Dr. Ögr.

Üyesi Ramazan Zengin - Week 1 0

Books:

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Language Teaching Skills course
The aim of Language Teaching Skills course is to help future teachers
learn effective methods and strategies for teaching the four key
language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. These courses
focus on how to guide students in developing these skills, using various
techniques, materials, and activities that promote communication,
comprehension, and language use in real-life situations. The goal is to
prepare teachers to create engaging and effective lessons that support
language learners at different levels.

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Key Concepts in Language Skills Development

• Fluency vs. Accuracy: The balance between producing language quickly (fluency) and producing it
correctly (accuracy).

• Communicative Competence: Importance of teaching students to use language appropriately in

various contexts.

• Input Hypothesis (Krashen): Exposure to language that is slightly above the learner's current level
(i+1) facilitates learning.

• Interaction Hypothesis: How language is learned through meaningful interaction and conversation.

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Theories and Approaches to Language
Teaching
• Behaviorist vs. Cognitivist Views: Behaviorism (e.g., drilling and repetition) and cognitive
approaches (e.g., constructivism).

• Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): The importance of communication in teaching language

skills.

• Task-Based Learning: Task-based learning where students focus on using language to complete real-
life tasks.

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Learner Differences and Needs
• Learning Styles and Strategies: Learners have different styles (e.g., visual, auditory) and how
teachers should adapt their strategies accordingly.

• Motivation and Anxiety: Motivation (intrinsic vs. extrinsic), anxiety affects language learning.

WHAT WAS YOUR MOTIVATION FOR LEARNING

ENGLISH OR CHOOSING THIS PROFESSION ?

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What does LEARNING mean ?
• Acquiring or getting knowledge of a subject or a skill by study,
experience or instructions.
•…
• The relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency, the result
of reinforced practice.
•…

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According to the statistics, students retain:
10% of what they read;

20% of what they hear;

30% of what they see;

___________________________________________
50% of what see and hear;

70% of what they say; and

90% of what they say and do.

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 Cognitive Learning Theory

David Ausubel – Learning takes place in the human

organism through a meaningful process of relating
new events / items to already existing cognitive pegs.

Every person has some cognitive structure, so s/he relates the

new information to his/her existing concepts/ structures.

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Rote Learning vs Cognitive Learning

It is a learning technique which focuses on memorization. You fix

information to your memory by means of frequent repetition.

Look at the number for 3 seconds and try to remember it

without writing it !

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Rote Learning vs Cognitive Learning

902 124 255 759

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Rote
Learning

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Meaningful Learning
• Mnemonic (device for remembering)

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Meaningful Learning

Mnemonics:

S……………………..
O…………………….
N…………………….
D…………………….

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 Meaningful Learning
Mnemonics: memory tools that can help you learn or remember
information more easily.

acronyms and association chunking songs and rhymes

acrostics
if you have a new coworker named
S………… September Todd and an uncle with the same You break your Turkish Like the Song which is used
O……….. October name, you could imagine your co- citizenship number / your to teach the English
N….……. November worker with glasses, a moustache, phone number into Alphabet
D………. December and a pencil behind his ear — like chunks in order to
your uncle Todd — to help you remember
remember your co-worker’s name.

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Meaningful Learning

(Vocabulary)

Conservative …
International …

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Meaningful Learning
• Listen to the following numbers & words.
• Don’t write them
• Try to remember them

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1. 15
2. 16
3. 17
4. 18
5. 19
6. 20
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

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Punishment
withdrawal of
positive
reinforcement

Punishment
Presenting
opposite
stimulus

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Punishment

What is the place of punishment in education?

Your ideas?

Your experiences?

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Punishment

Punishment does not eliminate the undesired

behavior, but it temporarily suppresses it !!!

Punishment for undesired behavior 

Rewarding the desired behavior ☺

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Memory

• S.T.M. ----

• L.T.M. ---

• P.M. -----

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Humanistic Psychology
Carl Rodgers studied the whole person as a physical, cognitive and
primarily as an emotional being.

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According to Humanistic Psychology
Students are physical + cognitive + emotional beings

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What are ideal physical conditions of a CLR?

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What are ideal physical conditions of a CLR?

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Before you start teaching …

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Before you start teaching …
• WHO are you teaching – who are the learners ? Who are the teachers?
• (VYL, YL, Adolescents, Adults, Senior SS) -- Novice teachers, Experienced
Teachers, Native Teachers, ESL Teachers, …
• WHY are they learning ?
• (GE, ESP, Exam, Academic, …)
• WHERE are they learning?
• School, Course, State school, private school, EFL Country, ESL Country, ENL
Country, …
• WHAT are you teaching
• GE, ESP, EAP, English for Exams, …
• HOW are you teaching?
• What methods, techniques, approaches, materials are you using?
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The Natural Approach

Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell

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The Natural Approach

The Natural Approach was developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy

Terrell in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Krashen's theories aim to
provide an explanation of second language acquisition."

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It has 5 Hypotheses

1. Acq…………………..

2. Inp …………………..

3. Aff …………………..

4. Mon …………………..

5. Nat …………………..

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It has 5 Hypotheses

1. Acquisition vs Learning Hypothesis

2. The Input Hypothesis

3. The Affective Filter Hypothesis

4. Monitor (Model) Hypothesis

5. Natural Order Hypothesis

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 In Natural Approach there is an emphasis on INPUT rather than
Practice.

Optimizing emotional preparedness for learning

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Acquisition vs Learning Hypothesis

• Acquisition-----------vs--------------Learning
(unconscious)……………………………………………….(consciously learnt rules)

LAD operates LAD doesn’t

before puberty operate after
puberty

puberty

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The Input Hypothesis (i + 1)
+1

T’s level should be slightly above

i the ss’ present level

i+1
Ss’ present level of English

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İ+1 Proficiency

İ+1

İ+1 Advanced

İ+1

İ+1 Upper-Intermediate

İ+1

İ+1 Intermediate

İ+1

İ+1 Lower-Intermediate

İ+1

İ+1 Elementary

İ+1
i Beginner 49
Affective Filters Hypothesis

FOR INPUT: These 3 filters must be at optimum level 50

Affective Filters Hypothesis

motivation anxiety self confidence 51

Monitor Model Hypothesis
• SS can monitor their own performances by means of their learnt
rules. In order to monitor ss need…

(time)-----------(necessity)---------(knowledge)
GRAMMAR RULES

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Natural Order Hypothesis
• What grammar structures does a baby use first.

• What about the skills. Usually…

Listening-----speaking------reading----Writing

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