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MATHEMATICS IA

Matrices 51
Vector Spaces 73
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors 94
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MATHEMATICS IA

MATRICES
Chapter at a Glance

The determinant will be an essential tool to identify the maximum and minimum points, or
caddle points of a function with multiple variables. tn
1. Reminder - Definition and components of a matrix
A matrix is a rectangular table of form

A = d2n

m2 n
A matrix is said to be of dimension mxn wher it has m rows and n columns. This methií of
describing the size ofa matrix is necessary in order to avoid all confusion between two matrices
containing the same amount of entries. For example, a matrix of dimension 3x4 has 3 rows and 4
columns. It would be distinct from a matrix 4x3, that has 4 rows and 3 columns, even if it also
has 12 entries. A matrix is said to be square when it has the same number of rows and columns.
The elements are matrix entries a,, that are iden:ified by their position. The element a; Would
be the entry located on the third row and the second column of matrix A. This notation is essential
in order to distinguish the elements of the matrix. The element a23, distinct from a2, is situated
on the second row and the third column of the matrix A.

2. The matrix determinant

A value called the determinant of A, that we denote
by det(A) or | A | corresponds to every square
matrix A. We will avoid the formal definition of the determinant (that implies notions of
permutations) for now and we will concentrate instead on its calculation.

3. Calculation of the determinant for a 2 x 2 matrix

Let us consider the matrix A of
dimension
2x2:

The determinant
of the matrix A is defined by the relation
det(4) = a -4142
22
Ihe result is obtained by multiplying opposite elements and by calculating the difterence betveen
E TWO products...a recipe that you will need to "emember!
4.
Definition of minor
21 4
A=5 2 3
8 7 3
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the first rwo
1s the determinant of the matrix
obtained by eliminating and the
12
second column of A, i.e.
=5.3-3.8=15-24 = -9
M =
C minor M , is the determinant ofthe matrix obtained by eliminating the second row and
the
second column of A, i.e.
=2.3-4.8=6-32 =-26
M22

5. Definition of a Cofactor
The contactor, C, ofa matrix A is defined by the relation

C,=(-1""M,
You will notice that the cofactor and the minor always have the same numerical value, with the

possible exception of their sign.

Multiple Choice Type Questions

2000 2001 2002

1.1. The value of | 2003 WBUT 2007, 2011]
2004 2005 is
2006 2007 2008
a) 2000 b) 0 c) 45 d) none of these
Answer: (6)

1.2. Value ofthe determinant|a 0

0-ab is WBUT 2007
b -c 0
a) 0 b) abc c abc d) 2 abc
Answer: (a)

1.3. If a, B are the roots of the equation x-3x+2 0, thenB 0 o is

|1 -a a
WBUT 2007, 2016]

a) 6 b) c)-6 d) 3
2
Answer: (a)

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14.The rank of the matrix A =|1

1is WBUT 2007]

a) 0 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2
Answer: (d)

1.5. The matrix A =

| 2 S WBUT 2008, 200]

a) an orthogonal
b) a symmetric matrix
c) an idempotent matrix
d) a nuli matrix
Answer: (a)

1.6. The rank of a matrix A

=| wBUT 2008
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) none of these
Answer: (b)

1.7.Co-factor of -3 in the determinant10 iSs WBUT 2009]

0-1 4
a) 4 b)-4 c)0 d) none of these
Answer: (b)

| 1 4 16
1.8. The value of the determinant| 22 4 is WBUT 2009]
01 6
a) 0 b) 1 c) 4 d) 22
Answer: (a)

1.9. ifA- 1 07. then A i is

WBUT 2009]

a) 10 b) I0
d) None of these
-150 1 -50 1 -100
Answer: (c)
1.10. The set of vectors
(2, 1, 1), (1,2,2). (1, 1, 1) in R' is [WBUT 2009]
a) linearly dependent b) linearly independent
c) basis of R d) none of these
Answer: (a)
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1.11. The wns

with n unknowr is unique
is unique
and
and ifsolution of
only if
only
a system of n linear equations
WBUT
a) det A=0 c)det A<0 d) det Az02009
b) det A>0 in the linear equations
unknowns
matrix of the coefficients of the
Answer:n
(d)e

