
If f (x) = [x sin p x], then f (x) is
(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) continuous in (–1, 0) f ¢(x) f ¢(x)
(c) - (d) 2
(c) differentiable at x = 1 (d) differentiable in (–1, 1) f (x) f (x)
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
180

Numerical Value Type Questions

x4 -k 6
59. If the third derivative of is 4 + 4
x -1 x - 2 x -2 x -1
ì 8x - 4 x - 2 x + 1x
ï , x >0
53. If f (x) = í x2 is continuous at then the numerical quantity k must be equal to
ïex sin x + px + l ln 4, x £ 0
î Match the Following
x = 0, then the value of 1000 el must be
Each question has two columns. Four options are given
representing matching of elements from Column-I and
cos -1 (1 - {x}) . sin -1 1 - x
54. Let f (x) = , then the value Column-II. Only one of these four options corresponds
2 {x} . (1 - {x})
to a correct matching.For each question, choose the option
corresponding to the correct matching.
2008 2 lim f(x) must be (where {x} denotes the
of x ® 0-
p 60. Column–I Column–II
fractional part of x). (A) If the function (P) 6

ì 36x - 9x - 4 x + 1 ì sin 3x
ï , x¹0
55. If f (x) = í 2 - (1 + cos x) is continuous at ïï x , x ¹ 0
ï f x =í
î l, x=0 ï K, x=0
ïî 2

x = 0, then l = m ln 2. ln 3 then the value of m must be

is continuous at x = 0, then k =
56. The function given by
x 2 – 10 x + 25
(B) If f x = for x ¹ 5 (Q) 2 log |a|
ì x 2 – 7 x +10
p – cos –1 x
ï , x ¹ –1
ï x +1 & it is continuous at x = 5 then f (5) =
f x =í
ï 1
ï , x = –1 (C) If f R ® R defined by (R) 3
î lp

ìïa 2 cos2 x + b 2 sin 2 x x £ 0

The value of l for which the function f (x) is continuous at f x = í ax + b
ïî e x >0
x = –1 from the right, must be
57. Let P (x) be a polynomial of degree 4 such that is continuous function then b =
P(1) = P(3) = P (5) = P’ (7) = 0. If the real number x ¹ 1, 3, 5
(S) log |a|
is such that P (x) = 0 can be expressed as x = p/q where ‘p’
and ‘q’ are relatively prime, then find (p + q). (T) 0
The correct matching is
1 1
58. If f(x) = – then (a) A - P; B - T; C - Q
sin x - sin a x - a cos x
(b) A - T; B - P; C - Q
d -1 2
lim f x = sec a – sec a tan a. (c) A - Q; B - T; C - P
da x®a k
(d) A - P; B - Q; C - T
The numerical quantity k should be equal to
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 181
61. Column - I Column - II Paragraph Type Questions
3
(A) If f ’ (x) = 3x 2 + 6 & y = f (x ) (P) –2 Using the following passage, solve Q.62 to Q.64
Passage
dy
then at x = 1, = A curve is represented parametrically by the equations
dx
t –l n (a )t

(B) If f be a differential function (Q) –1 x = f (t) = a l n (b ) and y = g(t) = b a, b > 0 and a ¹ 1,

such that b ¹ 1 where t Î R.

f (xy) = f (x) + f (y); " x, y Î R 62. Which of the following is not a correct expression for

then f (e) + f (1/e) = dy

?
dx
(C) If f be a twicedifferential function (R) 0
such that -1 2
(a) (b) – (g (t))
f ”(x) = – f (x) & f ’ (x) = g(x); f (t) 2
2 2
If h (x) = (f (x)) + (g(x)) & h(5) = 9
then h(10) = -g(t) -f (t)
(c) (d)
-1 -1 f (t) g(t)
(D) y = tan (cot x) + cot (tan x), (S) 9

p dy d2 y
< x < p then = 63. The value of at the point where f (t) = g (t) is
2 dx dx 2
The correct matching is
1
(a) A–S; B–R; C–S; D–P (a) 0 (b)
2
(b) A–R; B–S; C–S; D–P
(c) 1 (d) 2
(c) A–S; B–S; C–R; D–P
f (t) f ¢¢( -t) f (- t) f ¢¢(t)
64. The value of . + . " t Î R, is
(d) A–S; B–R; C–P; D–S f ¢(t) f ¢(- t) f ¢(- t) f ¢(t)
equal to
(a) –2 (b) 2
(c) –4 (d) 4

Text

65. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :

