Subject Code/Name : CME 366 / EQUIPMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

Regulation : R-2021
Year/Sec : THIRD YEAR
Semester : SIXTH SEMESTER

UNIT – I
POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS

Pollutants in water and wastewater – sources and impacts - Characteristics and impacts of solid and
hazardous wastes - Indian Constitution and Environmental Protection Legislations - Environmental
Standards under different Environmental legislations - Water Act (1974), Air Act (1981),
Environmental Protection Act (1986) and major Notifications, Municipal solid Wastes (Management
and Handling) Rules - Bio Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules - Hazardous Wastes
(Management and Handling Rules),Environment Impact Assessment Notifications - Unit operations
and unit processes in Pollution Control - Selection criteria for Pollution Control Equipment.

1. Pollutants in water and wastewater

 Water pollution occurs when harmful substances like chemicals or microorganisms that contaminate
a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it
toxic to humans or the environment.
 Water pollutants may originate from point sources or from dispersed sources. A point-source
pollutant is one that reaches water from a single pipeline or channel, such as a sewage discharge or
outfall pipe.
 Dispersed sources are broad, unconfined areas from which pollutants enter a body of water. Urban
storm water drainage, which may carry sand and other waste materials, petroleum residues from
automobiles, and road deicing chemicals, is also considered a dispersed source because of the many
locations at which it enters local streams or lakes.
 General types of water pollutants include pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, and protozoa),
oxygen-demanding wastes, plant nutrients, synthetic organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, micro-
plastics, sediments, radioactive substances, oil, and heat.
 Wastewater contains a wide range of contaminants. The quantities and concentrations of these
substances depend upon their source. Pollutants are typically categorized as physical, chemical, and
biological.
2. Sources and Impact of Water Pollution

The most significant sources of water pollution and impact are:

 Sewage (Waste Water): The sewage water carries pathogens, a typical water pollutant, other
harmful bacteria’s, and chemicals that can cause serious health problems and thereby diseases.
 Agricultural Pollution: Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used by farmers to protect crops
from insects and bacteria’s. However, when these chemicals are mixed up with water, they produce
harmful pollutants for plants and animals.
 Oil Pollution: Oil spill from ships poses a huge threat to marine life when a large amount of oil
spills into the sea and does not dissolve in water. It causes problems for local marine wildlife,
including fish, birds, and sea otters.
 Industrial Waste: Industries produce a tremendous amount of waste, which contains toxic
chemicals and pollutants, causing air pollution and damage to our environment and us.
 The burning of fossil fuels: Fossil fuels like coal and oil, when burnt, produce a substantial
amount of ash in the atmosphere. The particles which contain toxic chemicals when mixed with
water vapour result in acid rain.
 River dumping and Marine Dumping: The garbage produced by households in the form of
paper, plastic, food, aluminium, rubber, glass, is collected and dumped into the rivers and seas.,
they not only cause water pollution but also harm aquatic animals.
 Radio-active waste: Radioactive waste released from facilities that create nuclear energy can be
extremely harmful to the environment and must be disposed of properly; uranium, the element
used in the creation of nuclear energy, is a highly toxic chemical.

3. Characteristic and Impact of solid and hazard waste.

 The characteristics of solid waste is classified into: Biological Characteristics, Chemical
Characteristics and Physical Characteristics
Major Physical Characteristics: Magnetic properties, Optical property, Shape of components, Waste
Particle Size, Moisture Content and Density
 Density is an efficient operation of landfill, compaction of wastes to optimum density is essential.
It is a critical factor in the design of a SWM system i.e. the design of sanitary landfills, storage,
types of collection and transport vehicles etc.
 Moisture content – Moisture increases the weight of solid wastes and thereby, the cost of
collection and transport. It is a critical determinant in the economic feasibility of waste treatment
by incineration because wet waste consumes energy for evaporation of water and in raising the
temperature of water vapour.
 Particle Size: The size distribution of solid waste is important in the recovery of materials
especially with mechanical means such as trommel screens and magnetic separators. It plays a
significant role in the design of mechanical separators and shredders.
  Optical Properties: It can be used to separate opaque materials from transparent substances which
majorly contain glass and plastic. Shape can be used for segregation as flaky substance will behave
differently compared to non-flaky substance. Magnetic separators are designed based on the
magnetic characteristics of the waste
 Capacity: Field capacity of waste is the total amount of moisture which can be retained in a waste
sample subject to gravitational pull. It is used to determine the formation of leachate in landfills. It
is a critical measure because excess water in field capacity will form leachates.
Chemical properties
 Lipids - This class of compounds includes fats, oils and grease and the principal sources of lipids
are garbage, cooking oils and fats.
 Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) - when burnt produces dioxin and acid gas. This increases corrosion in
the combustion system and is responsible for acid rain..
Biological Properties
 It includes: Biodegradability of Organic Waste, Odours and Breeding of flies.