1.12.If A'= 2 , then A= WBUT 2011

3 -1

2
Answer: (c)
b)217

1.13. Thoe matrix

Cos6 sin0 WBUT 2012, 2015, 2018]
- sin6 cos c) Singular d) Orthogonal
a) Symmetric b) Skew- symmetric
Answer: (d)

1.14. Let A and B be two square matrices and A, Bexists. Then (AB is
WBUT 2012]
a) A B' b) B A' c) AB d) none of these
Answer: (b)

1.15. The equationx+y+z =0 has WBUT 2013]

a) infinite number of solutions b) no solution
c) unique solution d) two solutions
Answer: (a)

100 101 102

1.16. The value of the determinant |105 106 107 is WBUT 2013]
10 111 112
a) 0 b) 10 c) 100 d) 1000
Answer: (a)

-1 1-11
1.17.f1-- 3 -3 3 the is WBUT 2014

551
a) idempotent b) nilpotent c) involutary d) none of these
Answer: (a)

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1.18. IfA is real skeW-symmetric matrix such that 42 +1=0, then A is

a) singular b) unit matrix [WBUT 2014)
none of these
Answer: (d) c) orthogonal d)
862
1.19.Ifthe matrix|-6 7 singular, then the value of 2 is WBUT 2016]
2 -4
a) 3 b) 5 c) 2 d) 4
Answer: (b)

1.20. The rank of the null matrix is

WBUT 2016]
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
Answer: (a)

1.21.If A then 4100is WBUT 2010

b) 2301(4 ) ) 21001 ) d) none of these
Answer: (a)

17 58 97
1.22. The value of the determinant 19 60 99 is WBUT 2010]
18 59 98
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 0
Answer: (d)

1.23. If then Ais WBUT 2018]

-150 1
C) d) None of these
L-1001
Answer:(d)
(2 0 1
1.24. The value of t for which the matrix 5 t 3 is singular is WBUT 2018]
0 3 1

a) b) 2 c) 1

Answer: (a)

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Questions
Answer Type
Short

1+a 1
2.1. Show that 1 1+b 1
WBUT 2010
1+c 1 -nbed
1 1+d
Answer
a a
a
1 a,b, c, d
[Taking
abcd|
b from R.R2,R3,R4
respectively]

1.
b
abcd| 1
+1 R+2+R3 +R4
C C

C C C

1 0 0C =C, -C
abcd| C=C-C
C
o 1 0C =C,-C,]
00 1

1.0 0

abcd

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WBUT 2011]
2.2. By Laplace's method, prove that
d
la bC
a d -C
-b
-c-d a b -(a + +c+d
-d -b a
(consider minors of order 2)
Answer:

b cd
ad-c
LHS -d a
-d c -b a

obtain.
By Laplace Expansion method
we

+(-1*2
a
d a
(-1)
+(-123b dl- d

la--d a d-da
-(a +ba +b)- (ad +bec)(-ad-bc) +(-ac +bd)(bd -ac)
+(bd-ac)(-a +bd)-(-be-ad)(bc+ad)+(--#))-¢-4)
+ca -pbcá-picá
-(a +b) +a'd+ pbca +pbca +b°e2-obc +b'd
+ca +b°d*-abcd+be+abed +abcd+ad +(¢ +d*}
- +b)+2(ad +b*)(*+d')+(e+#)=(6+b +c +d'ftProved)
2.3. Find the value of l and u for which WBUT 20111
X+y+z=3
2x- y+ 3z = 4
5x-y+Az= 4 have
c) no solution.
a) unique solution b) many solution
Answer:
We have, the given system of cquations is
X+y+z =3
2x-y+3z = 4
Sx-y+ z = 4
matrix form
NOW, this system of equation can be written in the following
AX = B,

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where A=2 -1 3 X=|y|,B=4

5 -1

Det(4)=2 -1 3
5-1 +15-2+5
=21-32
=3(7-2)
(-2+3)-(22-15)+(-2+5) =
-1+3-22 has unique
solution.

