MD General Medicine Final Exam

Past Paper Question List

Divided as per chapter listing in Harrison’s Principles of
Internal Medicine, 21st edition

Papers
1. Applied Basic Sciences Pertaining to General Medicine
2. Internal Medicine Including Allied Specialities
3. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases
4. Recent Advances in Medicine

Visvarath V
 Part 1:
The Profession of Medicine
Chapter 1: The Practice of Medicine
1. Informed consent
Chapter 12: Palliative and End-of-Life Care
1. Care of the terminally ill patient/end-of-life care *2
2. Management of psychosocial issues in terminal illness

Part 2:
Cardinal Manifestations and Presentation of
Diseases
Chapter 12: Pain: Pathophysiology and Management
1. Pathophysiology of pain
Chapter 14: Chest Pain
1. Diagnosis and evaluation of non-cardiac chest pain
Chapter 16: Headache
1. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) *2
Chapter 17: Back and Neck Pain
1. Causes and management of neuralgic amyotrophy
2. Clinical features and management of idiopathic brachial neuralgia
Chapter 18: Fever
1. Thermoregulation *2
2. Hypothalamic control of body temperature
3. Pathogenesis of fever *2
4. Causes of hyperthermia syndromes
Chapter 19: Fever and Rash
1. Causes of fever with rashes
Chapter 20: Fever of Unknown Origin
1. Investigations for prolonged fever
2. Fever of unknown origin (FUO)
 3. Aetiology of FUO
4. Diagnosis of FUO
Chapter 21: Syncope
1. Evaluation of syncope in a young adult
Chapter 28: Coma
1. Pathophysiology of coma *2
2. Significance of brainstem reflexes in a comatose patient
3. Diagnostic approach to coma *2
4. Decerebrate and decorticate rigidity with differences and physiological
significance
5. Brain death
6. Declaration of brain death *2
Chapter 29: Dementia
1. Mini mental state examination
2. Reversible dementias *4
3. Drugs used in dementia
Chapter 30: Aphasia, Memory Loss and Other Cognitive Disorders
1. Neuroanatomical basis of language
2. Types of aphasias
Chapter 31: Sleep Disorders
1. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
2. Sleep disorders *2
Chapter 32: Disorders of the Eye
1. Visual pathway and lesions
2. Ocular manifestations of connective tissue disorders
3. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia *2
Chapter 36: Oral Manifestations of Disease
1. Oral manifestations of systemic disease
Chapter 37: Dyspnoea
1. Aetiopathogenesis of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
Chapter 38: Cough
1. Mechanism of cough and its treatment
2. Conditions causing chronic cough with normal chest X-ray
Chapter 39: Haemoptysis
1. Causes and management of recurrent haemoptysis
2. Management of massive haemoptysis
Chapter 40: Hypoxia and Cyanosis
1. Cyanosis
Chapter 46: Diarrhoea and Constipation
1. Various mechanisms of diarrhoea with examples
2. Chronic diarrhoeas *2
3. Causes of chronic diarrhoea with pathophysiological mechanisms *4
4. Differential diagnosis, evaluation and management of a 36-year-old male
patient with 6-month history of large volume water diarrhoea with 12-kg
weight loss
Chapter 48: Gastrointestinal Bleeding
1. Causes of upper gastrointestinal bleed (UGI bleed) *2
2. Investigations for UGI bleed *2
3. Management of UGI bleed *3
4. Treatment of acute variceal bleed
Chapter 49: Jaundice
1. Bilirubin metabolism *3
2. Liver function tests in obstructive jaundice
3. Clinical approach to jaundice
Chapter 49: Abdominal Swelling and Ascites
1. Pathophysiology of ascites *3
2. Serum-ascitic albumin gradient (SAAG)

Chapter 52: Azotaemia and Urinary Abnormalities

1. Assessment of GFR
2. Creatinine clearance
3. Proteinuria *4
4. Clinical significance of proteinuria
5. Lab evaluation of proteinuria
6. Proteinuria in adults *2
7. Microalbuminuria *5
8. Pathological basis of polyuria

Chapter 53: Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances

1. Causes of hyponatraemia
2. Approach to hyponatraemia *2
 3. Euvolaemic hyponatraemia
4. Management of hyponatraemia
5. Clinical manifestations in hyperkalaemia *3
6. ECG changes in hyperkalaemia
7. Management of hyperkalaemia *3
8. Evaluation of hypokalaemia
9. Drug induced hypokalaemia
10. Management of hypokalaemia *4
Chapter 55: Acidosis and Alkalosis
1. Causes of metabolic acidosis *2
2. Management of metabolic acidosis
3. Anion gap *10
4. High anion gap metabolic acidosis *3
5. Biochemical basis of high anion gap metabolic acidosis
6. Anion gap in critically ill patients
7. Metabolic alkalosis
Chapter 57: Eczema, Psoriasis, Cutaneous Infections, Acne and Other
Common Skin Disorders
1. Psoriasis *2
2. Management of psoriasis
Chapter 58: Skin Manifestations of Internal Disease
1. Skin manifestations of internal diseases
2. Skin manifestations of cancer
Chapter 59: Immunologically Mediated Skin Diseases
1. Pemphigus vulgaris *3
Chapter 60: Cutaneous Drug Reactions
1. Cutaneous drug reactions
2. Steven-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
Chapter 63: Anaemia and Polycythaemia
1. Erythropoiesis
2. Erythropoietin *2
3. Secondary polycythaemia
4. Clinical uses of peripheral smear *2
5. Reticulocyte count
Chapter 64: Disorders of Granulocytes and Monocytes
1. Hyper-IgE syndrome
Chapter 65: Bleeding and Thrombosis
1. Role of fibrinogen in health and disease *2
2. Natural anticoagulants in health and disease
3. Platelet function tests *2
4. Platelet aggregation studies and interpretation
5. Screening tests for bleeding disorders
Chapter 66: Enlargement of Lymph Nodes and Spleen
1. Functions of spleen *2
2. Differential diagnosis and management of a smoker with 40-pack year
presenting with weight loss and a palpable left supraclavicular lymph node
Miscellaneous
1. Significance of examination of hand in clinical medicine
2. Significance of ocular examination in clinical medicine
3. Significance of auscultation in clinical diagnosis of medical emergencies
4. Breathing patterns in patients with altered consciousness
5. Management of chronic pain

Part 3:
Pharmacology
Chapter 67: Principles of Clinical Pharmacology
1. Kinetics of drug elimination
2. Adverse drug reactions
3. Advantages and disadvantages of newer drug delivery systems (1999)

