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Class X - Chemistry Record

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
71 views16 pages

Class X - Chemistry Record

Uploaded by

meghnad463
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

INSTRUCTIONS FOR WRITING CHEMISTRY RECORD

❖ Write neatly
❖ Use Blue gel or fountain pen
❖ Use pencil to underline side headings
❖ All titles and side headings ( Objective, Materials required etc, ) to be written in capital letters.
❖ Procedure / observation tabular column to be written on the Blank side with PENCIL ONLY.
❖ Experiment 1 - CHEMICAL REACTIONS
2(a) - pH VALUE
2(b) - PROPERTIES OF AN ACID AND A BASE
3 - METALS AND THEIR REACTIVITY
4 - PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID
5 - SOAPS
to be completed.
❖ Do not write any date now. Date will be provided later.
❖ Fill the expt. No and the page no. in the box given with pencil.
❖ Index must be written in capital letters only.

1
Expt. No. 1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

OBJECTIVE
To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:
a) Combination reaction b) Decomposition reaction c) Displacement reaction
d) Double displacement reaction

i) Action of water on quicklime


ii) Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
iii) Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
iv) Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, boiling tube, dropper, straw or a glass tube, spirit lamp or
Bunsen Burner, fire tongs, quicklime , crystals of ferrous sulphate, iron nails, copper sulphate solution,
sodium sulphate solution, barium chloride solution and water.

THEORY
● Chemical reactions are classified into following four types:
1. Combination reaction : A chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to
form a new substance is called a combination reaction. For example, quicklime combines with water to
form limewater
CaO (s) + H2O (s) --------------🡪 Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat

2. Decomposition reaction : A Chemical reaction in which a substance breaks up into two or


more new substances is called a decompositon reaction.
For example, ferrous sulphate crystals lose water of hydration on heating and form anhydrous ferrous
sulphate. On strong heating, anhydrous ferrous sulphate decomposes to form ferric oxide, sulphur
dioxide and sulphur trioxide gases.
Heat
FeSO4 . 7 H2O (s) -------------------🡪 FeSO4 (s) + 7H2O
Ferrous sulphate 3000C Anhydrous ferrous water
Crystals (light green) sulphate (white)

Strong heating
2FeSO4 (s) ----------------------------🡪 Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
Anhydrous Ferric oxide sulphur sulphur
Ferrous sulphate (reddish dioxide trioxide
brown)

3. Displacement reaction : A chemical reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a


less reactive metal from its salt solution is called a displacement reaction. For example, iron displaces
copper from copper sulphate solution and forms ferrous sulphate.

Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ----------------------🡪 FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)


Iron copper sulphate Ferrous sulphate copper
solution (blue) solution (light green)
4. Double displacement reaction : A chemical reaction in which ions are exchanged between
the reactants is called a double displacement reaction. For example, sodium sulphate and barium
chloride solutions react to form barium sulphate and sodium chloride.

2
Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) ---------------🡪 2NaCl (aq) + BaSO4 (s)
Sodium sulphate Barium chloride sodium chloride Barium sulphate
(white ppt.)

PROCEDURE – Copy the given tabular column on the blank side of your record with
PENCIL ONLY.
REACTION EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Action of water on Take about 5g of quicklime Stream is given out with test Quicklime reacts with
Quicklime. in a dry test tube and add tube become warm. water giving out heat and
about 1ml of water to it. water vapour.
Shake well and leave for The solution turns milky. The solution is limewater.
some time. Now, take some
solution in another test tube
and blow with the help of
straw.
2. Action of heat on ferrous Take some ferrous sulphate Water vapour is given out Water of crystallisation is
sulphate crystals. solution in a boiling tube and the colour of crystals given out and anhydrous
and heat them. charges from light green to ferrous sulphate is formed.
white.
A suffocating gas with The evolved gas is oxide of
smell of burning sulphur is sulphur. The red power is
evolved and white power ferric oxide.
becomes red.
3. Action of iron nails kept Take about 5 ml copper The blue coloured solution Iron from iron nails
in copper sulphate sulphate solution in a test slowly changes to light dissolves in the solution and
solution. tube and place 2 or 3 clean green colour. copper from the solution
iron nails in it and leave precipitates out in the form
undisturbed for 30 minutes of reddish brown particles
Take the iron nails out and which get deposited on iron
observe their surface. nails and at the bottom of
test tube.
The reddish brown particles
of copper get deposited on
them.
4. Reaction between Take 3 ml solution of A white coloured ppt. is White ppt. of barium
sodium sodium sulphate and add 3 formed. sulphate is formed.
sulphate and barium ml solution of barium
chloride solutions. chloride to it. Shake the
mixture gently and allow it
to stand for some time.
Filter the precipitate and A curdy white ppt. is The filtrate contains sodium
add few drops of silver obtained. chloride which reacts with
nitrate solution to the silver nitrate to form curdy
filtrate. white ppt. of silver chloride.