 Hazard waste characteristics

 Flammable/ explosive - This type of waste may cause damage to the surroundings by producing
harmful gases at high temperature and pressure or by causing fire hazards.
 Oxidizing – This type of wastes that may yield oxygen and thereby cause or contribute to the
combustion of other materials.
 Poisonous (Acute) - These wastes have high potential to cause death, serious injury or to harm
health if swallowed, inhaled or by skin contact.
 Infectious substances - Hazardous wastes containing micro-organisms and their toxins, and
responsible for diseases in animals or humans.
 Corrosives - These wastes are chemically active and may cause severe damage to the flora and
fauna or to the other materials by direct contact with them.
 Eco-toxic - These wastes may present immediate or delayed adverse impacts to the environment
by means of bioaccumulation and/or toxic effects upon biotic systems.
 Toxic (Delayed or chronic) - These wastes, if inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin,
may cause delayed or chronic effects, including carcinogenicity.
 Organic peroxides - These are organic waste containing bivalent-O-O- structure and may undergo
exothermic self-accelerating decomposition.

4. Indian Constitution and Environmental Protection Legislations

 The Constitution of India came into force on 26th January, 1950. Originally, the constitution
contains no specific provisions for environmental protection.
 However, certain specific provision has been incorporated by the Constitution (Forty Second
Amendment) Act, 1976 and subsequent amendments. Indian Constitution is one of the very few
 constitutions in the world, which provides for specific provision for the protection and
improvement of the Environment.
 Second Amendment: - In 1976, under the leadership of the then Prime Minister, Smt. Indira
Gandhi, the Constitution (Forty Second Amendment) Act was passed and the provisions relating
to the protection of environment for the first time were incorporated by adding a new provision
Article 48-A in the Chapter, Directive Principles of State Policy.
 According to Article 48-A “the State shall Endeavour to protect and improve the environment and
to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country”.
 According to the sub-clause (g) of Art. 51-A, “it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to
protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to
have compassion for living.
 Union list of Legislative powers conferred upon parliament and state legislation for Industry –
entry 52, Regulation & development of oil fields and mineral resources – entry 53, Regulation of
mines & mineral development – entry 54, Regulation & development of inter-state rivers and
valleys, Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters – entry 57.
 State legislature is empowered to make laws on Preservation & protection against animal disease
– entry 15, Ponds – entry 16, Water – entry 17, Land – entry 18, Gas and gasoline works – entry
25.
 Concurrent List of both Parliament and State legislation empowered to make laws on Forestry -
entry 17A, Protection of wildlife and birds – entry 17B etc.

5. Environmental Standards under different Environmental legislations

 In India, we generally follow the norms and standards set by different organizations of
Government of India. ISO stands for International Organization for Standards.
 ISO is an international agency composed of the national standards bodies of more than 160
countries including India. There are many ISOs namely 9000, 9001 etc.
 The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines for standards air quality including
ambient whereas we follow Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water.
 Government of India has laid down National Ambient Air Quality standards (NAAQS) for twelve
air pollutants.
 As mentioned above, the CPCB is the nodal agency for these twelve pollutants are namely PM10,
PM 2.5, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ammonia
(NH3), ground level Ozone (O3), Lead, Arsenic, Nickel, Benzene and Benzo (a) Pyrene.
 It helps in assessment of air quality with respect to various pollutants and development of
preventive and corrective measures for mitigation.
 Further, the Government has notified 115 emission / effluent standards for 104 different industrial
sectors besides 32 general ambient standards for various pollutants.
  Compliance to the notified environmental standards is likely to protect and improve the quality of
the environment.
 As mentioned above, BIS has set specifications in IS–10500 and subsequently revised it in the
year 2012. This is popularly known as Uniform Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Protocol.
 This standard has two limits. One relates to acceptable limits and the other one is on permissible
limits. The permissible limits are applicable in the absence of alternate source.
 Therefore, if any parameter exceeds the limit as per the above two limits then that water is
considered unfit for human consumption.