*0i.e. if 2*7 the system

ofequation solutions.
Now
ifdet(A) has either no
solution o r many

0i.e. if 2=7 the system

And
if det(A) =

The augmented matrix (When

is 2 =7),
1 11 3 operations we get,
-1 3 4 Applying elementary row
B=2
5 -1 7
i 1 3

R-2 0 -31 -2
R,-5R
0 -6 2 u-15 11 1 3
1
R+6R 0 1
0 0 0 -11
0-6 2 -15

=7 and j =1 1;R(A) R(AB)=3

=

Therefore, when A
solutions.
So, system has many
When 2=7 and u#11;R(4) =3,R(AB) =4
has no solution.
So, system

b+c a a
WBUT 2011, 2013]
b = 4ab'c
2.4. Prove that c+a
aa +h
Answer
a'+de a'b ac2
a
+a b a'hc2
ab be +ab
a +b| b'e ae +bc

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MATHEMATICS IA

Multiplying cj, e2, c, by a', b',c' respectively

|A+C A putting ab =A
+B C2 bc = B
ab'c
B C+ B ca= C]
A 0 C40 C A 0 C
AB OA B A B 0
abe B C0 B be Bc
C

abe
01 1

a-Br WBUT 2012, 2015]

2.5. Provethat|1 -ya=0
r-af
Answer:

a a-Br aa a a
a a aßy
P B ra
BB Bra
aßy

a a a a a a| a a|

apy

2.6. Using Laplace's method of expansion, prove that: WBUT 2014]

*
-u -v
x

X
- (*+v-}-*
Answer:
Applying Laplace expansion method we get,
x -u

| X v =(-1)+2+1+2|r +(-1)2+1+3
V X

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-1 - a+(-1)*2:3"-
u

+(-1-2*2-4 y -|a +(-1) 24344u

*
(x-yXx* - y)-(v + ux + uy) + (ru + yv))) l4 +v*)-u+?
+ vx)(uy + Vx) (-
+
t ( +x)(ux + vy)-(yu
+(V"-"")
( r - y ) - (vr +uy) + (ur +v) + (ur + Vy)? (vx +1y)
-

= (r-y*) +2(ur +1y) - (vx +y)*}+(-u)

=(-r+y+2u (a-y)+v(-+y)} +(v-u"Y
=(-x*+y) +2(r-y')u* -v')+(v-u)
-r+y)+(*-v)=(-+u+y-v' =(r* +v-y' -uy
2 3 16 5
4 5 6 7 WBUT 2014, 2018
2.7. Find the rank ofthe following matrix
2 0 1 3
8 8 23 15

Answer:
2 3 16 5 2 3 16 5

4 5 6
7 R-20 -01
-26 3
Let
A2 0 1 3 -3-15-2

8 8 23 15 A41
0-4 41 -5
-5
2 3 16 5 2 3 16 5
0 -1 -26 3
R-R
0-1-26-3
R-3
-4R00 0 63 7 0 0 63 7
63 7 0 0 0
0 0
row is 3
This is the row-reduced form of the given matrix. Since the number of non-zero
Rank (A) =3

(b+c WBUT 2016

2.8. Prove that c2 (c+a) 2bc +ca +ab)
d (a+b|

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Answer:

c b
(b+c) (ab+ca) a'c2
+a) a be (be+ ab a'b2
a'bc2|
a (a+b) ac2 (ac + he|

(ab+be +ca)
ab-bc ++ca ac-bc -ab ab -

ac-be|
ab'e2 bc +ab- ac ab-ac -be| R=R -R
ate R=R-R,J
(ac+be)
C +ca 2ac-2bc-2ah
(ab+bc+ ea| 0
bc+ab-ac
abc ab-ac-be R=R-R]
a'c
(ac+be
h ab -(ab- ac)-o*|(ab-be- a)
+(ac+be(abB-(b -ac}
ab +-bc Ca2b'e-2bc (ab -acj -a'e (ab-be)
ab'c
+a'e +a'b (ab +tbe -(aie -b)|
d'bc b'e-28'e (ab-acj -a'c' (ab -be) +a'b (ac +be ) +2atb'e*
|
(ab+beabc
+ca_.2abe =2(ab + bc + ca)

Long Answer Type Questions

3.1. Show that every square matrix can be expressed as a sum of a symmetric and
skew-symmetric matrix. WBUT 2006, 2011, 2013]
Answer:
We can write

A=CA+A)+(A-A")]=EA+A")+(A-A") =B+C
where B-4+)

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=A"+B'|
:(A +B)"
A"+(A")
:(A =A
A+A)
B
Therefore B is symmetric matrix.