CONCLUSION :
● The reaction of water and quicklime is a combination reaction.
● Heating of ferrous sulphate crystals is a decomposition reaction.
● Reaction of iron and copper sulphate solution is a displacement reaction.
● Reaction of sodium sulphate and barium chloride solution is a double displacement reaction.

PRECAUTIONS
● Do not let the solutions spill over your skin or clothes as they may damage them.

3
● Heat the crystals carefully by holding the boiling tube in a test tube holder.
● Blow exhaled air into limewater slowly and carefully.
● Rub the iron nails with a sandpaper before using them.
● Use freshly prepared solution of copper sulphate.

4
Expt. NO.2(a)
pH VALUE

OBJECTIVE
To find the pH of the following samples using pH paper
(a) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
(b) Dilute NaOH (sodium hydroxide ) solution
(c) Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution
(d) Lemon juice
(e) Water
(f) Dilute Sodium Hydrogen carbonate solution

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, glass rod, pH paper, dil. HCl, dil. NaOH solution , dilute
ethanoic acid, lemon juice, water, dil. NaHCO3 solution and distilled water.

THEORY

● pH is a parameter which is used to express the acidic or basic strength of a solution.


● When pH value is below 7, the solution is acidic and when it is above 7 , the solution is basic or
alkaline. Thus:
● pH of a neutral solution is 7
● pH of a basic solution is more than 7
● pH of an acidic solution is less than 7.

Finding the pH: The pH of a solution can be determined by using a pH scale.

pH Paper: pH paper is prepared by dipping paper strips in different acid-base indicators and then drying
them. These paper strips are used to find the pH value of different solutions. pH paper gives different
colours for different pH values. A standard colour chart is provided with pH paper to match the colour
obtained. This gives the approximate value of the pH of given solution.

PROCEDURE

Take about 10 mL each of the given sample solutions in separate test tubes and mark them as A, B, C, D,
E and F respectively. Note down their names in the notebook.

Determination of pH by using pH paper

● Transfer a drop of each sample ( one sample at a time) on separate pH papers with the help of a
clean glass rod.
● Observe the colour change on pH paper and compare it with the standard pH value colour chart
given with pH paper.

OBSERVATIONS – Draw the observation tabular column given below in the blank side with
PENCIL ONLY.

Test Tube Name of the sample For pH paper


Colour developed Approximate pH value

5
A Dil. HCl solution
B Dil. NaOH solution
C Dil. Ethanoic acid
D Lemon juice
E Distilled Water
F Dil. NaHCO3 solution

PRECAUTIONS

● Always use clean and dry test tubes.


● Use clean and dry glass rod for each sample
● Always use separate strip of pH paper for testing different samples.

6
ACID-BASE REACTIONS
Expt No. 2(b)
PROPERTIES OF AN ACID
OBJECTIVE
To study the properties of an acid ( dil.HCl) by its reaction with (a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red) (b) Zinc
metal (c) solid sodium carbonate.

MATERIALS REQURIED
Hard glass test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, pieces of zinc metal, dilute hydrochloric acid, blue
and red litmus solutions, sodium carbonate and distilled water

THEORY
● Acids are substances that ionise in aqueous solutions to furnish hydrogen ions [H +] or hydronium
ions (H3O+). The word acid comes from a Latino word acidus which means ‘sour’ in taste. Thus,
all acids and their solutions are sour in taste. Acids occuring naturally in various substances are
weak acids while mineral acids are strong acids.
● Bases are substances which ionise to give hydroxyl (OH --) ions in their aqueous solutions.
● There are some complex compounds which change their colour with the change in the pH of
medium (acidic, neutral or basic). These substances are called indicators. Litmus, methyl orange
and phenolphthalein are common indicators. These are widely used to determine the acidic or basic
nature of a solution.
● Acids turn the colour of the blue litmus solution red but have no effect on red litmus solution.
● Dilute acids react with metals to produce salts and hydrogen gas.