(i) log (sec x + tan x) (ii) ex sin x
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
182

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 8. Let f (x) = | |x| – 1|, then points where f (x), is not differentiable
is/(are) : (2005)
1. Let f : R ® R be any function. Define g : R ® R by (a) 0 (b) 1
g (x) = | f (x)| for all x. Then g is : (2000)
(c) ± 1 (d) 0, ± 1
(a) onto if f is onto
d2x
(b) one-one if f is one-one 9. equals (2007)
dy 2
(c) continuous if f is continuous
-1 -1
(d) differentiable if f is differentiable æ d2 y ö æ d 2 y ö æ dy ö
-3

(a) ç 2 ÷ (b) - ç 2 ÷ ç ÷
2. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f (x) = max {x, x3}. The è dx ø è dx ø è dx ø
set of all points where f (x) is not differentiable is :
-2 -3
(2001) æ d 2 y ö æ dy ö æ d 2 y ö æ dy ö
(c) ç 2 ÷ ç ÷ (d) - ç 2 ÷ ç ÷
(a) {–1, 1} (b) {–1, 0} è dx ø è dx ø è dx ø è dx ø

(c) {0, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1} 10. Let g(x) = log f (x) where f (x) is a twice differentiable
positive function on (0, ¥) such that f (x + 1) = x f (x).
3. The left hand derivative of f (x) = [x] sin (p x) at x = k, k is an
Then, for N = 1, 2, 3, ......., (2008)
integer is (2001)
(a) (–1)k (k – 1) p (b) (–1)k–1 (k – 1) p æ 1ö æ1ö
g '' ç N + ÷ - g '' ç ÷ =
è 2ø è2ø
(c) (–1)k kp (d) (–1)k–1 kp
4. Which of the following functions is differentiable at x = 0? ïì 1 1 1 üï
(a) – 4 í1 + + + ... + 2ý
(2001) îï 9 25 2N - 1 ïþ
(a) (cos |x|) + |x| (b) cos (|x|) – |x|
(c) sin (|x|) + |x| (d) sin (|x|) – |x| ïì 1 1 1 üï
(b) 4 í1 + + + ... + 2 ý
5. The domain of the derivative of the functions îï 9 25 2N - 1 ïþ

ì tan -1 x, if | x | £ 1 ïì 1 1 1 üï
ï (c) – 4 í1 + + + ... + 2ý
f (x) = í 1 is (2002) îï 9 25 2N + 1 ïþ
ï (| x | -1), if | x |> 1
î2
ïì 1 1 1 ïü
(d) 4 í1 + + + ... + ý
(a) R – {0} (b) R – {1} 2
ïî 9 25 2N + 1 ïþ
(c) R – {–1} (d) R – {–1, 1}
11. Let f be a real-valued function defined on the interval (–1,1)
6. If y is a function of x and log (x + y) – 2xy = 0, then the
x
value of y’ (0) is equal to (2004)
such that e - x f (x) = 2 + ò t 4 + 1 dt, for all x Î (–1, 1) and
(a) 1 (b) – 1 0

(c) 2 (d) 0 let f be the inverse function of f. Then (f –1)’ (2) is equal to
–1

(2010)
7. If y = y (x) and it follows the relation
x cos y + y cos x = p, then y’’ (0) (2005) 1
(a) 1 (b)
3
(a) – 1 (b) p
(c) – p (d) 1 1 1
(c) (d)
2 e
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 183

15. Let f : R ® R be a function such that f (x + y) = f (x) + f(y),

ì 2 p " x, y Î R. If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, then (2011)
ïx cos , x ¹ 0, x Î R,
12. Let f (x) = í x then f is (2012)
(a) f (x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing
ï 0, x =0
î zero
(b) f (x) is continuous " x Î R
(a) differentiable both at x = 0 and x = 2
(c) f’(x) is constant " x Î R
(b) differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 2
(d) f (x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
(c) not differentiable at x = 0 but differentiable at x = 2
(d) differentiable neither at x = 0 nor at x = 2 ì p p
13. Let f1 : R ® R, f2 : [0, ¥) ® R, f3 : R ® R and f4 : R ® [0, ¥) ï- x - 2 , x£-
2
ï
be defined by ï p
16. If f (x) = í - cos x, - < x £ 0, then (2011)
ï 2
ì| x | if x < 0, ï x - 1, 0 < x £1
f1(x) = = í x ï ln x,
îe if x ³ 0; î x >1

