Experiment 1 and 2: Google App Engine (GAE)

1. What is Google App Engine?

◦ GAE is a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offered by Google that allows developers to
build and deploy scalable web applications and services.
2. What are the main components of Google App Engine?

◦ The main components include an application server, a datastore, a load balancer, and
various APIs for different services.
3. What’s the difference between a traditional web app and an application running on
GAE?

◦ Traditional web apps require manual server management, while GAE automatically
handles infrastructure tasks such as scaling and load balancing.
4. Can you explain what static les are in the context of GAE? How do they differ from
dynamic les?

◦ Static les are les that don’t change (e.g., images, CSS). Dynamic les are
generated at runtime (e.g., HTML generated by a script).
5. What do you understand by request handlers?

◦ Request handlers process incoming HTTP requests and generate responses. They are
de ned in the application con guration.
6. What are some common issues that can occur when using GAE?

◦ Issues may include scaling limitations, dependency con icts, and billing
management for resource usage.
7. What is cloud computing?

◦ It’s the delivery of computing services (e.g., servers, storage, databases) over the
internet, allowing for on-demand resource availability.
8. Is it possible to use custom domain names with applications hosted on GAE? If yes,
then how?

◦ Yes, by mapping the custom domain in the GCP console and verifying domain
ownership.
9. How can you enable secure connections (SSL) for your GAE hosted website?

◦ GAE automatically supports SSL for custom domains through Google-managed

certi cates.
10. What are some alternatives to GAE if we want to host our own software?

◦ Alternatives include AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Microsoft Azure App Service, and
Heroku.
11. What are some advantages of using GAE over other similar solutions like AWS
Lambda?

◦ GAE provides automatic scaling for web applications with persistent services,
whereas AWS Lambda is focused on serverless event-driven functions.
12. What is scalability?
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 ◦ Scalability is the ability of a system to handle increased load by adding resources or
adapting its architecture.
13. What are the various components of the Google Cloud Platform?

◦ Compute Engine, App Engine, Cloud Storage, BigQuery, Cloud SQL, and more.
14. What do you know about Google Cloud SDK?
◦ It is a set of tools for managing GCP resources, including the gcloud CLI for
deploying applications and managing services.
15. What are the different installation options for the Google Cloud SDK?

◦ It can be installed via direct download, package managers like apt for Linux, or
brew for macOS.
16. How do you deploy the project/an application to App Engine standard environment?

◦ Deploy using the gcloud app deploy command with an app.yaml

con guration le.
17. What can you do with Google App Engine?

◦ You can build and host scalable web apps and APIs with minimal server
management.
18. How do you create a Google App Engine?

◦ Create a project in GCP, enable App Engine, and deploy your app using gcloud.
19. Which languages are supported by Google App Engine?

◦ Supported languages include Python, Java, Node.js, Go, PHP, and Ruby.
20. Does Google App Engine follow IaaS?

◦ No, GAE is a PaaS, which abstracts the infrastructure layer.

21. What is Google Cloud Platform?

◦ It is a suite of cloud computing services provided by Google for building, deploying,

and scaling applications.
22. What is Google App Engine used for?

◦ Hosting web applications and services with automatic scaling.

23. How many App Engine applications can you create in a GCP project?
◦ One App Engine application per GCP project.
24. Who uses Google App Engine?
◦ Developers and companies that need to deploy scalable web applications.
25. How do I deploy a web application in Google App Engine?
◦ Prepare the app.yaml le and use gcloud app deploy.
Experiment 3: CloudSim

1. What is CloudSim? What does it do?

◦ CloudSim is a simulation toolkit for modeling and experimenting with cloud
computing infrastructures and services.
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◦ It is suitable for research projects that require simulating cloud environments for
testing algorithms and scheduling policies.
3. What do I need to use CloudSim? How can I install it?

◦ You need Java and Eclipse IDE. Import the CloudSim source code as a project in
Eclipse.
4. What are the default behaviors of components provided in the CloudSim package?

◦ It includes pre-de ned classes for data centers, VMs, and scheduling policies.
5. What are the default scheduling policies, and how can I change them?
◦ Default policies include time-shared and space-shared scheduling. Modify by
extending or creating new classes.
6. What scheduling decisions should be implemented at VM level?

