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Chapter 2

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11 views4 pages

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

Bhima Game
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2

CONSTANTS, VARIABLES AND DATATYPES

CHARACTER SET:

The characters that can be used to form words, numbers and expressions
depend upon the computer on which the program is run.
The characters in C are grouped into the following categories;
1. Letters (like: A-Z or a-z)
2. Digits (like:0-9)
3. Special characters (, . ; ? : $ # etc)
4. White spaces (like: blank spaces, tab, carriage return, new line)

C TOKENS:

The smallest individual units in a program are known as Tokens.


They are,
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Constants
4. Strings
5. Special Symbols
6. Operators

I) Keywords:

They are explicitly reserved identifiers & cannot be used as names for the
program variables or other user-defined program elements.
There are 32 keywords in C.
Ex: - break, case, char, const, etc.

II) Identifiers:

Identifiers refers to the names of variables, functions, arrays created by the


programmer. They are fundamental requirements of any language.

Rules:

*) Only alphabetic characters, digits and underscores are permitted.


*) The name can’t start with a digit.
*) Uppercase & Lowercase letters are distinct.
*) A declared keyword can’t be used as a variable name.
III) Constants:

Constants refer to a fixed value that do not change during the execution of a
program.
Ex: 1, 1000, 1.00, etc.

IV) Strings:

A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in a “double quotes”.


Ex: “HELLO” , “2002”, “x”, etc.

V) Special Symbols:

These are used in arrays, opening & closing of the program or a function.
Ex: [ ] , { }

VI) Operators:

Operators are those, which operate on the operand.


Ex: +, -, /, etc.

CONSTANTS

Constants refer to a fixed value that do not change during the execution of a
program.

CONSTANTS

NUMERIC CONSTANTS CHARACTER CONSTANTS

Integer Real Single Character String


Constants Constants Constants Constants
VARIABLES

DEFINATION:

A variable is a data name that may be used to store a data value. A variable may
take different values at different times during the execution of a program.

Declaration of Variables:

All variables must first be declared before they are used in programs. This helps the
compiler to do two things;
i) Reserve the amount of memory required.
ii) Correctness of the objects use
If there is an undeclared object is encountered in the program, then error is
generated with the diagnostic message.

Rules
i) The name of a variable is a meaningful sequence of letters, digits and the
underscore character.
ii) The first character must begin with an alphabet or an underscore.
iii) All succeeding characters must be either letters or digits.

Ex:
Int I;
Char myname;

DATA TYPES

C language is rich in its datatypes. ANSI C supports the following data types.
1) Primary (or Fundamental ) data types.
2) User-defined data type.
3) Derived data type.

I) Primary Datatype:
Name Size(in bytes) Range of values
a) char 1 -128 to 127
b) int 2 -32,768 to 32,767
c) float 4 3.4e-38 to 3.4e+38
d) double 8 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308
II) User-Defined Datatype:

a) structures
b) unions
c) enum

III) Derived Datatype:

a) array
b) function
c) pointer

Modifiers:

The basic datatypes may have several modifiers preceding them to serve the
needs of various situations. They are,
a) signed
b) unsigned
c) long
d) short
may be applied to character and integer datatypes. However, the modifier long may
also be applied to double.
After applying the modifiers to basic datatypes, their size is as follows,
Name Size(in bytes) Range of values
a) unsigned char 1 0 to 255
b) signed char 1 -128 to 127
c) unsigned int 2 0 to 65535
d) signed int 2 -31768 to 32767
e) short int 2 -31768 to 32767
f) long int 4 --------------------
g) long double 10 --------------------

END OF CHAPTER 2

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