f2(x) = x2 ;
p
(a) f (x) is continuous at x = -
ìsin x if x < 0, 2
f3(x) = í
î x if x ³ 0 (b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1
and
3
(d) f (x) is differentiable at x = -
2
ì f (f (x)) if x < 0,
f 4 (x) = í 2 1 (2014)
îf 2 (f1 (x)) - 1 if x ³ 0. 17. For every integer n, let an and bn be real numbers. Let
function f : R ® R be given by
List I List II
ì a + sin px, for x Î [2n, 2n + 1]
P. f4 is 1. onto but not one-one f (x) = í n , for all
îb n + cos px, for x Î (2n - 1, 2n)
Q. f3 is 2. neither continuous nor one-one
integers n.
R. f2 of1 is 3. differentiable but not one-one
If f is continuous, then which of the following hold(s) for
S. f2 is 4. continuous and one-one all n ? (2012)
P Q R S (a) an–1 – bn–1 = 0 (b) an – bn = 1
(A) 3 1 4 2 (c) an – bn + 1 = 1 (d) an–1 – bn = –1
(B) 1 3 4 2 18. Let f : [a, b] ® [1, ¥) be a continuous function and let
(C) 3 1 2 4 g : R ® R be defined as
(D) 1 3 2 4
ì
ï 0 if x < a,
Objective Questions II [One or more than one correct option] ï x
g x = í ò f (t ) dt if a £ x £ b,
a
ï b
14. If f (x) = min {1, x2, x3}, then (2006) ï f (t ) dt if x > b
î òa
(a) f (x) is continuous " x Î R
Then (2014)
(b) f (x) > 0, " x > 1
(a) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at a
(c) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable " x Î R (b) g (x) is differentiable on R
(d) f (x) is not differentiable at two points. (c) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at b
(d) g (x) is continuous and differentiable at either a or b
but not both.
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
184

19. Let g : R ® R be a differentiable function with g(0) = 0, Numerical Value Type Questions
g¢(0) = 0 and g¢(1) ¹ 0.
24. If two functions ‘f ’ and ‘g’ satisfying given conditions for
ìx " x, y Î R, f (x – y) = f (x) g (y) – f (y) . g (x) and
ï x g x , x ¹0
Let f (x) = í and h(x) = e|x| (2015) g (x – y) = g (x) . g (y) + f (x) . f (y). If right hand derivative
ï0, x =0 at x = 0 exists for f (x) then find the derivative of g (x) at
î
x=0 (2005)
(a) f is differentiable at x = 0
(b) h is differentiable at x = 0 25. Let f : R ® R and g : R ® R be respectively given by
(c) foh is differentiable at x = 0 f (x) = |x| + 1 and g (x) = x2 + 1. Define h : R ® R by
(d) hof is differentiable at x = 0
ïìmax f ( x), g ( x) if x £ 0,
20. Let a, b Î R and f : R ® R , be defined by f(x) = a cos h x =í (2014)
ïî min f ( x), g ( x) if x ³ 0.
(|x - x|) + b |x| sin (|x + x|). Then f is
3 3
(2016)
(a) differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1 The number of points at which h(x) is not differentiable is