Part 4:
Oncology and Haematology
Chapter 69: Approach to the Patient with Cancer
1. Biomarkers of internal malignancy
2. Tumour markers *8
3. Role of tumour markers in predicting prognosis and treatment options
Chapter 70: Prevention and Early Detection of Cancer
1. Early detection of cancer *2
Chapter 71: Cancer Genetics
1. Oncogenes *2
Chapter 72: Cancer Cell Biology
1. Apoptosis *2
2. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Chapter 73: Principles of Cancer Treatment
1. Biological and pharmacological principles of cancer chemotherapy
2. Metronomic chemotherapy
3. Immunotherapy in malignancy
4. Mechanisms of tumour cell resistance to antineoplastics
5. Means for circumventing tumour cell resistance to antineoplastics
6. Newer anti-cancer drugs *2
7. Effects of radiation
8. Adverse effects of radiation therapy
Chapter 74: Infections in Patients with Cancer
1. Approach to infections in a patient with cancer
2. Investigations and management of febrile neutropaenia *5
Chapter 75: Oncologic Emergencies
1. Oncological emergencies *7
2. Management of oncological emergencies *2
3. Superior vena cava obstruction syndrome
4. Tumour lysis syndrome *5
Chapter 78: Neoplasms of the Lung
1. Solitary pulmonary nodule
Chapter 84: Gastrointestinal and Neuroendocrine Tumours
1. Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs)
Chapter 93/94: Paraneoplastic Syndromes
1. Paraneoplastic syndromes *3
Chapter 97: Iron Deficiency and Other Hypoproliferative Anaemias
1. Iron metabolism *2
2. Aetiopathogenesis of iron deficiency anaemia
3. Clinical features of iron deficiency anaemia
4. Investigations of iron deficiency anaemia
5. Management of iron deficiency anaemia *2
Chapter 98: Disorders of Haemoglobin
1. Classification of haemoglobinopathies
2. Classification of sickle cell anaemia
3. Pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia *2
4. Clinical features of sickle cell anaemia *2
5. Complications of sickle cell anaemia
6. Investigations of sickle cell anaemia *3
7. Management of sickle cell anaemia *3
8. Crises in sickle cell anaemia
Chapter 99: Megaloblastic Anaemias
1. Macrocytic anaemia
2. Megaloblastic anaemia
3. Vitamin B12 absorption
4. Vitamin B12 deficiency
5. Folate deficiency *2
Chapter 100: Haemolytic Anaemias
1. Classification of haemolytic anaemias *5
2. Acquired causes of haemolytic anaemia
3. Aetiopathogenesis of haemolytic anaemias
4. Clinical features of haemolytic anaemias
5. Investigations of haemolytic anaemias
6. Coombs' test *2
7. Diagnosis of haemolytic anaemias/investigations for haemolysis *6
8. Red blood cell morphology in haemolytic anaemias
9. Management of haemolytic anaemias
10. Clinical features of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) *2
11. Investigations of AIHA *2
12. Management of AIHA *2
13. Immune haemolytic anaemia
Chapter 102: Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Including Aplastic
Anaemia and Myelodysplasia
1. Evaluation of pancytopaenia *3
2. Evaluation of pancytopaenia in a 40-year-old male
3. Aetiopathogenesis of aplastic anaemia
4. Clinical features of aplastic anaemia
5. Investigations for aplastic anaemia
6. Management of aplastic anaemia *2
7. Causes and management of pure red cell aplasia
8. Classification of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) *2
9. Clinical manifestations of MDS *2
 10. Investigations of MDS
11. Management of MDS *2
Chapter 104: Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
1. Treatment of acute leukaemia
2. Classification of acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) (2018, 2020) *2
Chapter 105: Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
1. Aetiopathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)
2. Clinical features of CML
3. Blast crisis *4
4. Investigations of CML *2
5. Management of CML *2
6. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for CML
Chapter 109: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
1. Pathology of Hodgkin's lymphoma
Chapter 111: Plasma Cell Disorders
1. Immunoglobulins
2. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) *2
3. Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS)
4. Aetiopathogenesis of multiple myeloma
5. Clinical features of multiple myeloma
6. Investigations of multiple myeloma
7. Management of multiple myeloma *2
Chapter 112: Amyloidosis
1. Secondary amyloidosis
2. Renal amyloidosis
Chapter 113: Transfusion Therapy and Biology
1. Blood component therapy
2. Blood transfusion reactions *2
3. IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) and its implications *2
4. Indications for IVIg
5. Plasmapheresis *5
Chapter 114: Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation
1. Bone marrow picture in leukaemias
2. Bone marrow transplantation *7
3. Indications for bone marrow transplantation *2
Chapter 114: Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation
1. Thrombocytosis
2. Management of idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura (ITP)
Chapter 116: Coagulation Disorders
1. Coagulation cascade
2. Aetiopathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
3. Diagnosis of DIC
4. Physiological disturbances in DIC
5. Management of DIC
Chapter 117: Arterial and Venous Thrombosis
1. Hypercoagulable states
2. Disorders characterised by vascular thrombotic tendencies
Chapter 118: Antiplatelet, Anticoagulant and Fibrinolytic Drugs
1. Newer anti-platelet drugs
2. Antiplatelet drug resistance
3. Anticoagulants/anti-thrombotic drugs *3
4. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) *4
5. Heparin induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT)
6. Oral anticoagulants
7. Newer oral anticoagulants (NOACs) *4
8. Dabigatran
Miscellaneous
1. Cytogenetics in haematological disease
2. Bone marrow studies *2
3. Chromosomal aberrations in leukaemias
4. Chemotherapy of leukaemias
5. Chemotherapy of lymphomas
6. Eltrombopag *2
7. Colony stimulating factors *2
8. Therapeutic uses of haematopoietic growth factors