◦ Allocation of tasks within a VM and management of resources like CPU and

memory.
7. What scheduling decisions should be implemented at broker level?

◦ Distribution of tasks to different VMs and load balancing between data centers.
8. What class should I modify to implement your algorithm?
◦ You would modify or extend DatacenterBroker or
VmAllocationPolicy.
9. What are the different reasons to opt for CloudSim?

◦ Cost-effective experimentation, exibility in de ning cloud scenarios, and testing

new scheduling algorithms.
10. What are the components of CloudSim?

◦ Data centers, VMs, cloudlets, brokers, and allocation policies.

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Experiment 3: CloudSim (continued)

11. Why use CloudSim?

◦ CloudSim is useful for simulating and modeling cloud computing environments
without the need to deploy a physical cloud infrastructure. It helps in testing and
validating algorithms, resource management, and scheduling policies ef ciently.
12. What is the CloudSim directory structure?
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 ◦The directory structure typically includes packages for core simulation components,
extensions, examples, and scheduling policies. Main directories include
org.cloudbus.cloudsim, org.cloudbus.cloudsim.core, etc.
13. What are the features of CloudSim?

◦Some key features include support for large-scale cloud simulation, modeling data
centers and VMs, customizable scheduling policies, and simulation of network and
energy-aware environments.
14. How can you implement a new scheduling algorithm in CloudSim?

◦ Create a new class that extends existing scheduling classes such as

DatacenterBroker or VmScheduler, and override relevant methods to
customize scheduling logic.
15. Write the applications of CloudSim.

◦ Applications include simulating different cloud scenarios, testing resource

provisioning algorithms, evaluating VM scheduling policies, and educational
purposes for learning cloud infrastructure.
Experiment 4 and 5: Virtualization

1. What is VirtualBox?
◦VirtualBox is an open-source virtualization software that allows you to run multiple
operating systems simultaneously on a single physical machine.
2. What is the use of VirtualBox?

◦It’s used for creating and running virtual machines (VMs) to test and develop
software in different OS environments.
3. What are the bene ts of using a virtual machine?

◦ Isolation from the host system, the ability to run multiple OSs, ef cient resource
utilization, and easy backups and migration.
4. VirtualBox runs on which operating systems?

◦ It runs on Windows, macOS, Linux, and Solaris.

5. Why is virtualization useful?
◦Virtualization helps optimize resource usage, improves scalability, supports testing in
isolated environments, and enables disaster recovery solutions.
6. What is a host operating system (host OS)?

◦The host OS is the main operating system installed on the physical hardware that
runs the virtualization software.
7. What is a guest operating system (guest OS)?

◦ The guest OS is the operating system running inside the virtual machine.
8. What are VM groups?
◦ VM groups are sets of VMs that are managed together within the virtualization
environment, enabling easier control and resource allocation.
9. Is a virtual machine a cloud?
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 ◦No, a virtual machine is a single instance of an OS running on virtualization
software, whereas cloud computing provides services over the internet with a shared
pool of resources.
10. Which command is used to transfer les between VMs?

◦The scp (Secure Copy Protocol) command is commonly used for secure le
transfers between VMs.
11. How to con gure the network setup for a VM?

◦Con gure the network adapter settings in the virtualization software (e.g., NAT,
Bridged, Host-only) to manage how the VM connects to the network.
12. Explain memory and storage virtualization.

◦Memory virtualization abstracts physical memory into smaller blocks for VMs to
use independently. Storage virtualization pools physical storage resources into a
centralized storage that is accessible to multiple VMs or applications.
13. What is a .vmdk le?

◦A .vmdk le is a virtual disk le used by VMware and other virtualization

platforms to store the contents of a virtual machine's hard disk.
14. What is SCP for le transfer?

◦
SCP (Secure Copy Protocol) is used to securely transfer les between computers
over SSH.
15. How do I transfer les from Windows to a virtual machine?

◦You can use shared folders in VirtualBox/VMware, SCP, or drag-and-drop if the

virtualization platform supports it.
16. Why is the OS called a virtual machine?

◦An OS running within a virtualization software is called a virtual machine because it

simulates an independent computer system with its own resources.
17. What are the characteristics of virtualization?