2HCl + Zn ------🡪 ZnCl2 + H2 🡪


dil.Hydrochloric acid Zinc Metal Zinc chloride Hydrogen gas

Hydrogen is a combustible gas and burns in air (oxygen) with a pop sound.

2H2 + O2 ----------🡪 2H2O


Hydrogen Oxygen Water

● Dilute acids react with carbonates to liberate carbon dioxide gas. When carbon dioxide is passed
into freshly prepared limewater, the colour of limewater turns milky.

2HCl + Na2CO3 --------🡪 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O


dil. Hydrochloric acid sodium sodium carbon dioxide water
carbonate chloride

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 --------🡪 CaCO3 + H2O


Carbon dioxide Limewater Calcium carbonate Water

The calcium carbonate makes limewater milky.

PROCEDURE – Copy the tabular column on the blank side of your record with PENCIL
ONLY

7
EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Reaction with Litmus Solutions:
 Take some dil. HCl in a test Blue litmus turns red. HCl is acidic in nature.
tube and add few drops of blue
litmus solution to it.
 Take some dil. HCl in another No change in the colour of red HCl is an acid because acids do not
test tube and add few drops of litmus solution. affect red litmus solution.
red litmus solution to it.
Reaction with Zinc Metal:
 Take some dil. HCl in a test A colourless and odourless gas
tube and add few pieces of zinc comes out in the form of bubbles.
metal to it.
 Collect the gas in a test tube The gas burns with a pop sound. The evolved gas is hydrogen. This
and bring a burning matchstick shows acidic nature of HCl.
near it.
Reaction with Sodium Carbonate:
 Take some sodium carbonate A colourless gas is evolved with
in a dry test tube and add few brisk effervescence.
drops of dil. HCl to it slowly.
 Pass the produced gas into The lime water turns milky. The The gas produced is CO2 .
limewater. milkiness disappears on passing
the gas for long.

CONCLUSION
● HCl turns blue litmus red. It has no effect on red litmus.
● HCl reacts with metals to liberate hydrogen gas.
● HCl decomposes metal carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas.

PRECAUTIONS
● HCl is corrosive, so it should be handled with care because it may damage the skin and
clothes.
● Use small quantities of dil.HCl and Zn for the reaction as large quantities will produce large
amount of hydrogen gas which can cause explosion.

8
9
PROPERTIES OF A BASE
OBJECTIVE
To study the properties of a base (dil. NaOH solution ) by its reaction with (a) Litmus solution (Blue/Red)
(b) Zinc metal (c) Solid sodium carbonate

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Hard glass test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, pieces of zinc metal, dilute NaOH solution, litmus
solutions (blue and red) , sodium carbonate and distilled water.

THEORY
● Bases turn the colour of red litmus solution to blue but have no effect on blue litmus solution.
● Bases like NaOH and KOH react with metals like Zn, Al, etc. to liberate hydrogen gas. Hydrogen
gas burns with a pop sound.

2NaOH + Zn ------------🡪 Na2ZnO2 + H2 🡪


Sodium hydroxide Zinc metal Sodium zincate Hydrogen gas
● Bases do not react with metal carbonates.

NaOH + Na2CO3 --------🡪 No reaction.

● PROCEDURE – Copy the tabular column on the blank side of your record with
PENCIL ONLY
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Reaction with Litmus Solutions:
 Take some dil.NaOH solution Blue litmus turns red NaOH is basic in nature.
in a test tube and add few
drops of red litmus solution to
it. The colour of blue litmus does not NaOH is a base because bases do
 In another test tube, take some change. not affect blue litmus.
dil. NaOH solution and add
few drops of blue litmus
solution to it.
Reaction with Zinc Metal:
 Take some pieces of zinc metal A colourless and odourless gas
in a dry test tube, add NaOH evolves.
solution and warm it.
 Collect the gas in a dry test The gas burns with a pop sound. The evolved gas is hydrogen.
tube and bring a burning
matchstick near it.
Reaction with Sodium Carbonate:
 Take some Na2CO3 in a test No reaction occurs. NaOH does not react with sodium
tube and add few drops of carbonate.
NaOH solution to it.