Part 5:
Infectious Diseases
Chapter 123: Immunisation Principles and Vaccination Use
1. Adult immunisations *8
Chapter 126: Pneumonia
1. Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) *2
2. Indications for hospitalising a patient with CAP *2
3. Management of CAP *2
4. Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) *2
Chapter 127: Lung Abscess
1. Aetiology of lung abscess
2. Clinical features of lung abscess
3. Complications of lung abscess
4. Investigations of lung abscess
5. Management of lung abscess
Chapter 128: Infective Endocarditis
1. Aetiology/microbiology of infective endocarditis *5
2. Pathogenesis of infective endocarditis *6
3. Prosthetic valve endocarditis
4. Management of infective endocarditis *5
5. Recent advances in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis (1998)
Chapter 128: Intrabdominal Infections and Abscesses
1. Diagnosis and treatment of liver abscess
Chapter 133: Acute Infectious Diarrhoeal Diseases and Bacterial Food
Poisoning
1. Aetiology of traveller's diarrhoea
2. Clinical manifestations of traveller's diarrhoea
3. Clinical diagnosis of various food poisoning syndromes
4. Lab diagnosis of food poisoning
Chapter 134: Encephalitis
1. Viral encephalitis
Chapter 135: Urinary Tract Infections, Pyelonephritis and Prostatitis
1. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTIs)
2. Recurrent UTIs
Chapter 139: Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis
1. Causes and lab diagnosis of chronic meningitis *2
2. Management of chronic meningitis
Chapter 140: Brain Abscess and Empyema
1. Neurocysticercosis *4
 2. Epidemiology of parasitic infestations of the nervous system
3. Clinical features of parasitic infestations of the nervous system
4. Complications of parasitic infestations of the nervous system
5. Management of parasitic infestations of the nervous system
6. Prevention of parasitic infestations of the nervous system
Chapter 142: Infections Acquired in Health Care Facilities
1. Healthcare-associated infections
2. Common nosocomial infections and choice of antibiotics *2
3. Nosocomial infections in intensive care units
4. Prevention of hospital acquired infections *6
5. Catheter related infections in the ICU
6. Central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
Chapter 143: Infections in Transplant Recipients
1. Prophylaxis of infections in transplant recipients
Chapter 144: Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections
1. Beta-lactam antibiotics
2. Second generation cephalosporins
Chapter 145: Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents
1. Antibiotic resistance *6
2. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
3. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase
Chapter 147: Staphylococcal Infections
1. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and their
management *3
2. Toxic shock syndrome *2
Chapter 151: Listeriosis
1. Management of listeriosis
Chapter 152: Tetanus
1. Clinical features and management of tetanus *3
Chapter 163: Helicobacter pylori Infection
1. Clinical features and management of H. pylori infection
2. H. pylori in acid peptic disease
3. Long-term consequences of H. pylori infection
4. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection
Chapter 164: Infections Due to Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and
Stenotrophomonas Species
1. Risk factors, clinical features and diagnosis of melioidosis
Chapter 165: Salmonellosis
1. Clinical manifestations of typhoid fever
2. Definitive diagnosis of enteric fever
3. Investigations for resistant enteric fever
4. Treatment of typhoid fever
5. Management of drug resistant S. typhi
6. Prevention of typhoid fever
Chapter 166: Shigellosis
1. Extraintestinal management of shigellosis
Chapter 176: Whipple’s Disease
1. Whipple disease
Chapter 177: Infections Due to Mixed Anaerobic Organisms
1. Infections with anaerobic organisms
Chapter 178: Tuberculosis
1. Skin manifestations of tuberculosis
2. Latent tuberculosis *2
3. Immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis
4. GeneXpert for MTB and its interpretation
5. Molecular diagnosis of MTB infections
6. Recent advances in the diagnosis of PTB *2 (1998, 2020)
7. Investigations of TB meningitis
8. Management of TB meningitis
9. Therapeutic regimens currently available for treating PTB (1998)
10. MDR-TB *3
11. Aetiopathogenesis of drug resistance in tuberculosis *2
12. Clinical features of MDR-TB
13. Laboratory diagnosis of MTB infections *4
14. Diagnosis of MDR-TB *4
15. Management of MDR- and XDR-TB *9
16. Clinical features of HIV-TB coinfection *2
17. Investigations of HIV-TB coinfection *3
18. Management of HIV-TB coinfection *3
Chapter 179: Leprosy
1. Aetiopathogenesis of leprosy
 2. Clinical types and features of leprosy *3
3. Lepra reactions and management *5
4. Diagnosis of leprosy *2
5. Treatment of leprosy *2
6. Drugs used in treatment of leprosy
7. Recent advances in the drug treatment of leprosy (2001)
Chapter 180: Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
1. Atypical mycobacteria *3
2. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections
Chapter 181: Antimycobacterial Agents
1. Newer ATT drugs
2. Complications of first line ATT drugs
3. Diagnosis and management of hepatitis due to ATT
4. Antituberculous treatment (ATT) in special situations *2
Chapter 182: Syphilis
1. Neurological manifestations of syphilis
Chapter 184: Leptospirosis
2. Aetiopathogenesis of leptospirosis
3. Clinical phases and features of leptospirosis *2
4. Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis *6
5. Diagnostic criteria for leptospirosis
6. Complications of leptospirosis
7. Management of leptospirosis *3
Chapter 187: Rickettsial Disease
1. Aetiopathogenesis of scrub typhus *3
2. Clinical features of scrub typhus *3
3. Complications of scrub typhus
4. Diagnosis of scrub typhus *4
5. Management of scrub typhus *5
Chapter 191: Antiviral Chemotherapy Excluding Antiretrovirals
1. Antiviral agents
Chapter 199: Common Viral Respiratory Infections, Including COVID-19
1. Pathogenesis of lung injury in COVID-19 infection
Chapter 200: Influenza
1. Swine flu (H1N1 influenza)
2. Pathophysiology and pathological effects of H1N1 infection
 3. Guidelines for the management of H1N1
4. Avian influenza
Chapter 202: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
1. Aetiopathogenesis of HIV infection *2
2. Classification of HIV infection
3. Counselling of a patient with HIV
4. Lab evaluation of suspected HIV infection *4
5. Window period in HIV
6. Western blot in HIV infection
7. Cardiovascular manifestations of HIV infection
8. Pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection *2
9. Mucocutaneous manifestations of HIV infection *2
10. Neurological manifestations of HIV infection *5
11. HIV-associated dementia
12. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) *2
13. Opportunistic infections/CD4 count and infections *6
14. Prevention and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia *2
15. Fungal infections in HIV
16. Management of HIV/AIDS *4
17. Management of HIV-naïve patient
18. Management of HIV/AIDS in certain special situations *2
19. Antiretroviral drugs, classification and mechanisms of action *6
20. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) *7
21. Guidelines for the initiation of ART
22. Side effects of ART
23. Integrase inhibitors *2
24. Adverse effects of protease inhibitors
25. Strategies to prevent MDR-HIV
26. Prevention of HIV infection
27. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV *2
28. Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV *3
29. Idiopathic CD4+-lymphopaenia
Chapter 208: Rabies and Other Rhabdovirus Infections
1. Aetiopathogenesis of rabies
2. Clinical manifestations of rabies
3. Investigations of rabies
4. Management of rabies
5. Anti-rabies vaccine *4
Chapter 209: Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Virus Infections
1. Mode of transmission of Japanese B encephalitis
 2. Mode of transmission of dengue fever
3. Warning signs in dengue and management of dengue shock syndrome
4. Pathophysiology of dengue haemorrhagic shock
5. Pathogenesis of severe dengue infection *2
6. Clinical features and complications of dengue haemorrhagic fever
7. Investigations in dengue haemorrhagic fever
8. Management of severe dengue infection
9. Management of dengue haemorrhagic fever *2
10. Recent advances in the management of severe dengue infection *2 (2020,
2021)
11. Nipahvirus infection
12. Zika virus infection *2
Chapter 210: Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus
1. Ebola virus infection
2. Management of Ebola virus infection
Chapter 211: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal
Infections
1. Systemic antifungal agents and their side effects
2. Caspofungin
Chapter 216: Candidiasis
1. Management of invasive candidiasis
Chapter 217: Aspergillosis
1. Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Chapter 218: Mucormycosis
1. Clinical features and management of rhinoorbitocerebral mucormycosis
Chapter 220: Pneumocystis Infections
1. Prevention and management of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia *2
Chapter 220: Amoebiasis and Infections with Free-Living Amoebae
1. Diagnosis and treatment of amoebic liver abscess
2. Infections with free living amoebae
Chapter 224: Malaria
1. Life cycle of malarial parasites *3
2. Lab diagnosis of malaria *4
3. Management of malaria
4. Management of falciparum malaria
 5. Management of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria
6. Complications of falciparum malaria
7. Clinical features of cerebral malaria
8. Management of cerebral malaria *3
9. Newer anti-malarial drugs *2
10. Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT)
11. Chemoprophylaxis of malaria
Chapter 226: Leishmaniasis
1. Management of leishmaniasis *2
Chapter 226: Protozoal Intestinal Infections and Trichomoniasis
1. Giardiasis *3
Chapter 232: Intestinal Nematode Infections
1. Life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis
Chapter 233: Filarial and Related Infections
1. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Chapter 235: Cestode Infections
1. Clinical manifestations of cysticercosis *2
2. Diagnosis of cysticercosis *2
3. Management of cysticercosis *2
Miscellaneous
1. Treatment schedule in RNTCP
2. Merits and demerits of RNTCP
3. Recent changes in RNTCP guidelines
4. Aetiopathogenesis of tropical splenomegaly
5. Clinical features of tropical splenomegaly
6. Ivermectin
7. Postexposure prophylaxis for occupational needlestick injuries
8. Measles-Rubella vaccine in India