6. The Water (Prevention And Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

 The Water (Prevention and Control) Act, 1974 was introduced to prevent and control water
pollution and to restore and maintain the wholesomeness of water for the establishment.
 The Act also confers some powers to the established bodies such as the central board and the state
board to control pollution of the water bodies.
 The Act came into force in 1974 and is applicable to the states of Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat, Haryana, Tripura, West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Kerala, and the union
territories.
 “Section 2 (e) of the Act defines what is pollution, according to Section 2(e) pollution means any
contamination of water or alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of water or
disposing of any sewage waste in water.
 This may likely to cause renders; such water is harmful to public health or safety to domestic,
industrial or other legitimate use or harmful to the life and health of animals and aquatic plants.
 According to Section 2 (b) Central Board means Central Pollution Control Board.
 According to Section 2 (h) State Board means State Pollution Control Board.
 The purpose of the 1974 Water Act is to prevent and regulate water contamination
 The Act ensures that the quality of all forms of surface and groundwater is maintained and
restored.
 It establishes pollution control boards at the national and state levels. These Boards are given
authorities and responsibilities to control pollution under the Act
 The Water Act of 1974 prohibits the discharge of sewage or pollutants into water bodies,
including lakes, and it is the responsibility of the state pollution control board to intervene and
stop such conduct
 The Act prohibits the discharge of any poisonous or polluting material into a stream’s flow of
water.
 Violations of the Act are subject to serious and huge penalties, including fines and imprisonment.
 Anyone who breaks the legislation is subject to imprisonment under Sections 24 and 43 for a
period ranging from one year or six months to six years, as well as fines.
7. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, or the Air Act, in short, was a law
passed by the Parliament of India to prevent and control the harmful effects of air pollution in
India.
 This act is seen as the first concrete step taken by the government of India to combat air pollution.
 India itself had issues regarding air pollution due to a wide variety of factors such as stubble
burning, improper industrial practices, environmental factors etc.
 To combat these factors a special law was enacted under the Constitution of India, which was the
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981.
 Section 2(a) defines an ‘air pollutants’ as any solid, liquid or gaseous substance which may cause
harm or damage the environment, humans, plants, animals or even damage property. A 1987
amendment to the act also added ‘noise’ in the list of harmful substances.
 The air act defines ‘air pollution’ as the presence of any dangerous pollutant that makes the air
unbreathable.
 Section 2 (g) of the Act also set up the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) whose powers
extended to the whole part of India. And State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) implemented for
the individual states of India.
 The failure to comply with the CPCB, directives would result in imprisonment of 1 year. It can be
extended to 6 years with the additional fine of 5000Rs per day.
The key features of the Act include:
 Advising Central Government of Air and Air Pollution related issues
 Research about the causes and impact of Air Pollution
 Spread awareness to stop air pollution
 To establish central and State Boards and empower them to monitor air quality and control
pollution.
8. Environmental Protection Act 1986
 India’s original Constitution did not contain any provision for the protection of the natural
environment.
 However, the Fundamental Duties, which were added by the 42nd Amendment to the
Constitution, prescribed the protection of the environment including forests, lakes, rivers and
wildlife as a duty of the citizens of the country.
 This amendment also added new Directive Principles of State Policy, one of which was Article
48A, which directed the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and
wildlife.
 First, the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 was enacted. Then, the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 was passed, followed by the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
 1981. Then in 1986, the EPA was passed by the Parliament, in the wake of the Bhopal Gas
Tragedy, which occurred on Dec 2, 1984.
The chief aims and objectives of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 are:
 Implementing the decisions made at the United Nations Conference on Human Environment held
in Stockholm.
 Creation of a government authority to regulate industry that can issue direct orders including
closure orders.
 Coordinating activities of different agencies that are operating under the existing laws.
 Enacting regular laws for the protection of the environment.
 Imposing punishments and penalties on those who endanger the environment, safety and health.
 For each failure or contravention, the punishment includes a prison term of up to five years or a
fine of up to Rs. 1 lakh, or both. This can also be extended for up to seven years in serious cases.
 Engaging in the sustainable development of the environment.
 Attaining protection of the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution.

9. Municipal solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules.

 Every day goods such as product packaging, yard trimmings, furniture, clothing, bottles, cans,
food, newspapers, appliances, electronics, and batteries make up the municipal solid waste.
 With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle, the amount of municipal waste is also rising.