CONCLUSION
● NaOH turns red litmus blue. It has no effect on blue litmus.
● NaOH reacts with zinc metal and evolves hydrogen gas.
● NaOH does not react with sodium carbonate.

PRECAUTIONS

1
0
● NaOH is corrosive, so handle it carefully as it can damage the skin and clothes.
● Always use small quantities of chemicals.
● Warm the solution carefully by holding the test tube in a test tube holder.

1
1
Expt.No.:3
METALS AND THEIR REACTIVITY
OBJECTIVE:
(a) To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions.
(i) ZnSO4(aq) (ii) FeSO4(aq) (iii)CuSO4(aq) (iv)Al2(SO4)3(aq)
(b) Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above results.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Test tubes, test tube stand, thin strips or wires of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al, aqueous solution of ZnSO 4,
FeSO4, CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3.

THEORY:
 Metals are the elements which formed positive ions by losing one or more electrons. Therefore, they
are also called electropositive elements.
 Some metals are more reactive than others. They react with oxygen, water and dilute acids. More
reactive metals displace hydrogen from dilute acid whereas less reactive metals do not displace
hydrogen from them.
 On the basis of their reactivity, metals have been arranged in a vertical column starting from the
most reactive metal to the least reactive metal. This arrangement of metals is known as reactivity
series of metals.
 Potassium, the most reactive metal is placed at the top while platinum, the least reactive metal is
placed at the bottom.
 A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.

PROCEDURE:
 Make 4 sets of 4 test tubes each. Pour about 10 ml of zinc sulphate solution in the test tubes of first
set, ferrous sulphate solution in second set, copper sulphate solution in the third set and aluminium
sulphate solution in the fourth set.
 Now, place small pieces of zinc in the first test tube, iron in second test tube, copper in third test
tube and aluminium in fourth test tube of each set.
 Leave the apparatus undisturbed for about 30 minutes and observe the change in colour or formation of
ppt. in each of the test tubes

OBSERVATIONS:
Copy the given tabular column and reactivity series of metals on the blank side of your record
with PENCIL ONLY.
Metal ZnSO4 solution FeSO4 solution CuSO4 solution Al2(SO4)3 solution
Fe
Zn
Cu
Al

1
2
REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS.
K - Potassium Most reactive
Na - Sodium |
Ca - Calcium |
Mg - magnesium |
Al - Aluminium | Reactivity
Zn - Zinc | decreases
Fe - Iron | down
Ni - Nickel |
Sn - Tin |
Pb - lead |
H - Hydrogen |
Cu - Copper |
Hg - Mercury |
Ag - Silver |
Au - Gold V
Pt - Platinum Least reactive

CONCLUSION:
Aluminium is the most reactive metal among the given metals as it displaces other metals from their salt
solutions while copper is the least reactive metal because it does not displace any of the given metals.
On the basis of observations made, the given metals can be arranged in decreasing order of their reactivity as
follows.
An > Zn > Fe > Cu

PRECAUTIONS:
 Only freshly prepared solutions of metal salts should be used.
 Salt solutions should be handled carefully as they may be harmful and poisonous.
 Metal pieces are wires should be cleaned with a sand paper.

1
3
Expt.No:4
PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID

OBJECTIVE:
To study the following properties of ethanoic acid:
(a) Odour (b) Solubility in water (c) Effect on litmus (d) Reaction with sodium bicarbonate

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Ethanoic acid, sodium bicarbonate, blue and red litmus paper, water, freshly prepared lime water, test tubes,
delivery tubes and cork with hole.