◦ Characteristics include resource isolation, scalability, portability, workload

balancing, and high availability.
Experiment 6: Design and Deploy a PaaS Environment

1. Can you explain what Platform as a Service (PaaS) is?

◦PaaS is a cloud computing service model that provides a platform allowing
customers to develop, run, and manage applications without dealing with
infrastructure management.
2. What are some examples of PaaS providers?

◦ Examples include Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Service, and Heroku.
3. What are the main bene ts of using PaaS?
◦
Simpli es app development, provides built-in tools and frameworks, auto-scaling,
and reduces the need for infrastructure management.
4. Why do you think PaaS has become so popular in recent years?
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 ◦ The popularity stems from the reduced complexity in development, fast deployment,
and the ability to focus more on coding rather than infrastructure.
5. How does using PaaS differ from using SaaS or IaaS?

◦ SaaS is software delivered as a service, IaaS provides virtualized computing

resources, and PaaS offers a development platform for building applications.
6. Is it possible to use multiple languages and frameworks with PaaS? If yes, then how?

◦ Yes, many PaaS providers support multiple programming languages and

frameworks. Developers can choose the desired runtime environment when
deploying their apps.
7. What are some common challenges faced when using PaaS?

◦ Challenges include limited control over the environment, potential vendor lock-in,
and performance issues with custom con gurations.
8. Do you need to be an expert programmer to use PaaS?

◦ No, PaaS abstracts infrastructure complexities, making it easier for developers of all
levels to use it.
9. What kinds of applications should not be developed on PaaS?

◦ Applications that require highly customized infrastructure settings or full control

over the server environment may not be ideal for PaaS.
10. Is it possible to develop high-level security apps on PaaS?

◦ Yes, but it may require additional security measures beyond what the PaaS provider
offers by default.
11. What kind of data can be stored while using PaaS?

◦ Any type of application data, such as structured database records or unstructured

les, can be stored.
12. Which programming language would you recommend for PaaS development?

◦ It depends on the PaaS provider, but popular options include Python, JavaScript
(Node.js), Java, and Go.
13. What are some best practices to follow when building a solution on PaaS?

◦ Optimize code for performance, follow best security practices, use version control,
and design for scalability.
14. What is the difference between PaaS and iPaaS?

◦ PaaS focuses on app development and hosting, while iPaaS (Integration Platform as
a Service) facilitates integration between different services and systems.
15. What are some ways in which PaaS provides better developer productivity than other
solutions?

◦ PaaS offers built-in tools, automatic updates, and simpli ed deployment processes,
enhancing productivity.
16. What does AWS Amplify do?

◦ AWS Amplify is a development platform for building cloud-enabled applications

that support mobile and web backends with tools for authentication, storage, APIs,
and hosting.
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 17. Which services are provided by PaaS?
◦ Services include application hosting, databases, runtime environments, middleware,
and development tools.
18. What are the characteristics of PaaS?

◦ Includes scalability, multi-tenancy, integrated development environment, and

automated infrastructure management.
19. What are the limitations of AWS Amplify?

◦ It may have limited customizability, dependencies on AWS infrastructure, and

potential scalability limitations for complex apps.
20. How is PaaS deployed over the cloud?

◦ It is deployed through a cloud provider's platform, which manages the infrastructure

and runtime environment for applications.
Case Studies & Cloud Security

1. What is cloud security services?

◦ Cloud security services are measures and protocols implemented to protect cloud
data, applications, and infrastructure from threats.
2. Which best practice ensures data security in the private cloud?

◦ Implementing strong encryption, access controls, and regular security audits ensures
data security.
3. What is the best characteristic of the private cloud?

◦ High control and customization, providing enhanced data privacy and security.
Amazon EC2

1. What is EC2?
◦ EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) is an IaaS offering from AWS that provides scalable
virtual servers.
2. How do you run systems in the Amazon EC2 environment?

◦ Launch an EC2 instance through the AWS Management Console, CLI, or API, and
con gure it with the desired OS and applications.
3. Are there any limitations in sending email from Amazon EC2 instances?

◦ Yes, to prevent spam, AWS limits outbound email traf c. Requests for higher limits
may need approval.
4. What operating system environments are supported by EC2?

◦ It supports Windows, various distributions of Linux, and custom AMIs.

5. How many instances can I run in Amazon EC2?

◦ The default limit varies but can be increased by requesting a limit increase from
AWS.