It is roughly classified into five categories:

 Recyclable Material: Glasses, bottles, cans, paper, metals, etc.
 Composite Wastes: Tetra packs, toys.
 Biodegradable Wastes: Kitchen waste, flowers, vegetables, fruits, and leaves.
 Inert Waste: Rocks, debris, construction material.
 Domestic Hazardous and Toxic Waste: E-waste, medication, light bulbs, etc.
 Municipal solid waste management is the need of the hour and is important for the safety of public
health and better environmental quality.
 Collection of municipal solid wastes

 Organizing house-to-house collection of municipal solid wastes through any of the methods, like
community bin collection (central bin), house-to-house collection, collection on regular pre-
informed timings and scheduling by using musical bell of the vehicle.
 Devising collection of waste from slums and squatter areas or localities including hotels,
restaurants, office complexes and commercial areas.
 Collected waste from residential and other areas shall be transferred to community bin by hand-
driven carts or other small vehicles.
 Construction or demolition wastes or debris shall be separately collected and disposed off
following proper norms. Similarly, wastes generated at dairies shall be regulated in accordance
with the State laws.
 Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt.
Storage of municipal solid wastes

 Municipal authorities shall establish and maintain storage facilities in such a manner, as they do
not create unhygienic and unsanitary conditions around it. Following criteria shall be taken into
account while establishing and maintaining storage facilities:
 Storage facilities to be set up by municipal authorities or any other agency shall be so designed
that wastes stored are not exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically acceptable and
user-friendly.
 Storage facilities or ‘bins’ shall have ‘easy to operate’ design for handling, transfer and
transportation of waste. Bins for storage of bio-degradable wastes shall be painted green, those for
storage of recyclable wastes shall be painted white and those for storage of other wastes shall be
painted black.
 Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable due to constraints, manual handling
shall be carried out under proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.
Processing of municipal solid wastes

 The biodegradable wastes shall be processed by composting, vermin-composting, anaerobic

digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization of wastes.
 Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow the route of recycling.
 Incineration with or without energy recovery can also be used for processing wastes in specific
cases.
10. Bio Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules.
 The Biomedical waste means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining, production or
testing of biological samples.
  It shall be the duty of every person of an institution generating bio-medical waste which includes a
hospital, nursing home, clinic, dispensary, veterinary institution, animal house, pathological
laboratory, blood bank by whatever name called to take all steps to ensure that such waste is
handled without any adverse effect to human health and the environment.
 The Segregation, Packaging, Transportation and Storage shall be done as under:
 Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes.
 Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags at the points of generation in
accordance with Schedule II prior to its storage transportation, treatment and disposal.
 The containers shall be labeled according to Schedule III
Treatment and Disposal
 Bio-medical waste shall be treated and disposed of in accordance with Schedule I, and in
compliance with the standards prescribed in Schedule V.
 Bio-medical waste treatment facilities like incinerator, autoclave, microwave system for the
treatment of waste, or, ensure requisite treatment of waste at a common waste treatment facility or
any other waste treatment facility.
Segregation, Packaging, Transportation and Storage
 Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes.
 Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags at the point of generation in
accordance with Schedule II prior to its storage, transportation, treatment and disposal.
 If a container is transported from the premises where biomedical waste is generated to any waste
treatment facility outside the premises, the container shall, apart from the label prescribed in
Schedule III, also carry information prescribed in Schedule IV.
 Untreated biomedical waste shall be transported only in such vehicle as may be authorized for the
purpose by the competent authority as specified by the government.
 No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period of 48 hours. If so the
authorized person must take permission of the prescribed authority and take measures to ensure
that the waste does not adversely affect human health and the environment.
11. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling Rules)