THEORY:
 Ethanoic acid, commonly acetic acid, is an organic acid.
 Its chemical formula is CH3COOH.
 It is a weak acid with vinegar like smell.
 It is readily soluble in water.
 In pure form, it is called glacial acetic acid because on cooling below 16.6 oC, it forms ice like
Crystals.
 It reacts with sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate to produce sodium ethanoate, water with
the liberation of carbon dioxide.
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

PROCEDURE:
Draw the tabular column given below in the blank side of your record with PENCIL ONLY.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
(a) Odour
Take 1 ml of acetic acid in a test tube Vinegar like skill. Acetic acid smells like vinegar.
and smell it.
Take some dil. HCl in another test No change in the colour of red litmus HCl is an acid because acid do not
tube and add few drops of red litmus solution. affect red litmus solution.
solution to it.
(b) Solubility in water
Take some water in a test tube and add Acetic acid forms a homogeneous Acetic acid is soluble in water.
1 ml of acetic in it. Shake it. solution.
(c) Effect on litmus
Take ml of acetic acid in a test tube The colour of blue litmus paper strip Confirms acetic nature of acetic acid.
and dip strips of blue and red litmus turns red but red litmus paper strip
paper in it one by one. remains unaffected.
(c) Reaction with sodium bicarbonate
Take 3 ml of dilute acetic acid in test A colourless and odourless gas The evolved gas may be CO2.
tube and add a pinch of sodium evolves with brisk effervescence.
bicarbonate to it.
Pass the evolved gas into limewater Limewater turns milky. The evolved gas is carbon dioxide.
with the help of delivery tube.

PRECAUTIONS:
 Handle acetic acid carefully as it is corrosive to skin.
 Always use freshly limewater to test carbon dioxide gas.

1
4
Expt.No:5
SOAPS
OBJECTIVE:
To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft and hard water.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Groundwater, distilled water, soap sample, calcium hydrogencarbonate or calcium sulphate, physical balance
and weight box, beaker (each of 100ml), glass rods, test tubes and test tube stand, measuring scale and
measuring cylinder(50 ml).

THEORY:
 Each soap molecule has a polar end COO -Na+ and a non polar end which is formed of a long chain of
carbon atoms. The non polar end is represented by ‘R’. The polar end of soap is soluble in water while
nonpolar end is insoluble in water but soluble in oil.
 The cleaning capacity of soap depends upon its capacity to form foam with water. A soap forms good
amount of foam when dissolved in soft water. In case of hard water, soaps do not form foam but produce
a curdy white participate called scum.
2RCOO-Na+ + Ca2+ → (RCOO-)2Ca2+ + 2Na+
Due to the formation of curdy white precipitate, soap is not able to form foam and hence cleaning capacity of
soap decreases in hard water.

PROCEDURE:
 Take three beakers, each with 100 ml capacity and label them as A, B and C.
 Pour 20 ml distilled water each in beaker A and C, and 20 ml ground water in beaker B.
 Add 2 g of calcium hydrocarbonate or calcium sulphate in beaker C and stir well.
 Add 1 g of soap sample in each beaker, i.e., A, B and C and stir the content with separate glass rods.
Leave the mixture for some time.
 Now, arrange three clean and dry test tubes in a test tube stand and label them as A, B and C.
 Pour 4 ml soap solution from beaker A into test tube A, 4 ml from beaker B into test tube B and 4
ml from beaker C into test tube C.
 Measure the height of solution in each test tube and note it down in the observation table.
 Now, take test tube A, Shake it 10 times by closing its mouth with your thumb and put it back in the
test tube stand. Measure the height of solution with foam in the test tube and note it in the
observation table.
 Do the same thing with test tube B and C.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:


Draw the tabular column given below in the blank side of your record with PENCIL ONLY.
Mixture Height of solution in test Height of solution with Length of foam
(Soap+Water) tube (x cm) foam in test tube (y cm) produced (y-x)cm
1. Test tube A - Soap
solution in distilled water
(soft water)
2. Test tube B - Soap
solution in ground water
(hard water)
3. Test tube C - Soap
solution in distilled water
containing Ca(HCO3)2 or
CaSO4 (hard water)

1
5
CONCLUSION AND EXPLANATION:
 Maximum foam is produced in distilled water and minimum in distilled water containing Ca(HCO3)2
or CaSO4.
 The production of foam by soap depends on the availability of free hydrophobic part (alkyl group) of
soap. In case of hard water, hydrophobic part of soap is trapped due to scum or
precipitation and less amount of foam is formed.therefore, hard water is not suitable for washing
purpose.

PRECAUTIONS:
 Take equal quantities of soap solution in each test tube.
 Each test tube should be shaken for equal number of times and with equal force.
 The measurement of foam should be done soon after shaking the test tube.

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