Que 1) What is virtualization and explain its benefits OR Draw typical virtualization

structure and list and briefly write it’s benefits

1. Virtualization means the abstraction of computer resources.
2. Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something,
such as a server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network
resources".
3. Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a single physical instance of a
resource or an application among multiple customers and organizations.
4. Virtualization hides the physical characteristics of computing resources from their
users.
5. Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is known
as Hardware Virtualization.
6. A Virtual machine provides an environment that is logically separated from the
underlying hardware.
7. The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create is known as Host
Machine and that virtual machine is referred as a Guest Machine
8. Hypervisor is a software program that manages multiple operating systems or
multiple instances of the same operating system on a single computer system.
9. The Hypervisor manages the system’s processor, memory, and other resources to
allocate what each operating system requires.
10. Hypervisors also called as Virtualization Monitoring Manager.
Benefits of Virtualization
1. Maximizing Resources:-
– The pay-as-you-go facility of virtualization helps organizations to utilize the
maximum amount of required resources.
– The concern about resource management or infrastructure maintenance is
also reduced.
2. Reducing Hardware Costs:-
– When you have no requirements for infrastructure maintenance, the cost for
hardware reduces automatically.
– You do not require installing large servers, huge disk space or expensive
database, because all services are available virtually.
3. Minimizing Maintenance Requirements:-
– The lesser is the hardware with you, the lesser is the requirement for
maintenance.
– Virtualization helps you to run multiple Oss on a single hardware, which
reduces the hardware cost as well as the need for maintaining the hardware
4. Enjoying Benefits of OS Services:-
– Virtualization helps you take advantage of the facilities offered by different
OSs.
5. Using Multiple Systems:-
– Use of multiple systems is made easy with the help of virtualization.
– The VMM provides platform for more than one Oss to work in a way that you
enjoy the benefits of multiple computers through one
6. Testing Beta Software and Maintaining Legacy Applications:-
– Virtualization allows you to install more than one OS side-by-side.
– This way you can test a new release of software without requiring separate,
dedicated systems for testing.
7. Increasing System Security:-
– Individual systems that run on a virtual machines can be separated from each
other.
Que 2) Explain full virtualization and para virtualization
Full Virtualization
1. Virtualization technique used to provide a complete simulation of the underlying
hardware, in the virtual machine.
2. One machine is accessed and manipulated by one or more than one user.
3. All software capable of executing on the raw hardware can be run in the virtual
machine.
4. Full virtualization has proven highly successful in case when
– Sharing a computer system among multiple users
– Isolating users from each other

Full Virtualization:- Requirements

1. Equivalence:- a program running under the VMM should exhibit a behavior
essentially identical to that demonstrated when running on an equivalent machine
directly.
2. Resource control(safety):- the VMM must be in complete control of the virtualized
resources.
3. Efficiency:- a majority of the machine instructions must be executed without VMM
intervention
Full Virtualization:- Challenges
1. Hardware emulation comes with a performance price
2. Some hardware is not easy to used for full virtualization e.g. x86.
 3. The effects of every operation performed within a given virtual machine must be
kept within that virtual machine i.e. virtual operations cannot be allowed to alter the
state of any other virtual machine, the control program, or the hardware
4. Some machine instructions can be executed directly by the hardware e.g. memory
locations and arithmetic registers

Para Virtualization:-
1. The interaction of the guest operating system with the hypervisor to improve
performance and productivity is known as Para virtualization.
2. Unlike full virtualization, Para virtualization does not achieve full isolation; instead,
the approach implements partial isolation.
3. It also alters the operating system kernel to use hypercalls rather than non-
virtualizable instructions.
4. The goal of hypercalls is to communicate with the virtualization layer hypervisor
directly.
5. In Para virtualization, the hypervisor is installed on the device. Then, the guest
operating systems are installed into the environment.
6. Here, the virtualization method modifies the guest operating system to communicate
with the hypervisor.
7. Thus, it reduces the time taken by the operating system to perform operations that
are difficult and take a longer time in a virtual environment.
8. Also, it helps to increase the performance of the system. Moreover, the guest
operating systems communicate with the hypervisor using API calls.
 9. An advantage of this approach is that it improves the overall system performance by
eliminating the overhead of binary translation.
10. A disadvantages is the modification of Guest OS required.

Que 3) Explain hosted virtualization structure with necessary diagram and list its benefits
and drawbacks
The hosted virtualization structure enables you to run various guest application windows of
your own on top of a base OS with the help of the VMM, which is also called the Hypervisor.
One of the most popular base OSs is the x86 OS of Windows.