Part 6:
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 237: Basic Biology of the Cardiovascular System
1. Endothelial function in health and disease
Chapter 237: Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging
 1. Stress echocardiography
2. Exercise stress test
3. Treadmill test and its physiological basis
Chapter 243: Principles of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology
1. Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs *3
2. Mechanism of generation of ventricular arrhythmias
Chapter 244: The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the Sinoatrial Node
1. Sick sinus syndrome *3
Chapter 251: Atrial Fibrillation
1. Classification of atrial fibrillation
2. Treatment of atrial fibrillation *3
Chapter 252: Approach to Ventricular Arrhythmias
1. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator with clinical applications *2 (see also
pg. 2264)
Chapter 255: Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular
Fibrillation
1. Long QT syndromes
2. Torsades de pointes
Chapter 257: Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis
1. Pathophysiology of CHF *2
2. Pathogenesis of cardiac cachexia
3. Diastolic dysfunction
4. Aetiopathogenesis of diastolic heart failure *3
5. Stages of heart failure
6. Diagnosis of diastolic heart failure *3
7. Biochemical abnormalities and neurohumoral adjustments in heart failure
8. Biomarkers of heart failure
9. Framingham criteria for diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF)
Chapter 258: Heart Failure: Management
1. Management of CHF *6
2. Management of diastolic heart failure *3
3. Rationale involved in the management of HFrEF
4. Management of refractory heart failure *3
5. Beta blockers in heart failure/Rationale for beta blockade in heart failure *2
6. Mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in cardiovascular disease
7. Vasodilators in cardiac failure
8. Ventricular assist devices *2
 9. Cardiorenal syndrome
10. Natriuretic peptides
11. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
12. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) *2
13. NT-proBNP
Chapter 259: Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis
1. Classification of cardiomyopathy
2. Channelopathies
3. Heart in muscular dystrophies
4. Ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy
5. Aetiopathogenesis of cardiomyopathy
6. Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy *2
7. Management of cardiomyopathy *2
8. Stress cardiomyopathy
9. Aetiopathogenesis of restrictive cardiomyopathy *2
10. Features of restrictive cardiomyopathy *2
11. Diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy *2
12. Management of restrictive cardiomyopathy *2
Chapter 260: Cardiac Transplantation and Prolonged Assisted
Circulation
1. Heart transplantation
2. Heart-lung transplantation
Chapter 269: Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult
1. Morphology of atrial septal defects (ASD)
2. Embryology of atrial septal defects (ASD)
3. Embryology of Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
4. Ebstein anomaly
Chapter 273: Ischaemic Heart Disease
1. Investigations of chronic cardiac ischaemia
2. CRP in atherosclerosis *2
3. Revascularisation procedures in coronary artery disease
4. Role of invasive procedures in management of ischaemic heart disease
5. Usefulness of coronary artery angioplasty
6. Current techniques in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
7. Primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) *2
8. Drug-eluting stents
9. Fractional flow reserve
10. Hibernating myocardium *2
Chapter 274: Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
1. Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
2. Definition and clinical features of unstable angina
3. Management of unstable angina *4
4. Pharmacological treatment of refractory angina
Chapter 275: ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
1. Mechanism of plaque rupture in acute coronary syndrome
2. Pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) *6
3. Clinical features of ACS *4
4. Investigations of ACS *4
5. Lab diagnosis of myocardial infarction
6. Cardiac biomarkers *5
7. Troponin-T
8. Management of ACS *4
9. Recent advances in management of ACS *2
10. Management strategies in myocardial infarction
11. Management of MI in the early stages
12. Indications and contraindications of thrombolysis in acute MI
13. Complications of thrombolysis in acute MI
14. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA)
15. Prevention of acute myocardial infarction
Chapter 277: Hypertension
1. Regulation of systemic blood pressure *2
2. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) *2
3. Mechanisms of evolution of hypertension
4. Ambulatory BP monitoring *2
5. Classification of hypertension
6. Management of hypertension
7. Antihypertensive drugs
8. Isolated systolic hypertension
9. Aetiology and pathophysiology of secondary hypertension *2
10. Diagnosis of secondary hypertension
11. Management of secondary hypertension
12. Management strategies in renovascular hypertension
13. Aetiology and management of resistant hypertension
14. Management of hypertension in a diabetic individual
15. Dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet *3
Chapter 279: Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary
Thromboembolism
1. Pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) *2
 2. Prevention of DVT
3. Treatment of DVT *2
4. Causes and risk factors of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) *6
5. Clinical features of PTE *6
6. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PTE *10
7. Radiological features of PTE
8. Treatment of PTE *8
9. Prevention of PTE
Chapter 280: Diseases of the Aorta
1. Aortic aneurysm
2. Aetiopathogenesis/mechanism of aortic dissection *2
3. Clinical features of aortic dissection
4. Investigations for aortic dissection
5. Management of aortic dissection
Chapter 281: Arterial Diseases of the Extremities
1. Ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) *2
2. Thoracic outlet syndrome (with anatomical basis of clinical features) *3

Chapter 283: Pulmonary Hypertension

1. Pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PHTN)
2. Clinical features of PHTN
3. Management of PHTN *2
4. Evaluation of PHTN *2
5. Recent trends in the management of PHTN (1998)
6. Newer medication for management of PHTN
Chapter 291: Cystic Fibrosis
1. Cystic fibrosis
Miscellaneous
1. Bedside methods of assessing autonomic dysfunction in cardiovascular
system
2. Tests for assessing endothelial dysfunction
3. Anatomy and clinical significance of mitral valve apparatus
4. Blood supply to myocardium/coronary circulation and clinical importance *6
5. Conducting system of heart (with diagram, with clinical importance) *7
6. Ductus arteriosus and its clinical significance
7. Genetically determined cardiac arrhythmias
8. Acute pharmacotherapy of tachyarrhythmias
9. Differential diagnosis and management of 60-year-old hip fracture patient
who suddenly develops dyspnoea, tachycardia, hypotension, desaturation
10. Evaluation and management of patient with tropical cardiomyopathy (1998)
 Part 7:
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Chapter 284: Approach to the Patient with Disease of the Respiratory
System
1. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) with principles/physiological basis *7
2. Spirometry *2
Chapter 286: Diagnostic Procedures in Respiratory Disease
1. Endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and
its clinical applications
Chapter 287: Asthma
1. Bronchial hyperreactivity
2. Stepwise approach to management of stable bronchial asthma
3. Management of severe persistent bronchial asthma
4. Newer remedies in bronchial asthma (1999)
5. Leukotriene modifiers/antagonists *2
6. Management of acute severe bronchial asthma *3
7. Indications for hospitalisation of acute severe bronchial asthma
8. Refractory asthma
Chapter 288: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
1. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis *2
Chapter 290: Bronchiectasis
1. Aetiopathogenesis of bronchiectasis
Chapter 292: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
1. Aetiopathogenesis and classification of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) *3
2. Clinical features of COPD *3
3. Evaluation of COPD *3
4. Management of COPD *4
5. Non-invasive ventilation for COPD
6. Newer guidelines for management of COPD
7. Vaccinations in COPD
Chapter 293: Interstitial Lung Disease
1. Aetiopathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases (ILD)
2. Clinical features of ILD
3. Diagnosis of ILD *3
 4. Spirometric abnormalities in ILD
5. Management of ILD *3
6. Immunopathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)
7. Aetiopathogenesis of IPF *2
8. Clinical features of IPF
9. Investigations for IPF
10. PFT abnormalities of IPF
11. Management of IPF *2
Chapter 295: Disorders of the Mediastinum
1. Superior mediastinal masses and their pressure effects
Chapter 296: Disorders of Ventilation
2. Hypoventilation syndrome
3. Physiology of hypoventilation
4. Clinical features of hypoventilation
5. Management of hypoventilation
Chapter 297: Sleep Apnoea
1. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) *5
2. Aetiopathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) *5
3. Clinical features of OSA *4
4. Investigations of OSA *5
5. Management of OSA *5
6. Central sleep apnoea
7. Syndrome Z
Miscellaneous
1. Anatomy of mediastinum
2. Lymphatic drainage of structures in thorax
3. Bronchopulmonary segments *4
4. Drug-induced lung diseases
5. Causes/differential diagnoses of pulmonary cavitation *2

