Toán 3
Lesson 2: Integral and Comparison Tests
(Nguyen Chanh Tu, DUT)
(From Maple worksheet)
11.3. Integral Test
1 Integral Test
Example
O with(plots):with(student):
1
O f := x/ 2 ;
x
1
f := x/ 2
(1.1.1.1)
x
O for i from 1 to 5 do f i od:
O display seq rightbox f x , x = 1 ..6, SoHinh , SoHinh = 5 ..80 , insequence = true ;
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
O Int f x , x = 1 ..N ;
N
1
2
dx (1.1.1.2)
x
1
O value % ;
1 (1.1.1.3)
1
O Sum 2
, n = 1 ..N ; value % ;
n
N
> n1
n=1
2
1 2
p (1.1.1.4)
6
O evalf % ;
O
Integral Test. (R)
O
O
2 Application of Integral Test.
The integral test not only tells us whether or not a series converges, but can also be used to
provide an estimate of the error incurred by truncating the series after n terms.
Ex.1
N
> n 1C1
n= 1
2
Test the following series for convergence or divergence.
Solution:
Ex. 2. Review
N
For what values of p is the p-series > n1
n=1
p
convergent?
Solition:
Ex. 3
2 kK1
1 N
2
Let ak =
2 k K1
. Evaluate the convergence of >a .
k= 1
k
Solution
3 Remainder Estimate for the Integral Test (optional)
Introduction
Suppose f k = ak, where f is a continuous, positive, decreasing function for x R n and
> a =S is convergent. Then
n
N N
f t dt % S KSn % f t dt
n C1 n
or
N N
Sn C f t dt % S % Sn C f t dt
n C1 n
Remainder Estimate for the Integral Test
Exam
11.4. Comparison Tests
Comparison Test.
Limit Comparison Test
Examples: Determine whether the following series convergent or devergent?
Ex. 1:
N
> 4 n K85 n K5
n=1
2
O
Solution
O
Ex. 2
N
> 5 lnn n
n=1
Solition
Ex. 3
N
> 2 2K1
n= 1
n
Which series do you choose to compare? Which test can you use?
solition
Ex. 4
N 2
2 n C3 n
>
n= 1 5
5 Cn
Solution
11.5. Alternating series and Absolute Convergence
Definition
Definition: An alternating series is a series whose terms are alternately positive and
negative.
Examples:
N n K1
1 1 1 1 1 K1
1 K C K C K C ...=
2 3 4 5 6 n= 1 n >
N
1 2 3 4 5 6 n
K C K C K C
2 3 4 5 6 7
...=
n=1
K1 > n
n C1
The Alternating Series Test (R)
Alternating Series Estimation Theorem
Examples
Ex. 1. The alternating harmonic series
N n K1
K1
>
n=1 n
Try to see the sum?
N n K1
K1
O >
n= 1 n
;
N n K1
K1
>
n=1 n
(3.4.1.1)
O value % ;
ln 2 (3.4.1.2)
O evalf % ;
O
Ex. 2.
N n
K1 3 n
>
n=1 4 n K1
a) Is the condition (b) of the Test hold? What can you say about the convergence of the series?
b) Try to use the Divergence Test.
3n
O bn = ;
4 n K1
O value % :
Ex. 3
N n C1 2
K1 n
>
n=1
3
n C1
Solution
O
Ex. 4.
Find the sum of the following series correct to four decimal places:
N n
K1
>
n= 0 n!
solution
11.6. Ratio and Root Tests
Definitions
Given any series > a , we can consider the corresponding series > a
n n
whose terms are the absolute values of the terms of the original series.
Definition 1. A series >a n is called absolutely convergent if the series of absolute values
>a n is convergent.
Definition 2. A series >a n is called conditionally convergent if it is convergent but not
absolutely convergent.
Examples
Ex. 1. Series
N n K1
K1
>
n=1 n
2
is absolutely convergent
O
Ex. 2. Al. Harmonic series (R)
N n K1
K1
>
n=1 n
is conditionally convergent
O
Absolutely convergent is convergent
Theorem. If a series >a n is absolutely convergent then it is convergent.
Ex. 1
N
> sinn n
n=1
2
solution
Ratio Test
Ex1
Consider covergence of the following series
N n n
K1 2
>
n= 1 n!
solution
O
Ex.2
Consider covergence of the following series by using the Ratio Test
N n n
K1 n
>
n= 1 n!
solution
Ex. 3: Try to use Ratio Test for the following series
N N
1 1
a) >n
n=1
2
and b) >
n= 1 n
O
Root Test
Ex. Test the convergence of the serieses
N n N
2 n C3 1
>
n= 1 3 n C4
and >
n=1 n
N
and > n1
n=1
2
HW
Sec 11.3
I. 1-2,
II. 3-10 at 4; 11-28 al 3; 29-30 al 1; 31-34 al. 1
III. 35-37 al. 2; 38-46 al. 3
Sec. 11.4
I.
II. 1-6 al.3; 7-40 al. 7; 41-44 al. 2
III 45-55 al. 5
Sec. 11.5
I. 1, 21
II. 2-20 al. 5; 22-34 al. 5; 35-36 al. 1; 37-40 al. 2; 41-44 al. 2; 46-48 al. 2.
III. 49-53 al. 3
Sec 11.6.
I. 1,2
II.
3-20 al. 4; 21-26 al. 3; 27-34 al. 3; 37-38 al. 1
III.
39-46 al. 5
Sec 11.7 . Teamwork-viết báo cáo bao gồm: (Deadline: Tuần 4, nộp trên LMS)
(1)-Trình bày tóm tắt về chiến lược/phương pháp kiểm tra tính hội tụ/phân kỳ của chuỗi
(2)- Đọc hiểu toàn bộ các ví dụ, nêu bình luận lời giải ít nhất 2 ví dụ tiêu biểu
(3)-Trình bày lời giải ít nhất 5 bài tập trong 11.7.