Key Features:
1. Base OS: The main operating system (like Windows) that runs directly on the
computer's hardware.
2. VMM (Hypervisor): A software layer that runs on the base OS and creates and
manages the virtual machines.
3. Guest OS: The operating systems that run inside the virtual machines.
4. I/O Device Access: Guest OSs can only use a limited set of hardware devices, which
are emulated by the VMM.
5. Device Emulation: The VMM can simulate generic devices like network cards (NICs)
and CD-ROM drives for the guest OSs. Other, non-standard devices might not be
accessible.
6. Pass-Through Capability: Allows some devices, like USB ports, to be directly accessed
by the guest OSs through the VMM.
Benefits of Hosted Virtualization:
1. Easy to Install and Set Up: Virtual machines can be quickly installed and configured
using standard software like VMware Workstation.
2. Efficient Use of Hardware: You can run multiple operating systems on the same
physical machine without needing extra hardware.
3. Compatibility: The VMM works on many different computers without needing special
configurations, as it uses the base OS's drivers.
4. Direct USB Access: Some VMMs allow guest OSs to directly use USB devices.
Drawbacks of Hosted Virtualization:
1. Limited Device Access: Guest OSs can only use a few emulated devices, not all the
physical devices on the computer.
2. Performance Slowdown: Performance might be slower because guest OSs have to
send their requests through the base OS, which can create delays.
3. No Support for Real-Time OS: Real-time operating systems are not supported
because the base OS controls when tasks are done, which can cause delays.
4. Limited Pass-Through Options: Not all devices can be accessed directly by the guest
OSs, which can limit what they can do.

Que 4) Explain Bare metal virtualization structure with necessary diagram and list its
benefits and drawbacks
Bare-metal virtualization is a type of virtualization where the Virtual Machine Monitor
(VMM), or hypervisor, is installed directly on the physical hardware of a system.
Unlike hosted virtualization, the VMM does not rely on a base operating system (OS) to
manage hardware resources, allowing for more direct and efficient communication with the
hardware.
Key Features:
1. Direct Hardware Communication: The VMM communicates directly with the physical
hardware, without needing a host OS.
2. I/O Access:
I. Direct Access: The VMM can directly access I/O devices, which improves
performance.
II. Device Partitioning: I/O devices can be assigned to specific virtual machines
(VMs), allowing each VM to use the device as if it were the only one using it.
This reduces the need for the VMM to intervene.
 III. Driver Requirements: The hypervisor must include low-level drivers to
manage hardware devices and share them among the guest VMs.

Benefits of Bare-Metal Virtualization:

1. Improved I/O Performance: Partitioning I/O devices between VMs can boost
performance, as each VM can directly access its assigned devices.
2. Real-Time OS Support: You can run real-time operating systems alongside general-
purpose OSs because the VMM handles hardware directly without delays from a host
OS.
3. Deterministic Performance: The VMM can manage interrupt latency, providing
consistent and predictable performance.
Drawbacks of Bare-Metal Virtualization:
1. Driver Complexity: The hypervisor must include all necessary drivers for the
hardware, which can be complex to manage.
2. Installation Difficulty: Installing a bare-metal hypervisor is more challenging than a
hosted one because it does not rely on an existing base OS.

Que. 5) Describe virtualization mechanism

1.Binary Translation:
• How It Works:
1. The Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) handles special instructions (privileged
instructions) issued by virtual machines.
2. The VMM modifies these instructions on the fly to prevent any changes to the
system’s state.
 3. It manages I/O requests to ensure that virtual machines don’t conflict with
each other.
• Usage:
1. Commonly used in hosted virtualization setups, like VMware Workstation.
• Performance:
1. Frequent switching between the virtual machine and VMM can slow down
performance.
2. To improve performance, multiple instructions are processed at once,
reducing the number of interruptions.
2.Hardware Assist:
• How It Works:
1. A modern approach that improves on binary translation by using special
processor technologies (like Intel-VT and AMD-V).
2. These processors help the VMM by directly handling privileged instructions
without modifying the VM code.
• Usage:
1. Used in systems with Intel or AMD processors that support this technology.
• Performance:
1. Only interrupts the VM code execution when absolutely necessary, which
enhances performance compared to binary translation.
3. Paravirtualization:
• How It Works:
1. The operating system (OS) is modified to be aware that it is running in a
virtualized environment.
2. The OS can directly communicate with the VMM through special calls called
hypercalls.
• Usage:
1. Used when the OS is designed or modified to work efficiently with a VMM.
• Performance:
1. Improves efficiency as the OS can work more closely with the VMM, reducing
unnecessary interruptions.