Part 8:
Critical Care Medicine
Chapter 300: Approach to the Patient with Critical Illness
1. Principles of critical care medicine
2. Glycaemia in critical care
 3. Hypoglycaemia in the ICU
4. Classification of respiratory failure *2
5. Precipitating factors of respiratory failure
6. Management of respiratory failure
7. Complications of respiratory failure
Chapter 301: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
1. Aetiopathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) *7
2. Clinical features of ARDS *3
3. Diagnosis of ARDS *4
4. Management of ARDS *5
Chapter 302: Mechanical Ventilatory Support
1. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV)
2. Guidelines for managing ventilated patients
3. Prone ventilation *2
4. Complications of mechanical ventilation *4
5. Auto-PEEP *2
6. Tracheostomy
7. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
Chapter 303: Approach to the Patient with Shock
1. Classification and pathophysiology of shock
2. Sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA) and qSOFA
3. Management of shock
Chapter 304: Sepsis and Septic Shock
1. Acute phase reactants
2. C-reactive protein (CRP)
3. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
4. Aetiopathophysiology of SIRS
5. Clinical features of SIRS
6. Management of SIRS
7. Aetiopathophysiology of sepsis *4
8. Management of sepsis
9. Clinical features of septic shock *3
10. Investigations of septic shock *4
11. Management of septic shock *5
12. New Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines
13. Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) *2
14. Pathogenesis of MODS *3
Chapter 305: Cardiogenic Shock and Pulmonary Oedema
1. Clinical presentations of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
 2. Investigations of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
3. Management of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

Part 9:
Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Chapter 308: Approach to the Patient with Renal Disease or Urinary
Tract Disease
1. Urinalysis in kidney disease
2. Significance of urinary casts
3. Microscopic urinary sediments
Chapter 310: Acute Kidney Injury
1. Aetiopathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) *4
2. Features of AKI *4
3. Diagnosis of AKI *4
4. Biomarkers of AKI *3
5. Management of AKI *5
6. Complications of AKI *3
7. Differences between prerenal azotaemia and oliguric renal failure
8. Rhabdomyolysis *2
Chapter 311: Chronic Kidney Disease
1. Aetiopathophysiology of CKD *3
2. Hormonal changes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) *2
3. Staging of CKD
4. Clinical features of CKD *2
5. Non-oliguric renal failure
6. Investigations for CKD *2
7. Management of CKD *2
Chapter 312: Dialysis in the Treatment of Kidney Failure
1. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) *3
2. Peritoneal dialysis in CKD
3. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) *3
4. Complications of dialysis *2
Chapter 314: Glomerular Diseases
1. Aetiopathogenesis of glomerulonephritis
2. Clinical features of glomerulonephritis
 3. Diagnosis of glomerulonephritis
4. Management of glomerulonephritis
5. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
6. Renal biopsy in nephrotic syndrome
7. Management of nephrotic syndrome in children
8. Pathophysiology of lupus nephritis *2
9. Classification of lupus nephritis *2
10. Clinical features of lupus nephritis
11. Investigations of lupus nephritis *2
12. Management of lupus nephritis *2
Chapter 315: Polycystic Kidneys and Other Inherited Disorders of
Tubule Growth and Development
1. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) *2
2. Aetiopathogenesis of autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD)
3. Clinical features of ADPKD
4. Investigations for ADPKD
5. Management of ADPKD

Chapter 316: Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney

1. Analgesic nephropathy *2
2. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
3. Pathophysiology of ATN

Chapter 317: Vascular Injury to the Kidney

1. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) *2
2. Factors in the development of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and
considerations in its treatment
3. Management of thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura (TTP)
Miscellaneous
1. Renal function tests and their principles
2. Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) *2
3. Pathophysiology and types of RTA

