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Computer Arithmetic and Storage Fundamentals Bcom 1year 2u

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73 views6 pages

Computer Arithmetic and Storage Fundamentals Bcom 1year 2u

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ramasuresh2016
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Computer Arithmetic and Storage Fundamentals (Unit 2)

1. Introduction to Computer Arithmetic

Computer arithmetic refers to the methods and techniques used by computers to


perform various arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division. Since computers work with binary numbers (0s and 1s), all arithmetic
operations are performed using binary arithmetic.

2. Number Systems

A number system defines a way to represent numbers. Computers use different


number systems, with the binary system being the most important.

2.1. Types of Number Systems

 Decimal Number System (Base 10): The system we commonly use in daily
life, where each digit represents a power of 10. It uses digits 0-9.
 Binary Number System (Base 2): Used by computers, where each digit
represents a power of 2. It uses only two digits: 0 and 1.
 Octal Number System (Base 8): A base-8 system that uses digits 0-7.
 Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16): A base-16 system that uses digits
0-9 and letters A-F (where A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15).

2.2. Conversion Between Number Systems

 Decimal to Binary: Repeated division by 2.


 Binary to Decimal: Multiply each bit by the corresponding power of 2 and
sum the results.
 Binary to Octal and Hexadecimal: Group the binary digits in sets of three
for octal and four for hexadecimal, then convert.

3. Binary Arithmetic

Binary arithmetic is similar to decimal arithmetic but is based on two digits: 0 and
1. The basic operations include:
3.1. Binary Addition

 0+0=0
 0+1=1
 1+0=1
 1 + 1 = 10 (which is 0 with a carry of 1)

Example:

markdown
Copy code
1011
+ 1101
--------
11000

3.2. Binary Subtraction

 0-0=0
 1-0=1
 1-1=0
 0 - 1: Requires borrowing, similar to decimal subtraction.

Example:

markdown
Copy code
1010
- 0011
--------
0111

3.3. Binary Multiplication

 0×0=0
 0×1=0
 1×0=0
 1×1=1

Example:
markdown
Copy code
101
× 011
-------
101
101
-------
1111

3.4. Binary Division

Binary division follows the same process as decimal division but uses base 2.

4. Computer Data Representation

Computers store data in binary format using combinations of 0s and 1s. The two
most common types of data are numbers and characters.

4.1. Representation of Numbers

 Integer Representation: Stored directly in binary form.


 Floating-Point Representation: Numbers with decimal points are
represented using scientific notation in binary form.

4.2. Character Representation

Characters (like letters, digits, symbols) are represented using binary codes.
Common character encoding systems include:

 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): Uses 7


or 8 bits to represent characters.
 Unicode: A more comprehensive system that uses more bits (usually 16 or
32) to represent a vast range of characters and symbols from different
languages.

5. Storage Fundamentals
Storage refers to the method by which data is saved and retrieved by the computer.
The computer's storage can be categorized into primary storage and secondary
storage.

5.1. Primary Storage (Main Memory)

Primary storage is the computer’s temporary and directly accessible memory,


which holds data that the CPU can use immediately.

 RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used to store data that
is being processed. It loses its content when the computer is turned off.
 ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores critical
instructions needed to start the computer. Data in ROM cannot be changed.

5.2. Secondary Storage

Secondary storage is non-volatile memory used to store data permanently. It holds


data that is not immediately needed by the CPU but can be retrieved when
necessary.

 Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Magnetic storage that can store large amounts of
data at relatively low costs.
 Solid State Drive (SSD): A faster, more reliable, but more expensive form
of storage than HDD.
 Optical Disks: CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray disks store data using optical
technology (laser).
 USB Drives and Flash Memory: Portable storage devices used for
transferring data between computers.

6. Memory Units

Memory size is measured in terms of bits and bytes:

 1 Bit: The smallest unit of data, representing a binary value (0 or 1).


 1 Byte: 8 bits, often used to represent a single character.
 Larger units include:
o Kilobyte (KB): 1,024 bytes
o Megabyte (MB): 1,024 KB
o Gigabyte (GB): 1,024 MB
o Terabyte (TB): 1,024 GB

7. Data Access Methods

The method of accessing data from storage devices varies depending on the type of
device.

7.1. Sequential Access

 Data is accessed in a specific, pre-defined order (one record after another).


 Example: Magnetic tape, where you must go through the entire tape to find
the desired information.

7.2. Direct Access

 Data can be accessed directly without going through other data. Common in
hard drives and SSD.
 Example: Hard disk, where each block of data has a unique address.

8. Data Compression

Data compression is a method used to reduce the size of files so they take up less
storage space and can be transmitted faster. There are two main types:

 Lossless Compression: Reduces file size without losing any data (e.g., ZIP
files).
 Lossy Compression: Some data is lost in the process, usually used for
images, audio, and video (e.g., JPEG, MP3).

9. Error Detection and Correction

Computers use various methods to detect and correct errors that may occur during
data transmission or storage.

 Parity Bit: An additional bit added to data to check whether the number of
1s is even or odd.
 Checksum: A value calculated from a data set, used to check the integrity of
the data after transmission.
 Error-Correcting Codes (ECC): Codes that allow both the detection and
correction of errors.

Conclusion

Understanding computer arithmetic and storage fundamentals is essential for


comprehending how computers process data and manage information. The
knowledge of binary arithmetic, number systems, and data storage is crucial in
various fields like accounting, finance, and business management, where data
accuracy and efficiency are critical.

These notes will help BCom 1st Year students understand the key concepts in
Computer Arithmetic and Storage Fundamentals. Let me know if you need any
additional details or explanations!

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