(b) differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0 26. Let the functions f : (-1,1) ® R and g : (-1,1) ® (-1,1)
(c) NOT differentiable at x = 0 if a = 1 and b = 0 be defined by f ( x) = 2 x - 1 + 2 x + 1 and g ( x ) = x - [ x],
(d) NOT differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 1
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
21. Let f : R ® R , g: R ® R , and h : R ® R , be differentiable to x. Let fog : ( -1,1) ® R be the composite function
functions such that f(x) = x3 + 3x + 2, g(f(x)) = x and
defined by ( fog )( x) = f ( g ( x )) . Suppose c is the number
h (g(g(x))) = x for all x Î R . Then (2016)
of points in the interval (-1,1) at which fog is not
1 continuous, and suppose d is the number of points in
(a) g ¢ 2 = (b) h¢(1) = 666
15 the interval (-1,1) at which fog is not differentiable. Then
the value of c + d is _____ . (2020)
(c) h(0) = 16 (d) h(g(3)) = 36
Match the Following
22. Let the function f :R ® R be defined by
f (x) = x3 – x2 + (x – 1) sin x and let g : R ® R be an arbitrary Each question has two columns. Four options are given
function. Let fg : R®R be the product function defined representing matching of elements from Column-I and
by (fg)(x)=f(x)g(x). Then which of the following Column-II. For each question, choose the option
statements is/are TRUE ? (2020) corresponding to the correct matching.
(a) If g is continuous at x = 1, then fg is differentiable at x = 1
27. In the following, [x] denotes the greatest integer less than
(b) If fg is differentiable at x = 1, then g is continuous at x = 1 or equal to x. (2007)
(c) If g is differentiable at x = 1, then fg is differentiable at x = 1 Column I Column II
(d) If fg is differentiable at x = 1, then g is differentiable at x = 1 (A) x |x| (P) continuous in (–1, 1)
23. Let f : R ® R and g : R ® R be functions satisfying (B) (Q) differentiable in (–1, 1)
|x|
f (x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + f(x) f(y) and f ( x ) = xg ( x) for
(C) x + [x] (R)strictly increasing (–1, 1)
all x, y Î R. If lim
x®0
g ( x ) = 1, then which of the following (S) not differentiable at least at
statements is/are TRUE? (2020) (D) | x – 1| + | x + 1| one point in (–1, 1)
The correct matching is
(a) f is differentiable at every xÎ R
(a) A–P,Q,R; B–P,S; C–R,S; D–P,Q
(b) If g(0)=1, then g is differentiable at every xÎ R (b) A–P,S,R; B–P,Q,R; C–R,S; D–P,Q
(c) The derivative f ’(1) is equal to 1 (c) A–P,Q,R; B–P,S; C–P,Q; D–R,S
(d) The derivative f ’(0) is equal to 1 (d) A–P,Q; B–P,S; C–R,S; D–P,Q,R
CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION 185
Text
æ1ö
30. If f : [–1, 1] ® R and f (0) = 0 then f ¢ (0) = lim n f ç ÷
28. Let a Î R. Prove that a function f : R ® R is differentiable n ®¥ ènø
at a if and only if there is a function g : R ® R which is
continuous at a and satisfies f (x) – f (a) = g (x) (x–a) for all 2 æ1ö
Find the value of lim n +1 cos –1 ç ÷ – n
x Î R. (2001) n ®¥ p ènø

æ1ö p
ì -1 æ x + c ö 1 Given that 0 < l im cos –1 ç ÷ < (2004)
ïbsin ç 2 ÷ , - 2 < x < 0 n ®¥ ènø 2
ï è ø
ï 1
29. f (x) = í , x=0
ï 2
ï eax/ 2 - 1 1
ï , 0<x<
î x 2

1
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 and |c| <, then find the
2
value of a and prove that 64b2 = (4 – c2). (2004)
 Answer Key
CHAPTER -3 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAIN QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)

11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c)

16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (d) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)

21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (c) 21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (b)

26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (a) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (91.00) 30. (d)

31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (c) 31. (1) 32. (10.00) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (8.00)

36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a) 36. (d) 37. (5) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (c)

41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (d) 41. (3.00) 42. (a) 43. (5.00) 44. (c) 45. (d)

46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (–0.5) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (2.00) 49. (5.00) 50. (d)

51. (2.24) 52. (-1) 53. (0.31) 54. (0.33) 55. (0.67) 51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (1.00) 55. (6.00)

56. (0.707)57. (–0.72)58. (0.37) 59. (2) 60. (0.37) 56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (1.00) 60. (4.00)

61. (1) 62. (1.6) 63. (2) 64. (0.5) 65. (0.13) 61. (c) 62. (39.00) 63. (a) 64. (b)

65. (5.00) 66. (b) 67. (40.00)

68. (14.00) 69. (d) 70. (17.00) 71. (d) 72. (b)

73. (a) 74. (2.00) 75. (a)

ANSWER KEY 251

CHAPTER -3 CONTINUITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & DIFFERENTIATION

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)

6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a)

11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a,b,c) 15. (b,c)

16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a) 16. (a,b,c,d) 17. (b,d) 18. (a,c) 19. (a,d)

21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 20. (a,b) 21. (b,c) 22. (a,c) 23. (a,b,d) 24. (0)

26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c)
2
25. (3) 26. (4.00) 27. (a) 29. a = 1 30. 1 -
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) p

36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c)

41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (c)

46. (a,c) 47. (a,b) 48. (a,b,d) 49. (a,b)

50. (b,c) 51. (a,b,c) 52. (b,d) 53. (2000) 54. (1004)

55. (512) 56. (2) 57. (100) 58. (2) 59. (96)

60. (a) 61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (a)

65. (i) sec x (ii) ex sin x (x cos x + sin x)

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