C-A-A)
c-4--4-(4))-{a -4)--u-4)--c
matrix A is expressed as a sum of
skew symmetric matrix. Thus the square
Therefore C is
matrices.
symmetric and skew symmetric
For any square matrix A, the symmetric matrix =(4+A") and
Example Analysis:

skew symmetric matrix= (4-A")1

3.2. Solve by Cramer's rule:

WBUT 20077
X+y+z =7.
x+2y+3z = 15

-y+Z =3
Answer:
Let the determinant of the coefficients

A=1 2 3=5-(-2)+(-3) =40.

1 -1 1
Therefore the system of equations have a unique solution.
7 1 1
Now, A,-15 2
3-7(5)-1(6)+1(-21)=8
3 -1 1
7 1
A,-1 15 3=1(6)-7(-2)+1(-12)=8
3 1

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MATHEMATICS IA
1 1 7
A =1 2
-1 3 15=1(21)-1(-12)+7(-3)=12
Required solution is

=2
A

y A2
= =3.
A

3.3. Solve by Cramer's rule:

2x-y=3 WBUT 2008, 2009]
3y-2z=5
-2z+x=4.
Answer:
The given equations can be written as
2x-y+0z =3
Ox+3y-2z =5
x+0y-2z=4
Applying Cramer's rule we get
X Z

3 02
-1 3
02 -1
32 -1 0
3-2 05 -2 0 3 3
40 2 |1 4 2 0 0
2- 0
Now A=0 3 -2=-100
0 2
The system of equations have unique solution.
3 -1 0
4,-5 3 -20
4

2 3 0
A=0 5-2-10
4-
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2 -1
= 0
3 5=10
0 4
A

- 2 -1 0]
3.4. Find the rank of matrix 2 4 4
| 0 0 1 5
WBUT 2008
6 6 3 2
Answer:
(-1 2 -1 o)
2 4 4 2
0 0 1S
6 32
(-1 2 -1 0
0 8 2 2 RR, +2R,
00 1 5
R>R +R
o 8 2
2
-1 2 -1 0)
o 8 2 2
0 015 RR- R
00 0 o
The rank of the matrix is 3

2 11 2 1
11
3.5. FA=14 1|,B = |1 -1 o|.show that AB =6/,. Utilise this result to

3 03 2 1 -1
solve the following system of equations: WBUT 2009
2x+y+z=5
X-y=0
2x+ y-z =1
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Answer:

(1 21(2 1
1) (6 0 o
AB=|4 -10=0 6 0-61,
3/2- lo o 6
(2 1
1\(1 2
1) (6 0 0
andBA=1-1 0 1-4
2 1 -1l3 o -3 06 061,
lo o 6

We can written the system of linear equation in a matrix form as

(2 1 1

5
BX= R where R=| 0, X=|

(1 2 1(6
R-AR 3 0 -3)1
(1
x=1, y=1, z = 2.

3.6. Determine the conditions under which the system of

equations
X+y+z=1
X+2y-z=b
Sx+7y + az =b
admits of () only one solution (i) no solution (ii) many solutions.
WBUT 2009, 2014]
Answer:
The augmented matrix is

A:B=1 2 -1| b
57 a |6]