Part 10:
Disorders of Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 323: Diseases of the Oesophagus
1. Endoscopy *2
 2. Principles of oesophageal motility studies
3. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) *3
Chapter 324: Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Disorders
1. Pathophysiology of acid peptic disease *2
2. Approach to a case of non-ulcer dyspepsia
3. Causes of non-ulcer dyspepsia
4. Diagnosis of non-ulcer dyspepsia
5. Management of non-ulcer dyspepsia
Chapter 325: Disorders of Absorption
1. Diagnosis of tropical sprue
2. Utility of breath tests in the diagnosis of malabsorption disorders (1998)
Chapter 326: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
1. Causes of bloody diarrhoea *2
2. Aetiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) *2
3. Clinical features and differentials ulcerative colitis *3
4. Systemic complications/extraintestinal manifestations of IBD *5
5. Complications of ulcerative colitis *2
6. Investigations ulcerative colitis *5
7. Initial treatment of IBD
8. Management of ulcerative colitis *5
9. Management of Crohn's disease
Chapter 327: Irritable Bowel Syndrome
1. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
2. Diagnostic criteria for IBS *3
3. Management of IBS
4. Probiotics and prebiotics *2
Chapter 334: Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment
1. Biochemical changes during starvation
2. Malabsorption syndrome
3. Marasmus and kwashiorkor
Chapter 335: Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
1. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) *5
Chapter 338: Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess
1. Wernicke encephalopathy *5
2. Korsakoff psychosis *2
3. Beriberi heart disease
4. Pellagra *2
 5. Diagnosis and management of endemic fluorosis
Chapter 338: The Hyperbilirubinemias
1. Congenital hyperbilirubinaemia
2. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Chapter 339: Acute Viral Hepatitis
1. Viral hepatitis markers *3
2. Clinical features of hepatitis B infection
3. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis B infection *2
4. Investigations of hepatitis B infection
5. Markers of hepatitis B infection *5
Chapter 340: Toxic and Drug-Induced Hepatitis
1. Features of paracetamol poisoning
2. Management of paracetamol poisoning *3
Chapter 341: Chronic Hepatitis
1. Liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis *2
2. Classification of chronic hepatitis
3. Histological index scoring of chronic hepatitis *2
4. Immunological markers in chronic hepatitis *2
5. Management of hepatitis B infection *3
6. Recommendations for treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection
7. Management of hepatitis C
8. Advances in treatment of hepatitis C infection
9. Sofosbuvir
10. Aetiopathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis *3
11. Pathological changes in autoimmune hepatitis
12. Clinical features of autoimmune hepatitis *2
13. Investigations of autoimmune hepatitis *3
14. Management of autoimmune hepatitis *3
Chapter 342: Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
1. Alcoholic hepatitis
2. Stages of alcoholic liver disease
3. Discrimination score in alcoholic hepatitis and its importance
4. Liver function tests in alcoholic liver disease
5. Management of alcoholic liver disease *2
Chapter 343: Nonalcholic Fatty Liver Diseases
1. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
2. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) *3
3. Extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD
Chapter 344: Cirrhosis and Its Complications
1. Skin and nail changes in cirrhosis
2. Diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis
3. Recent concepts in the management of hepatic encephalopathy
4. Medical management of portal hypertension
5. Hepatorenal syndrome
6. Liver dialysis
7. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Chapter 345: Liver Transplantation
1. Liver transplantation *3
2. Orthotopic liver transplantation
3. Indications and contraindications for liver transplantation *5
Chapter 348: Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis
1. Aetiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis *6
2. Clinical features of acute pancreatitis *5
3. Investigations of acute pancreatitis *6
4. Management of acute pancreatitis *6
5. Biochemical/lab abnormalities in acute pancreatitis *3
6. Biochemical evaluation of pancreatic functions/pancreatic function tests *3
7. Complications of acute pancreatitis *3
Miscellaneous
1. Dietary fibre
2. Absorption of fats from GIT
3. Malnutrition in Indian adults
4. Clinical spectrum of functional bowel disorders seen in India
5. Evidence-based approach to management of functional bowel disorders
6. Gut hormones *2
7. Hepatic portal circulation, anatomy and its clinical importance *3
8. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Part 11:
Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory and
Rheumatological Disorders
Chapter 349: Introduction to the Immune System
1. Functions of T-lymphocytes *2
 2. Natural killer (NK) cells
3. Lab tests in cell-mediated immunity
Chapter 351: Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases
1. Complement deficiency and associated disorders
Chapter 352: Urticaria, Angioedema and Allergic Rhinitis
1. Urticaria
Chapter 355: Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases
1. Molecular mimicry *2
Chapter 356: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
1. Aetiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
2. Clinical features of SLE *2
3. Cardiovascular manifestations of SLE
4. Diagnostic criteria for SLE *3
5. Laboratory diagnosis in SLE *3
6. Autoantibodies in SLE *3
7. Diagnostic value of antinuclear autoantibodies
8. Management of SLE *3
Chapter 357: Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
1. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLA) *2
Chapter 358: Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. Extraarticular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) *3
2. Pulmonary manifestations of RA
3. Diagnosis and treatment of RA
4. Diagnostic criteria for RA
5. Early diagnosis of RA *2
6. Stepwise management of RA
7. Treatment of aggressive RA
8. Recent advances in the management of RA (1998)
9. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
10. Biologics in rheumatological disorders *3
11. Anti-TNF therapy
Chapter 359: Acute Rheumatic Fever
1. Pathology of acute rheumatic fever (ARF)
2. Clinical features of ARF
3. Diagnostic criteria of ARF
Chapter 360: Systemic Sclerosis and Related Disorders
1. Clinical features of systemic sclerosis *2
2. Scleroderma renal crisis
Chapter 361: Sjögren Syndrome
1. Sjögren syndrome
Chapter 362: Spondylarthritis
1. Extraarticular manifestations of seronegative spondyloarthropathies *2
2. Diagnosis of seronegative spondyloarthropathies
3. Management of seronegative spondyloarthropathies
4. Ankylosing spondylosis *2
5. Psoriatic arthritis
6. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis
7. Reactive arthritis *3
Chapter 363: The Vasculitis Syndromes
1. Vasculitis
2. Autoantibodies in vasculitis
3. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
4. Clinical approach to suspected vasculitis
5. Clinical spectrum and management of giant cell arteritis
6. Clinical features and complications of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
7. Investigations and management of polyarteritis nodosa
8. Adult-onset Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Chapter 364: Behçet Syndrome
1. Behçet disease
Chapter 367: Sarcoidosis
1. Pathophysiology of sarcoidosis and relationship with tuberculosis (TB)
2. Clinical features of sarcoidosis *3
3. Intrathoracic manifestations of sarcoidosis *2
4. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis *3
5. Management of sarcoidosis *3
Chapter 370: Approach to Articular and Musculoskeletal Disorders
1. Drug-induced myopathy
Chapter 372: Gout and Other Crystal-Associated Arthropathies
1. Crystal arthropathies *2
2. Management of gout *2
Miscellaneous
1. Arthritis associated with systemic diseases
2. HLA typing and disease associations *8
3. Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) *3