 The rules applies to all generators, occupiers, actual users, operators who carry out the activities of
generation, handling, collection, reception, treatment, transport, storage, reuse, recycling,
recovery, preprocessing, utilization, including co-processing and disposal of hazardous wastes.
 For the management of hazardous and other wastes, an occupier shall follow the following steps,
namely: Prevention; Minimization; Reuse; Recycling; Recovery, utilization including co-
processing; Safe disposal.
Handling and Storage
 The hazardous wastes in almost all the industries are being handled manually without any
protective gears and in an unscientific manner.
  The general practices for storage of hazardous wastes followed by the industries are given below:
 Used oil from cement, metallurgical, mining and other units are collected in 200 liters
drums and kept within plant premises.
 Acid residues are collected in bags and stored in a concrete lined pit.
Recycle/Reuse/Recovery
 It has been observed that some industries generating hazardous waste either reuse or recycle their
wastes, while others sell their wastes to outside agencies for reuse or reprocessing.
 The used oil from cement manufacturing and mining are reused for initial firing of kilns in
cement plants while some mild steel ingot manufacturing units uses used oil for lubrication
of moulds.
 Some used oil is also used as fuel for reheating furnace. Zinc Ash sold to other parties for
reuse.
Disposal
 The units store their landfill waste within their own premises in a concrete lined pit. The
recyclable wastes are sold to registered recyclers for recycling.
Packaging, Labeling and Transport Of Hazardous And Other Waste
 Hazardous Waste should be properly packed and labeled for transport to ensure safe handling
Packaging and Labeling.
 Any occupier handling hazardous or other wastes and operator of the treatment, storage
and disposal facility shall ensure that the hazardous and other wastes are packaged in a
manner suitable for safe handling, storage and transport as per the guidelines issued by the
Central Pollution Control Board from time to time.
 The labeling shall be done as per Form 8. The label shall be of non - washable material,
weather proof and easily visible.
12. Environment Impact Assessment Notifications
 It is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or
development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural, and human-health
impacts, both beneficial and adverse.
 EIA is a tool used to assess the positive and negative environmental, economic, and social impacts
of a project.
 This is used to predict the environmental impacts of a project in the pre-planning stage itself so
that decisions can be taken to reduce the adverse impacts.
Objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment
 Identifying, predicting, and evaluating economic, environmental, and social impacts of
development activities.
 Providing information on the environmental consequences for decision making.
  Promoting environmentally sound and suitable development by identifying appropriate
alternatives and mitigation measures.

Importance of Environmental Impact Assessment

 EIA is a good tool for prudent environment management.
 It is government-policy that any industrial project in India has to secure EIA clearance from the
Environment Ministry before approval for the project itself.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006
 The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006, is the governing legal instrument
to grant green clearance for the establishment or expansion of an industry on the basis of the
potential environmental impact of the project. The notification in recent times has been revised
several times since its introduction in 1994.
 EIA Notification 2020 draft has been made public. Once the EIA Notification 2020 will be
published in the Official Gazette, it will replace EIA notification 2006.
 Here are a few important terms/agencies concerning EIA notification 2020
 Accredited Environment Impact Assessment Consultant Organization (ACO)
 Central Pollution Control Board
 Certificate of Green Building
 Corporate Environment Responsibility
 Eco-Sensitive Area/ Eco-Sensitive Zone
13. Unit operations and unit processes in Pollution Control
 Pollution control involves treatment of waste like:
 Removing polluting materials from waste
 Destroy ( oxidize – biological, chemical and thermal materials)
 Transform to reduce the polluting potential
 Physical separation including phase change
Physico - Chemical Unit Process and operation
 Activities involving no material transformations are unit operations
 Physical Operations like: Change of state (aeration, solubilization, stripping, and distillation),
Removal/Separation (screening, filtration, membrane filtration, flotation, settling, scrubbing),
Mixing, storing and equalization.
 Physical operations and chemical process are used for
 Water and Waste water treatment – Primary treatment, Advanced waste water treatment,
Handling & management of sludge.
 Air Pollution & Control – Removal of particulate matter from the air, Removal of gaseous
pollutants from the air
Biological Unit Processing and Operation
 It deals with the use of life forms (micro organism, plants & animals) in environmental pollution
and control.
 Water & Waste water pollution control
 Handling solid & hazardous waste
 Air pollution & control
Water & Waste water pollution control
 To remove mainly biodegradable organic matter and nutrients.
 Sometimes to remove pesticides and other toxic organic compound and heavy materials.
Units of Water Treatment Plants
 Pressure filter
 Activated Carbon Column
 Cation exchange resin bed – Soft water is relatively low in Ph
 Neutralization – Soft Water

Soft Water Plant ( ion – exchange resin bed)

  Pollutants removed like – Oil and grease, Heavy metals, Color imparting substance, Volatile
materials and Pathogens.