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R-R-5R0 1 - 2 | b - 1
o 2 a-5 |b-5
1 1 1
RR-2R
0 1-2 b-1
L0 0 a-1 |6-2b-3 matrix and the rank of the
co-efficient
the rank of
() The system has only one solution if
augmented matrix are same and that is 3.
a-1#0 a*l
have different rank.
(tt) The system has no solution if they
i.e. rank (A)=2 and rank (A:B) 3 =

i.e. a-1=0 a=1l

and b-2b-3*0 bt-land 3 which is less than 3, i.e., 2
if the ranks of are same
ii) The system has many solutions
.a-1 =0 a#l
and b-2b-3 #0 b#-1and3

3.7. Given the system of equation:

+4x +2x, = 1

2x +7x, +5x, k
=

+1.
4x +mx, +10x, =2k
has
Find for what values of k and m, the system
() an unique solution
(i) no solution
(ii) many solutions. WBUT 2012
Answer:
i
B=
Here the coefficient matrix is A=| 2 7 5 and B=k 42and
2k+1
The augmented matrix is
4
f=[4|B]=|2 7 5 k R=R-2R
Rg=R-2Ra
0 k-2
4 m
10 2k+1 0m-14 0 1

CG 0 1
0 0 m-14| 1
i) ifm+ 14 then rank(A) = rank{A) . So the system has an unique solution

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ifm=14 then ramk(A )=3 and rank(A) = 2 i.c., rank(A") z rank(A). So the system
has no solution

/stem
ii) the syst has no many solutions for any values of m and k.

0ab
3.8. Evaluate 0 d
WBUT 2013, 2015]
evaluateb -d 0 by Laplace expansion method.
-c -e -f o
OR,
determinant by Laplace's method order
Pxoanding the in terms of minors of 2
a b
-a 0 d
formed from the first two rows, prove that -b-d 0
(af-be +cd)
|-c -e-f 0
WBUT 20181
Answer:
0 ab c
-a 0 d e
Let
Ah-d
According to Laplace expansion methods:
-
-a o-s o+-
-1)-214 ed0

-a el-e-11 0 ||-c

=(0+ aX0+ f)-(0+ abX0+ef)+(0+acX0+ df)

H0-adX-bf +0)- (ae -0)Xbf +0)+ (be- cdXbe-cd)
af-abef+ acdf +abdf-adef +(be-cd)
(af -2{be-cd)af +(be-cd) = (af -be +edy

3.9. For what values of A and the system of equations

y+z 6x+2y+3z =10, x+2y+ Az = uhas () Unique solution, (i) No solution,
(ii) Infinite solutions. WBUT 2013]

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Answer:
We havex+y+z=0
x+2y+3z =10
x+2y+z = matrix form:
the following
Let us write the above system of eqns in
AX = B,

1 6
Where A=|1 2 3 B = |10 X=
2 2 A
R= R,-- (A-1)-2=1-3
Now, 14- 2 3=01 2. R=R,-R
2 o
1 2-
have unique solution. If 2 =3,thenth
So if 2 #3, then the given system of equations
have no solution.
infinite solutions or may
given system may have

Now, 4|B=|1 2 3 10, when =3

1 2 3
R-R 6 6

0 1 2 4 R-Ro 1 2 4

R-o1 2 -6 0 0 0 4-10
have infinie
the system of equations
u=10, R(A)=R(A:B) =2,
so
. When A =3,
solutions. have o
the system of equations
Again, when 2 =3, A+ 10, R(A) =2, R(A:B) =3, so

solutions.
(1 3 4 3
WBUT 2016)
3.10. Find the rank of the matrix |3 9 12 3
I3 4 1
Answer:
1 3 4 3 3 4 3 1 3 43
9 12 3| R 0 0 0-6 R-3 0 0 0 0
Let A=3 Ry-R
1 3 4 1 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 2
. Rank of A=2
olve
3.11. Examine the consistency of the system of the following equations and so
WBUT2016
x+2y-z =10, x-y-2z -2, 2x +y-3z 8 = =

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AnsWent matrix corresponding to the given system of

Theaugment matrix

22 -1 10 equation is
2-1 10
AB -1 -2-2
R-2 0 -3 -1-12|
2 1-3 | 8 0-3-1 -12
2 2-1 10
A-R0 -3 -1-12
0 0 0 0
sa R[)= R{4|B=2<3 (Number of variables)
So the given
of equations are consistent and it has many solutions.
system o

