Department of Electrical Engineering ES_EE191
MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT NO: ES-EE191/06
TITLE: DETERMINATION OF RESONANCE FREQUENCY AND QUALITY FACTOR OF SERIES AND
PARALLEL R-L-C CIRCUIT.
OBJECTIVE: To draw the resonance curve and hence to determine resonance frequency, band width and quality
factor of RLC series and parallel circuit.
THEORY:
The circuit diagram and phasor of an R-L-C series circuit is given below
Fig. 6.1 R-L-C series circuit
Fig. 6.2 (a) and (b) Phasors of R-L-C series circuit
In series L – C – R VL & VC are same for a particular frequency, Let the frequency is
VL = VC
Or,
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In such a circuit the reactance becomes zero and the circuit becomes purely resistive,
Such a circuit is called resonant circuit. The frequency at resonance is f0. The impedance will be minimum at this
resonance frequency, resulting the current in the circuit maximum. This phenomenon of a large current for a
particular frequency is known as the resonance of the electric circuit.
Q Value
The ratio of voltage across the inductor or capacitor to the applied voltage at resonance is known as the Q value of
the circuit.
Q measures the voltage magnification.
If the frequency to the applied e.m.f. be varied then corresponding to the frequency at the resonance, i.e. current
of the circuit is maximum. In comparison with the response for other frequencies, this such a circuit is selective
about frequency and hence it is called acceptor circuit.
Fig. 6.3: Resonance curve
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Let I0 be the current at resonance.
The power at resonance is
Where Im is the maximum current at resonance. At resonance the circuit becomes completely resistive.
Let corresponding to
and the
The power delivered at these frequencies is
The frequency ω1 and ω2 are referred to half power frequencies.
Corresponding to ω1 and ω1
As we know at resonance the circuit is purely resistive thus, Im=V/R
According the our presumption the Solution of the above binomial equation for ω are ω1 and ω2.
Hence Let us write
and
adding equations
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Subtracting we obtain
is called the band width
The Q value is also defined as
It is obvious that for small band width, greater the Q value and sharper the resonance hence Q value also gives the
selectivity. In Fig 6.3 we can see different resonance curve for different bandwidth. It can be clearly seen as the band
width decreases the slope of the curve gets steeper and the maximum value of current at resonance is far larger than the
currents at non-resonating frequencies. That implies if the bandwidth decreases the selectivity of the circuit for a
particular frequency increase. This selectivity is measured by the quality factor.
Parallel resonant circuit
Fig. 6.4: parallel resonance circuit
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Let the equivalent impedance of the parallel circuit og Fig.4.49 be Z
Then,
Here Y is the reciprocal of impedance called admittance. Y is equivalent admittance of the circuit.
Let admittance to be minimum at ω = ω0
or
If the frequency of the applied voltage be varied or if the applied voltage consists of different frequencies including f0,
then at ω = ω0, the admittance of the circuit become minimum so that the current also becomes minimum we can say that
the circuit rejects the frequency component w0. Hence such a circuit is referred to as the rejector circuit.
At resonance
Putting the value of ω0
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Therefore, the impedance at resonance
This is the impedance vs frequency curve of the circuit at negative resonance:
Fig. 6.5: Resonance curve for rejecter circuit
The peak current from the supply source at resonance called the make-up current is
V/(L/CR) = VCR/L
The current circulating in the capacitance and the inductance branch will be equal to the peak current IOC in the
capacitance branch
IOC = VωoC
Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown below
Fig 6.7: circuit for RLC series resonance experiment
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2. Vary the frequency of the source and note down the corresponding VR.
3. Measure the resistance and hence find out the current for each reading.
4. Plot frequency Vs current.
5. Find out the maximum current Im from the graph.
6. Find the corresponding frequency of maximum current from graph (this is your resonance frequency f 0)
7. Calculate half power current Im/√2 and hence find out corresponding half power frequencies from the graph (f1
and f2)
8. Calculate band width (f2 – f1) and quality factor f0/( f2 - f1)
9. Connect the circuit as shown below for parallel RLC resonance circuit
Fig 6.7 : circuit for RLC parallel resonance experiment
10. Repeat step 1 to 4 to draw the parallel resonance curve.
APPARATUS USED: -
[Link] NAME SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY
1 Resistance
2 Inductance
3 Capacitance
4 Function generator
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table 6a : Readings to draw R-L-C series resonance curve
Sl no. Value of Frequency (Hz) Voltage across resistance Current in the
resistance (Ω) VR (Volt) circuit (mA)
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Table 6b: Calculation from resonance curve
Resonance Maximum Half power Lower Half Upper Half Band Quality
frequency current (Im) current power power width factor
(f0) (Im/√2) frequency frequency ( f2 - f1) f0/( f2 - f1)
(f1) (f2)
REPORTS:
1. Mention the uses of RLC series and parallel circuit.
2. Determine the power factor of RLC series circuit at resonance.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Nagrath I.J. & Kothari D.P.: ELECTRICAL MACHINES, TMH.
2. Bhattacharya A: ELECTRICAL MACHINES, 2/E TMH.
3. Say M.G.: PERFORMANCE & DESIGN OF A.C MACHINES. CBS PUB. & DISTRIBUTORS.
4. Bimbhra P.S.: ELECTRICAL MACHINERY.
• Show the sample calculations for only one observation, preferably at rated (if any).
Supply must always CONNECT LAST AND DISCONNECT FIRST
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