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5 views6 pages

Accent

Uploaded by

weronika.konarska.zap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

ACCENT
- a manner of pronunciation, a way of pronouncing words that indicates
the place of origin or social background of the speaker a feature which
constituents social class, level of education etc

An accent is a way of pronouncing a words that is characteristic to a country, area, social


classes or individual. An accent may be identified with locality in which its speakers
reside (a regional or geographical accent), the socioeconomic status of its speakers,
their ethnicity, their social class (a social accent), or influence from their first language (a
foreign accent)

2. SLANG
- type of informal language that is often used among a particular group of
people or in specific context. It is characterized by its non-standard
vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, and it's often used to express
identity, humor, or rebellion. Slang can be difficult for non-native
speakers or those unfamiliar with the particular group or context.

eg. the term “slay” is often associated with fashion, music and performance, but can be
used in a variety of contexts. For example: “He slayed this presentation” means the
colleague crushed his presentation at school.

3. LANGUAGE AND GENDER


- STEREOTYPES ABOUT MALE AND FEMALE TALK
- ADJECTIVES
Women tend to use more adjectives than men. The different frequency of using
JHBLBJadjectives may suggest that women are more sensitive to their surroundings and
JBBJHBtend to express their emotions through words.

- ADVERBS
There are also differences in the use of adverbs between men and
women.Women would use such adverbs like awfully, pretty, terribly, vastly, quite,
so; whereas men would use very, utterly, really.

- GRAMMAR
Women are more concerned about syntax accuracy. They would use exact
grammar to convey their ideas clearly when speaking. Women tend to use the
standard form.

4. JARGON
- special words and phrases used by particular groups of people, especially
in their work.
eg. MIA - military jargon that means “missing in action”

5. DIALECT
- we distinguish: regional dialect, a social dialect, a historical dialect, an
occupational dialect

REGION DIALECT

A regional dialect is a variation of a language that is associated with a specific


geographic region. It refers to the linguistic features, vocabulary choices, pronunciation
patterns, and grammatical structures that are characteristic of that particular area.
Regional dialects can develop due to historical, cultural, and social factors.

A regional dialect arises from the linguistic practices of speakers living in a particular
geographic area. These dialects can include variations in vocabulary, pronunciation,
grammar, and usage. The differences in regional dialects can be influenced by factors
such as isolation, migration patterns, contact with other languages, and local cultural
practices.

SOCIAL DIALECT

A social dialect is a variation of a language that is associated with a particular social


group or class within a society. It refers to the linguistic features, vocabulary choices,
pronunciation patterns, and grammar usage that are characteristic of that specific social
group. Social dialects develop due to factors such as socioeconomic status, education
level, occupation, and cultural practices.

HISTORICAL DIALECT

A historical dialect refers to a variation of a language that has evolved and preserved
certain linguistic features from a specific period in the language's history. Historical
dialects are characterized by their retention of older vocabulary, pronunciation,
grammar, and usage patterns. These dialects offer insights into the linguistic history and
development of a language

OCCUPATION DIALECT

An occupation dialect, also known as a sociolect or professional jargon, is a variation of


a language that is associated with a specific occupation, profession, or specialized field.
It refers to the linguistic features, vocabulary choices, pronunciation patterns, and
discourse styles that are characteristic of that particular occupational group. Occupation
dialects develop due to the specific communication needs and shared knowledge within
a profession.

6. SARCASM
- a way of speaking or writing that involves saying the opposite of what you
really mean in order to make an unkind joke or to show that you are
annoyed

eg. Bravo, another round of applause for the person who managed to
mess up the simplest task!

Types of sarcasm:

- self-depreacting: “oh, I’m clearly a math genius.”


- deadpan: “I’m so excited to attend that party.”
- obnoxious: “Of course, I’m thrilled at the prospect of spending the entire night in
your gloomy basement”
- brooding: “Great, because I clearly don’t already work enough hours”
- polite: “you look lovely today!”
- raging: “what a fantastic idea! Why don’t I just scrub all the floors too?”
7. IRONY
- a situation that is strange because it is the opposite of what you expected

Types of irony:

- verbal: “Oh, that’s just great”


- situational: “I’m unusually early today”
- socratic: questioning
- cosmic: A weather forecaster’s house gets flooded during a drought
- dramatic: Romeo and Juliet

8. MANIPULATION
- to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or
dishonestly

An example of manipulation in the form of gaslighting might include


phrases like, "You're crazy," or "You're too sensitive." Someone who is
gaslighting you tries to make you feel that you aren't worthy of expressing
yourself and that your feelings and emotions are not real or valid.

9. PERSUASION
- the action of persuading someone or of being persuaded
eg. It took a lot of persuasion to convince the committee of the
advantages of the new plan.
She will help you - she just needs a little gentle persuasion
10. CONVERSATION
- The 4 Conversational Maxims are the Maxim of quality, the Maxim of
quantity, the Maxim of relevance, and the Maxim of manner
Grice's Maxim of quality:
Abiding by the Maxim of quality means not telling a lie on purpose. When following this
maxim during communication, you should:

- Only say things you believe to be true.


- Not say things that you cannot back up with evidence.

Grice's Maxim of quantity:


When following the Maxim of quantity, it is important to not withhold information
during communication that would be necessary to keep the conversation going.
However, it is also important not to bombard our listeners with too much irrelevant
information. When abiding by this maxim during communication, you should:

- Make your contribution to the conversation as informative as required.


- Not contribute more informative than required.

Grice's Maxim of relevance:


Following the Maxim of relevance keeps conversations on track and helps prevent
random conversations that lack continuity. This Maxim also helps us to understand
utterances in conversations that may not be initially obvious. When abiding by this
Maxim, you should:

- Only say things that are relevant to the conversation.

Grice's Maxim of manner:


The maxim of manner is a principle of effective communication that encourages
speakers to be clear, concise, and orderly in their expression.

For example, when following this Maxim, we should avoid using big or overly complex
words that we know our listeners won't understand and should try our best to be
concise and coherent. Take a look below for another example of a Maxim of manner

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