2-2 4
112 a) Find the inverse of the matrix A=|23 by using Gauss

-14
elimination method.
[WBUT 2018]
Answer:

Let us consider the following augmented matrix

2-2 4 10 0 R = - 2-2 10 0
Al,)=|23 2 0 1 0 0 5-2|-1 1 0
-14-oo =R+R
0 3

2-2 4 1 0 0
R-R,-R -2-1 1
lhus, we have an equivalent system of three set of equations

2 -2 4
0 5-2 . . (1)

10J

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2 -2
0 5 2 ... (2)

0
2-2 4
..(3)
0 5-2
LX33
Now, from equation (1), we get

2x-2x21 +4x =1|

SN-21 4 =0,4=
11
10
Again, from equation (2), we get

2x2-2x2 +4x =0
Sx 21 11
Similarly, from equation (3), we get

2x-2x +4x, =0|

5x-2x=0 11

Hence, the inverse of matrix A is given by

8
11

Ar=2 0 2
2 11 11

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Solve if
possible [WBUT 2018]
b) x+y+z=l

2x+y+2z =2
3x+2y+3z = 5

Answer:

co-efficient matriX A and the augmented matrix B of the equations are

(1 11
A21 .2 ;B=|2 1 2 2
3 23 3 2 3 5
(1 1 1 1 (1 1 11) (1 11 1
B=2 1 2 2-R-R 0-1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 Rank of A =

R-3R
3 2 3 5 **o -10 -2 00 0 -2
2. Rank of B =3 . Rank of A# Rank of B
The equations have no solution.
3.13. Solve the following system of equations
+- =2, 2x, + 3r, + 5x, =-3, 3x, +2x, -3x, =6 by using the Gauss
elimination method. [MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:

(1 1 2
Theaugmented matrix is [alb]=|2 3
5-3
3 2 -3 6)
Now, letus apply elementary row operations to obtain a matrix in Row Reduce Echelon
Form of the augmented matrix.
So,
11-1 2) R =R, -2R (1 1 1|2) (1 1 -1 2
Ab]-2 3 -3 0 R= R+Ra|01
32-3 6 R =R,-3R 0 o 0 o 0 7-)
Thus, the given system is equivalent to x +X2-x = 2, x2 +7x = -7, 7xy =-7.
Now, using back substitution, we get
-1, =0 and x =.
3.14. Solve following
the system of equations
Xt=5, 2x +3x, +5x, =8, 4x +5x =2 by using the Gauss-Jordan
elimination method. [MODEL QUESTION]

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Answer:
(1 15
The 58
augmented matrix is [A|b]=|2 3
4 0 5/2
Now, let us apply elementary row operations to obtain a matrix in Row Reduce
duce Eche
Form of the augmented matrix.
So,
1 1 R-%-21. 1 5 R =R,+4R (1 1l 3|
0 1 3-2 s
=R, +4R 115
L4b]-23 58 0 0 - 4 1-18) o 0 1326
4 R =R, - 4R.
4

R=R-R (1 1 o 7 (1 0
o
R 1 3-2
R 130 0 1 04 RR-R| 1 o43
o R , R =R, -3R, \0 0 1-2 o 0 1-2

Thus, the solution is x =3,x, = 4,x = -2.

3.15. Solve the following system of equatio

x +2x -3x, = 2, 6x +3x, -9x, =6, 7x +14x,-2lx, = 13 by using the Gas

Jordan elimination method. [MODEL QUESTION

Answer:
(1 2 -32
The augmented matrix is |A 3 -96
7 14-2113
Now, let us apply elementary row operations to obtain a matrix in Row Reduce Eche
Form of the augmented matrix.
So,
(1 2 3 2 RR, -6R(1 2 -3 2 1 2
Ab-6 3 -96 0-9 9-6
7 14-21|13 R = R, - 7R 0 0 o-1 (0 0 0-
-[]
Thus, the given system is equivalent to x +2x, -3x = 2, -3x, +3x, = -2, 0=-
has
From third equation, we get O=-1, which is impossible and hence, the syste
solution.

MA-72