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EE-353 Computer networks

Topics: Introduction
week: 1

Level: 3rd Semester


program: BS Computer Software Engineering

Course teacher: Dr. Javed iqbal


([email protected])
Department of Computer Software Engineering,
MCS - NUST
Course Learning Outcomes
Weekly Distribution
Books

 Text Book:
 Computer Networks: Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Nick Feamster,
David J. Wetherall
 Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 7th/8th edition
by Kurose and Ross

 Reference Books/Online:
 Data Communications and Networking, 5th EDITION, Behrouz A.
Forouzan
 Internet
Mapping of CLOs to Assessment Modules and
Weightages
Grading Policy
DATA COMMUNICATIONS, DATA NETWORKS,
AND THE INTERNET
The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point
either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point - The
Mathematical Theory of Communication, Claude Shannon
A COMMUNICATIONS MODEL
COMMUNICATIONS TASKS
Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing Routing

Signal generation Recovery

Synchronization Message formatting

Exchange management Security

Error detection and correction Network management


Flow control
DATA COMMUNICATIONS MODEL

. Assume a PC user wants to send an email message m to another user.


The process is modeled as follows:
•user keys in message m comprising bits g buffered in source PC memory
•input data is transferred to I/O device (transmitter) as sequence of bits g(t) using voltage shifts
•transmitter converts these into a signal s(t) suitable for transmission media being used
•whilst transiting media signal may be impaired so received signal r(t) may differ from s(t)
•receiver decodes signal recovering g’(t) as estimate of original g(t)
•which is buffered in destination PC memory as bits g’ being the received message m’
TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
selection is a basic choice
internal use entirely up to business
long-distance links made by carrier

rapid technology advances change mix


fiber optic
wireless

transmission costs still high


hence interest in efficiency improvements
that increase the efficiency of the use of these facilities, such as multiplexing and
compression.
NETWORKING
growth of number & power of computers is driving need for
interconnection
also seeing rapid integration of voice, data, image & video
technologies
two broad categories of communications networks:
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
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WIDE AREA NETWORKS
span a large geographical area
cross public rights of way
rely in part on common carrier circuits
alternative technologies used include:
circuit switching
packet switching
frame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
uses a dedicated
communications path established
for duration of conversation
comprising a sequence of
physical links
with a dedicated logical
channel
eg. telephone network

Further Reading: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-


between-circuit-switching-and-packet-switching/
PACKET SWITCHING
data sent out of sequence
small chunks (packets) of data at
a time
packets passed from node to node
between source and destination
used for terminal to computer and
computer to computer
communications
FRAME RELAY
packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for
errors
modern systems are more reliable
errors can be caught in end system
Frame Relay provides higher speeds
with most error control overhead removed
Frame relay offers data speeds ranging from 64 Kbps to 45 Mbps. It
has a variable packet size and does not include error and flow
management.
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
ATM
evolution of frame relay
fixed packet (called cell) length
with little overhead for error control
anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
constant data rate using packet switching technique with multiple
virtual circuits
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
smaller scope
Building or small campus

usually owned by same organization as attached devices


data rates much higher
switched LANs, eg Ethernet
wireless LANs
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS
MAN
middle ground between LAN and WAN
private or public network
high speed
large area
THE INTERNET
Internet evolved from ARPANET
first operational packet network
applied to tactical radio & satellite nets also
had a need for interoperability
led to standardized TCP/IP protocols
INTERNET ELEMENTS
THE INTERNET TODAY

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INTERNET ARCHITECTURE

The Internet today is made up of thousands of overlapping hierarchical networks, an


overview of the common, general characteristics can be made. See hosts grouped into
LANs, linked to an Internet service provider (ISP) through a point of presence (POP).
The connection is made in a series of steps starting with the customer premises
equipment (CPE). ISPs can be classified as regional or backbone, with peering links
between.
EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION
INTERNET STANDARDS

• An Internet draft is a working document (a work in progress) with no official status


and a six-month lifetime. Upon recommendation from the Internet authorities, a draft
may be published as a Request for Comment (RFC).
• Each RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available to all interested parties.
RFCs go through maturity levels and are categorized according to their requirement
level.

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END OF LECTURE

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