Part 12:
Endocrinology and Metabolism
Chapter 378: Physiology of Anterior Pituitary Hormones
1. Functional anatomy and physiology of pituitary
2. Anterior pituitary hormones *2
Chapter 380: Pituitary Tumour Syndromes
1. Pituitary adenoma
2. Hyperprolactinaemia
3. Causes of hyperprolactinaemia
4. Dopamine-agonist therapy for hyperprolactinaemia
5. Management of pituitary tumours
6. Octreotide
Chapter 380: Disorders of the Neurohypophysis
1. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) *4
2. Causes of SIADH
3. Management of SIADH
Chapter 382: Thyroid Gland Physiology and Testing
1. Regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis
2. Thyroid function tests *2
Chapter 383: Hypothyroidism
1. Mechanisms in causation of autoimmune thyroid disorders
2. Thyroid autoantibodies
3. Subclinical hypothyroidism
4. Aetiopathogenesis of hypothyroidism
5. Clinical features of hypothyroidism
6. Investigations of hypothyroidism
7. Management of hypothyroidism
8. Myxoedema coma
Chapter 384: Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis
1. Classification and clinical features of hyperthyroidism *3
 2. Features of thyrotoxicosis
3. Diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism *4
4. Management of thyrotoxicosis *2
5. Management of thyroid storm
6. Cardiovascular manifestations of thyroid dysfunction
7. Gastrointestinal manifestations of thyroid dysfunction
Chapter 385: Thyroid Nodular Disease and Thyroid Cancer
1. Diagnostic approach to a solitary nodule in the thyroid *2
Chapter 386: Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
1. Evaluation of suspected adrenocortical dysfunction
2. Physiological basis of diagnosis of Cushing syndrome
3. Side effects of corticosteroids *3
4. Diagnosis of Cushing syndrome/investigations of suspected Cushing
syndrome *6
5. Management of Cushing syndrome *2
6. Causes and management of hypoadrenalism
7. Aetiopathogenesis of Addison syndrome
8. Clinical features and differential diagnosis of Addison syndrome
9. Investigations of Addison syndrome *2
10. Physiological basis of diagnosis of Addison disease *3
11. Management of Addison's disease
Chapter 389: Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes
1. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes
Chapter 390: Sex Development
1. Sex chromosome disorders
2. Turner syndrome
Chapter 391: Disorders of the Testes and Male Reproductive System
1. Evaluation of male infertility *2
2. Management of male infertility
3. Pathological gynaecomastia
4. Causes of gynaecomastia
5. Andropause
6. Testosterone uses in elderly males
7. Precocious puberty
Chapter 392: Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
1. Precocious puberty
2. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
Chapter 393: Menstrual Disorders and Pelvic Pain
1. Hormonal basis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
Chapter 397: Sexual Dysfunction
1. Erectile dysfunction
2. Evaluation of erectile dysfunction
3. Management of erectile dysfunction
Chapter 401: Pathobiology of Obesity
1. Body mass index (BMI) *3
2. Aetiopathogenesis of obesity *2
3. Endocrine function of adipose tissue
Chapter 402: Evaluation and Management of Obesity
1. Management of obesity *6
2. Management of morbid obesity
3. Bariatric surgery *3
Chapter 403: Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis, Classification,
Pathophysiology
1. Factors regulating glucose homeostasis *3
2. Physiology of insulin secretion
3. Classification of diabetes mellitus (DM)
4. Biochemical abnormalities in insulin-dependent DM
5. Assessment of metabolic control in a diabetic patient
6. Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus
1. Prevention of DM *3
2. Latent autoimmune diabetes
Chapter 404: Diabetes Mellitus: Management and Therapies
1. Insulin resistance and its management
2. Insulin sensitisers *2
3. Newer antidiabetic drugs
4. Incretin
5. Mechanism of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
6. GLP-1 agonists *5
7. Liraglutide
8. Dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors *2
9. SGLT-2 inhibitors *2
10. Newer antidiabetic agents
11. Insulin analogues *2
12. Basal insulin and its clinical uses
13. Newer insulins/designer insulins *6
 14. Insulin pumps
15. Somogyi phenomenon
16. Complications of insulin therapy
17. Approach to a 40-year-old obese male patient who has presented for the
first time with clinical features of DM
18. Biochemical changes in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
19. Aetiopathogenesis of DKA
20. Clinical features of DKA
21. Investigations of DKA
22. Management of DKA
23. Precipitating factors in hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS)
24. Clinical features of HHS *2
25. Complications of HHS *2
26. Investigations of HHS *2
27. Management of HHS *2
Chapter 405: Diabetes Mellitus: Complications
1. Pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy *8
2. Clinical features of diabetic nephropathy *2
3. Investigations of diabetic nephropathy *2
4. Treatment of diabetic nephropathy *2
5. Diagnosis and management of diabetic kidney disease
6. Screening and management of proteinuria/microalbuminuria in diabetic
patients *3
7. Prevention of diabetic nephropathy
8. Pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy *2
9. Clinical features of diabetic neuropathy
10. Investigations for diabetic neuropathy *2
11. Management of diabetic neuropathy *2
Chapter 406: Hypoglycaemia
1. Hypoglycaemia
2. Causes of hypoglycaemia *2
3. Management of hypoglycaemia *2
4. C-peptide assay and its clinical applications
5. Approach to management of hypoglycaemia in a 40-year-old nondiabetic
male
Chapter 407: Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism
1. Apolipoproteins *2
2. Classification of hyperlipidaemias/dyslipidaemias *2
3. Management of dyslipidaemias *3
4. Complications and management of hypertriglyceridaemia
 5. Management of hypercholesterolaemia
6. Role of statins in the treatment of dyslipidaemias *2
Chapter 408: The Metabolic Syndrome
1. Metabolic syndrome
Chapter 409: Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Health and Disease
1. Calcium homeostasis *2
2. Magnesium in health and disease
3. Hypomagnesaemia
4. Causes and treatment of hypomagnesaemia *2
5. Vitamin D metabolism
6. Vitamin D deficiency
7. Renal osteodystrophy
Chapter 410: Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland and Calcium
Homeostasis
1. Parathormone (PTH)
2. Causes of hypercalcaemia *4
3. Clinical features of hypercalcaemia
4. Investigations/evaluation of hypercalcaemia *3
5. Management of hypercalcaemia *4
6. Clinical features and management of primary hyperparathyroidism
7. Clinical features and management of secondary hyperparathyroidism
8. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
9. Parathormone-independent hypercalcaemia
10. Hypocalcaemia
11. Causes and management of hypocalcaemia
Chapter 411: Osteoporosis
1. Aetiopathogenesis of osteoporosis *3
2. Basis of post-menopausal osteoporosis
3. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
4. Diagnosis of osteoporosis *2
5. Management of osteoporosis *6
6. Uses of bone-building agents in osteoporosis
7. Management of post-menopausal osteoporosis
8. Define osteopaenia. Is there benefit in treatment of osteopaenia with
bisphosphonates?
Chapter 412: Paget’s Disease and Other Dysplasias of Bone
1. Diagnosis of Paget's disease
Chapter 416: The Porphyrias
1. Haem biosynthesis
2. Biochemical defects in various types of porphyria
3. Acute intermittent porphyria *2
4. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
Chapter 417: Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
1. Diagnosis and management of hyperuricaemia
Chapter 420: Inherited Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Adults
1. Role of homocysteine in health and disease
2. Hyperhomocystinaemia *2
Miscellaneous
1. Euthyroid sick syndrome
2. Adrenomedullin
3. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c)
4. Describe the current status of statins *2 (2003, 2010)
5. Indications for use of statins *2
6. Newer statins *2
7. Pleomorphic effects of statins/Expanded use of statin therapy
8. Cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors for the potential
management of dyslipidaemias
9. Hormone replacement therapy
10. Endocrine emergencies
11. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of endocrine disorders *2
12. Common metabolic decompensations

Part 13:
Neurologic Disorders
Chapter 425: Seizures and Epilepsy
1. Reflex epilepsies
2. Classification/causes of seizures *2
3. Evaluation of seizures in a young adult
4. Management of seizures in a young adult
5. Management of seizures *3
6. Management of status epilepticus *2
7. Management of refractory epilepsy *2
8. Classification of antiepileptic drugs and clinical applications
 9. Mechanisms of action and adverse effects of antiepileptics
10. Newer antiepileptics *7
Chapter 426: Introduction to Cerebrovascular Diseases
1. Lateral medullary syndrome (and nuclei/tracts involved) *4
2. Peduncular hallucinations
3. Lacunar syndromes and their management
Chapter 427: Ischaemic Stroke
1. Aetiopathogenesis of acute stroke
2. Pathogenesis of stroke due to cerebral arterial thrombosis
3. Treatment of minor stroke
4. Management of acute stroke *2
5. Indications for thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke *2
6. Advantages and disadvantages of thrombolysis in acute cerebrovascular
disease
7. Process of thrombolysis in stroke
8. Thrombolytic agents in acute ischaemic stroke
9. Usefulness of neuroimaging in acute stroke (1999)
10. Newer treatment modalities in ischaemic stroke *2
11. Carotid intima-media thickness