14. Selection criteria for Pollution Control Equipment

 There are a number of factors to be considered prior to selecting a particular in air pollution
control equipment. In general, they can group into three categories.
 Environmental, Engineering and Economic
Environmental
Equipment location, availability space, ambient conditions, availability of adequate utilities and
ancillary system facilities
 Maximum available emissions ( air pollution regulation )
 Contribution of air pollution control system to waste water and solid waste.
 Contribution of air pollution control system to plant noise levels.
 Water quality testing instruments are designed to withstand relatively high levels of
temperature or humidity, and/or prevent the ingress of dust.
Engineering
 Design and performance characteristics of the particular control system (size and weight,
pressure drop, reliability and dependability, temperature limitation, maintenance requirement)
 Gas stream characteristics (volume, flow rate, temperature, pressure, humidity, composition,
viscosity, density, reactivity, corrosiveness and toxicity)
 Contaminant characteristics (physical and chemical properties, concentration, particulate
shape and size distribution in the case of particulates).
Economic
 Capital cost (equipment, installation, engineering, etc.)
 Operating cost (utilities, maintenance, etc.)
 Expected equipment lifetime and salvage value.

2 Mark Questions
1.Define Pollution
The presence of harmful substances in the air, land, and water, which can have an adverse effect on
living beings and on the environment, is pollution.
2. What are the different types of pollution
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Land Pollution
 Noise Pollution and
 Radio - active Pollution
3. What is the role of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India is an organisation under the Government of
India responsible for Air and Water Quality Monitoring Services and any other pollution-related
issues.
4. List the objectives of National Air Quality Monitoring Programme.
 To determine status and trends of ambient air quality
 To identify Non-attainment Cities and control air pollution is those cities
 To understand the natural cleansing process undergoing in the environment.
5. What are the emission standards?
Emission standards are the limits, established the permitted levels of emission from the specific
groups of amateurs and require that all members of this groups emit, not more than these permitted
emission levels.
6. Write the purpose of air quality index
Air quality index is a number used by government agencies to communicate to the public, how the air
is polluted at present.

7. Define Hazardous waste materials

 Hazardous wastes are classified on the basis of their biological, chemical, and physical properties.
 These properties generate materials that are toxic, reactive, ignitable, corrosive, infectious, or
radioactive.
8. List some Air pollution control equipment
 Wet Gas Scrubbers
 Packed-Bed Scrubbers,
 Adsorbers (Activated Carbon),
 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), and
 Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR).
9. What is meant by Pollution Control
 Pollution control is the limitation or eradication of the release of harmful substances into the
environment.
 The removal of dangerous substances can be considered pollutant control as well.
10. What are the equipments and instruments for water pollution control?
 Technology like reverse osmosis systems
 ultra-filtration systems
 Vacuum evaporators and filters
 Paper bed filters and tramp oil separators are used to both neutralize and remove impurities from
the water.
11. Why is Pollution Prevention Important?
Pollution prevention reduces both financial costs (waste management and cleanup) and
environmental costs (health problems and environmental damage).
12. What are the objectives of Environmental Protection Act 1986?
 The objective of the Environment Protection Act (EPA) is to protect and improve the environment
and environmental conditions.
 It also implements the decisions made at the UN Conference on Human Environment in the year
1972.
 To take strict actions against all those who harm the environment.
13. Why Environmental Protection Act is called umbrella act?
Environmental protection act 1986 is also the Umbrella act because it provides the framework to the
central government in order to make the coordination between different states as well as the central
authorities using different act like water act, air act etc.
14. What are the three names Environmental Protection Act (EPA)?
 Environment protection act 1986
 Wildlife protection act 1972
 National green tribunal act 2010
15. What is municipal waste management?
 Municipal waste handling is usually a community-level enterprise that includes the collection,
separation, reuse, storage, transport, recycling.
 It is an end-of-life process such as disposal in landfills, land application, and energy generation
using the caloric content of the wastes.
16. What are the sources of solid wastes?
 Solid domestic garbage.
 Solid waste material from various industries.
 Solid agricultural waste.
 Plastics, glass, metals, e-waste, etc.
 Medical waste.
 Construction waste, sewage sludge
17. List the types Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
 Single EIA
 Sectoral EIA
 Social EIA
 Regional EIA
 Integrated EIA
18. Why EIA is needed in India?
 EIA provides a cost effective method to eliminate or minimize the adverse impact of
developmental projects.
 EIA enables the decision makers to analyze the effect of developmental activities on the
environment well before the developmental project is implemented.
19. What for arrestors & scrubbers used to control?
 Arrester – Most common devices used to separate particulate matter in the air.
 Scrubbers – a device that used to separate the dust and dehydrate the wet gases.
20. Define Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
It is the amount of oxygen required by aerobic bacteria to decompose/stabilized the organic matter
at a standard temperature of 20C for a period of 5 days.
21. Name the Biological Organisms present in waste water
 Bacteria
 Virus
 Parasites