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AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure Cloud Services

1. What is the difference between AWS, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and Microsoft
Azure?

◦ While all three offer cloud services, AWS is known for its extensive global reach and
vast service offerings. Google Cloud Platform is recognized for its data analytics
and machine learning capabilities. Azure integrates seamlessly with other Microsoft
services and enterprise tools.
2. What are the main advantages of AWS over other cloud providers?

◦ AWS has a comprehensive service catalog, a mature infrastructure, high availability,

and a large global presence.
3. Which service in AWS is used for database management?

◦ Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) is used for managed databases, while
DynamoDB offers NoSQL database capabilities.
4. Which Google Cloud services provide serverless computing?

◦ Google Cloud Functions and App Engine provide serverless computing solutions.
5. Can you run Kubernetes on AWS?
◦ Yes, AWS offers Amazon EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service) for running
Kubernetes clusters.
6. What is the role of Google BigQuery in cloud services?

◦ BigQuery is a serverless, fully managed data warehouse that enables scalable

analysis over petabytes of data.
7. Explain what Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines are.

◦ Azure Virtual Machines are scalable, on-demand computing resources that run on
Azure's cloud infrastructure, allowing you to run virtualized Windows or Linux
environments.
8. What is AWS Lambda?

◦ AWS Lambda is a serverless computing service that runs code in response to events
and automatically manages the computing resources required.
9. What is the key feature of Google Cloud App Engine?

◦Google Cloud App Engine is a PaaS that allows developers to build and deploy
scalable web applications and services without managing infrastructure.
10. How do you monitor services in Microsoft Azure?

◦ Azure offers Azure Monitor and Log Analytics for tracking application
performance and infrastructure health.
Cloud Security and Compliance

1. What is the shared responsibility model in cloud computing?

◦ It is a security framework where cloud providers handle the security "of" the cloud
(e.g., physical infrastructure), while customers handle security "in" the cloud (e.g.,
data, applications).
2. What are some compliance standards that cloud providers meet?

◦ Common standards include ISO 27001, SOC 1/2/3, GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI DSS.
3. What is data encryption in transit and at rest?
◦ In-transit encryption protects data as it moves between systems. At-rest
encryption secures data stored on disk or in databases.
4. Why is Identity and Access Management (IAM) important in the cloud?

◦ IAM ensures that only authorized users have access to speci c resources, minimizing
the risk of unauthorized access or data breaches.
5. What are security groups in AWS?

◦ Security groups are virtual rewalls that control inbound and outbound traf c for
EC2 instances.
6. What does the term “zero trust security” mean?

◦ Zero trust security is an approach where trust is never assumed, and veri cation is
required at every access point.
7. Explain the importance of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA).

◦ MFA adds an extra layer of security by requiring not just a password but also an
additional veri cation method (e.g., an SMS code).
8. What is the role of a cloud access security broker (CASB)?

◦ CASB acts as a security policy enforcement point between cloud service users and
cloud applications, ensuring compliance and data protection.
DevOps and Cloud Integration

1. What does DevOps mean?

◦ DevOps is a combination of practices and tools designed to increase an
organization's ability to deliver applications and services more ef ciently.
2. What are the key tools used in DevOps for cloud deployment?

◦ Common tools include Jenkins, Docker, Kubernetes, Terraform, and Ansible.

3. What is Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?

◦ IaC involves managing and provisioning infrastructure through code instead of

manual processes, allowing version control and automated deployments.
4. Explain the use of Docker in cloud environments.

◦ Docker is used for containerizing applications, making them portable and ensuring
consistent behavior across different environments.
5. What is Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)?
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 ◦ CI/CD is a set of practices that automate code integration, testing, and deployment,
facilitating faster and more reliable software releases.
6. How is version control important for DevOps?

◦ Version control systems like Git allow teams to track changes, collaborate, and
manage code versions ef ciently.
7. What is Kubernetes, and why is it used?

◦ Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates

deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
8. What does ‘container orchestration’ mean?

◦ Container orchestration involves managing the lifecycle of containers, including

their deployment, scaling, networking, and monitoring.
9. What is Jenkins used for?

◦ Jenkins is a CI/CD tool used to automate the build, test, and deployment processes.
10. What is a cloud pipeline?

◦ A cloud pipeline automates the stages of software development, including code

integration, testing, and deployment.

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