Chapter 430: Migraine and Other Primary headache Disorders

1. Management of migraine
2. Cluster headache *3
Chapter 431: Alzheimer’s Disease
1. Alzheimer disease
2. Aetiopathogenesis of Alzheimer disease *2
3. Management of Alzheimer disease *2
Chapter 435: Parkinson’s Disease
1. Aetiopathogenesis and biochemical basis of parkinsonism *2
2. Clinical features and differential diagnosis of parkinsonism *2
3. Treatment of parkinsonism *10
4. Newer remedies in parkinsonism (1999)
Chapter 436: Tremor, Chorea and Other Movement Disorders
1. Involuntary movements
2. Aetiopathogenesis of movement disorders
3. Clinical features of movement disorders
4. Investigations of movement disorders
5. Management of movement disorders
6. Dystonias
 7. Differentials, investigations and management of chorea
8. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome *5
9. Restless leg syndrome
Chapter 437: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron
Disease
1. Aetiopathogenesis of motor neuron disease (MND)
2. Clinical features of MND
3. Investigations of MND
4. Management of MND
Chapter 439: Ataxic Disorders
1. Features of cerebellar dysfunction
2. Familial cerebellar disorders
Chapter 441: Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bell’s Palsy and Other Cranial
Nerve Disorders
1. Facial nerve *3
Chapter 442: Diseases of the Spinal Cord
1. Causes and investigations of spastic paraplegia of insidious onset
Chapter 444: Multiple Sclerosis
1. Treatment of multiple sclerosis
Chapter 446: Peripheral Neuropathy
1. Causes, classification and diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy *2
2. Critical illness polyneuropathy
3. Evoked potentials
4. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) *4
Chapter 448: Myasthenia Gravis and Other Diseases of the
Neuromuscular Junction
1. Functions of neuromuscular junction
2. Aetiopathogenesis of myasthenia gravis
3. Clinical features of myasthenia gravis
4. Investigations of myasthenia gravis *3
5. Management of myasthenia gravis *3
6. Drug therapy of myasthenia gravis *3
7. Myasthenic crisis *4
Chapter 449: Muscular Dystrophies and Other Muscle Diseases
1. Extraneurologic manifestations of muscular dystrophies
 2. Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
Chapter 450: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
1. Diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome *2
Chapter 452: Psychiatric Disorders
1. Anxiety disorders
2. Acute panic syndrome
3. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) *5
4. Treatment of depression *2
5. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
6. Cardiotoxic effects of antidepressants
7. Newer antidepressants (00, 04, 06) *3
8. Bipolar disorder *5
9. Clinical features of bulimia nervosa *2
10. Diagnosis of bulimia nervosa
11. Clinical manifestations of schizophrenia
12. Management of schizophrenia
13. Newer antipsychotic drugs *5
14. Conversion syndrome
15. Diagnosis and management of somatisation syndromes *2
16. Munchausen syndrome
Chapter 453: Alcohol and Alcohol Use Disorders
1. Effects of ethanol on the nervous system
2. Neurological complications of chronic alcoholism
3. Alcohol dependence
4. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome *3
5. Delirium tremens *2
6. Management of alcohol dependence
7. Management of substance abuse
Chapter 454: Nicotine Addiction
1. Management of nicotine dependence *3
2. Smoking cessation
Miscellaneous
1. Anatomy of internal capsule (with diagram and blood supply) *2
2. Applied anatomy of cavernous sinus *2
3. Cavernous sinus thrombosis
4. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST)
5. Cortical vein thrombosis *3
6. Structures in the cerebellopontine angle and clinical significance *2
7. Cerebellum and its connections (with diagram) *3
 8. Basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways
9. Structure and functions of thalamus
10. Blood supply of spinal cord
11. Cross-section of spinal cord at cervical level with diagram
12. Long tracts of spinal cord (with diagram)
13. Sensory tracts in the spinal cord with clinical relevance *2
14. Sensory nerve supply of hand
15. Innervation of small muscles of hand and their clinical importance
16. Innervation and dysfunctions of urinary bladder *5
17. Physiology of micturition *2
18. Cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid analysis
19. Physiology of CSF function
20. Pathophysiology of hydrocephalus
21. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
22. Red flag signs in headache
23. Ring-enhancing lesions in brain *2
24. Causes of episodic generalised motor weakness with investigations and
treatment *2
25. Neurological causes of weakness
26. Neural tube defects

Part 14:
Poisoning, Drug Overdose and
Envenomation
Chapter 458: Heavy Metal Poisoning
1. Management of nicotine dependence *3
Chapter 459: Poisoning and Drug Overdose
1. Pathogenesis of organophosphorus poisoning (OPP) *2
2. Clinical features of OPP *2
3. Investigations of OPP *2
4. Management of OPP *2

Chapter 460: Disorders Caused by Venomous Snakebites and Marine

Animal Exposures
1. Classification of snake bites *2
2. Snake bite manifestations
3. Snake bite management *2
 4. Viper bite management *2
5. Features of neurotoxic envenomation *2
6. Complications of snake bite
Chapter 461: Ectoparasite Infestations and Arthropod Injuries
1. Scorpion sting
Miscellaneous
1. Copper sulphate poisoning
2. Endosulfan poisoning
3. Management of oleander poisoning *2

Part 15:
Disorders Associated with Environmental
Exposures
Chapter 462: Altitude Illness
1. Acute mountain sickness *2
Chapter 463: Hyperbaric and Diving Medicine
1. Decompression sickness
2. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Chapter 464: Hypothermia and Peripheral Cold Injuries
1. Hypothermia
2. Management of hypothermia
Chapter 465: Heat-Related Illnesses
1. Heat stroke
2. Clinical features of heat stroke
3. Management of heat stroke *2

Part 16:
Genes, the Environment and Disease
Chapter 466: Principles of Human Genetics
1. Genetic imprinting
 2. Ethical issues in genetic testing
3. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) *2
Chapter 467: The Practice of Genetics in Clinical Medicine
1. Clinical applications of genetic counselling *5
2. Gene therapy *5
Chapter 471: The Human Microbiome
1. Faecal transplantation
Miscellaneous
1. DNA fingerprinting
2. Single gene disorders
3. Cloning *2
4. X-linked recessive inheritance

Part 18:
Aging
Chapter 476: Biology of Aging
1. Biology of aging
Chapter 477: Caring for the Geriatric Patient
1. Geriatric syndromes
2. Falls in the elderly *3
3. Frailty in the elderly
4. Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) in the elderly

Part 19:
Consultative Medicine
Chapter 478: Approach to Medical Consultation
1. Telemedicine
Chapter 479: Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
2. Hypertension in pregnancy *2
3. Pre-eclampsia
4. Jaundice in pregnancy
5. HELLP syndrome
6. Management of hypertension in pregnancy
7. Clinical features and complications of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) *2
8. Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) *2
 9. Management of GDM *2
10. Thyroid disease in pregnancy

Part 20:
Frontiers
Chapter 484: Applications of Stem Cell Biology in Clinical Medicine
1. Stem cell therapy *10
2. Uses of stem cell therapy
Chapter 485: The Role of Circadian Biology in Health and Disease
1. Functions of pineal body

Miscellaneous
Diagnostics
1. Interpretation of diagnostic tests in the context of clinical decision making
2. Usefulness of MRI *3
3. Advances in MRI imaging *2
4. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT)
5. CT angiogram
6. Positron emission tomography (PET) and its applications *4
7. Radioisotope scanning
8. Fibroscan *2
9. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)
10. BACTEC
11. Clinical applications of ELISA testing
12. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) *2
13. Procalcitonin
14. d-Dimer and its clinical application
Anatomy
1. Anatomical basis of Horner syndrome *2
2. Anatomy of foetal circulation
3. Contents of orbit *2
4. Formation of brachial plexus
5. Functions of blood-brain barrier
6. Extraocular muscles and their actions
Pharmacology
1. Beta blockers *2
2. Pharmacotherapeutics of ACE inhibitors *2
3. Actions of ACE inhibitors
4. Role of ACE inhibitors in medicine
5. Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs)
6. Antioxidants
7. Indications for interferon therapy/therapeutic uses of interferons *3
8. Rasburicase
9. Cytochrome P450 system
10. Newer immunosuppressants *2
Journal Club
1. Strengths and limitations of STEP trial
2. Guideline-directed medical therapy in heart failure
3. p-value and its significance
4. Targeted therapies in medicine
Other
1. Space medicine
2. Bioterrorism *2
3. Bone age assessment
4. Suicidal hanging
5. Essential fatty acids in health and disease
6. Recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions