IMPORTANT VIVA QUESTION

1. Define Network?
A network is a set of devices connected by physical media links. A network is recursively is a connection of
two or more nodes by a physical link or two or more networks connected by one or more nodes.
2. What is a Link?
At the lowest level, a network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some physical
medium such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is called as Link.
3. What is a node?
A network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some physical medium such as
coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is called as Links and the computer it connects is
called as Nodes.
4. What is a gateway or Router?
A node that is connected to two or more networks is commonly called as router or Gateway. It generally
forwards message from one network to another.
5. What is point-point link?
If the physical links are limited to a pair of nodes it is said to be point-point link.
6. What is Multiple Access?
If the physical links are shared by more than two nodes, it is said to be Multiple Access.
7. Define Bandwidth and Latency?
Network performance is measured in Bandwidth (throughput) and Latency (Delay). Bandwidth of a network
is given by the number of bits that can be transmitted over the network in a certain period of time. Latency
corresponds to how long it t5akes a message to travel from one end off a network to the other. It is strictly
measured in terms of time.
8. Define Routing?
The process of determining systematically hoe to forward messages toward the destination nodes based on
its address is called routing.
9. What is a peer-peer process?
The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer are called peer-peer process.
10. When a switch is said to be congested?
It is possible that a switch receives packets faster than the shared link can accommodate and stores in its
memory, for an extended period of time, then the switch will eventually run out of buffer space, and some
packets will have to be dropped and in this state is said to congested state.
11. Define the terms Unicasting, Multiccasting and Broadcasting?
If the message is sent from a source to a single destination node, it is called Unicasting.
If the message is sent to some subset of other nodes, it is called Multicasting.
If the message is sent to all the m nodes in the network it is called Broadcasting.
12. What is Multiplexing?
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single data link.
13. What is FDM?
FDM is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined
bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.
14. What is WDM?
WDM is conceptually the same as FDM, except that the multiplexing and demultiplexing involve light
signals transmitted through fiber optics channel.
15. What is TDM?
TDM is a digital process that can be applied when the data rate capacity of the transmission medium is
greater than the data rate required by the sending and receiving devices.
16. What is Synchronous TDM?
In STDM, the multiplexer allocates exactly the same time slot to each device at all times, whether or not a
device has anything to transmit.
17. List the layers of OSI
a. Physical Layer
b .Data Link Layer
c. Network Layer
d. Transport Layer
e. Session Layer
f. Presentation Layer
g. Application Layer
18. Which layers are network support layers?
a. Physical Layer
b. Data link Layer and
c. Network Layers
19. Which layers are user support layers?
a. Session Layer
b. Presentation Layer and
c. Application Layer
20. Which layer links the network support layers and user support layers?
The Transport layer links the network support layers and user support layers.
21. What are the concerns of the Physical Layer?
Physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
a. Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
b. Representation of bits
c. Data rate
d. Synchronization of bits
e. Line configuration
f. Physical topology
g. Transmission mode
22. What are the responsibilities of Data Link Layer?
The Data Link Layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link and is
responsible for node-node delivery.
a. Framing
b. Physical Addressing
c. Flow Control
d. Error Control
e. Access Control
23. What are the responsibilities of Network Layer?
The Network Layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of packet possibly across multiple
networks (links).
a. Logical Addressing
b. Routing
24. What are the responsibilities of Transport Layer?
The Transport Layer is responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire message.
a. Service-point Addressing
b. Segmentation and reassembly
c. Connection Control
d. Flow Control
e. Error Control
25. What are the responsibilities of Session Layer?
The Session layer is the network dialog Controller. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction
between the communicating systems.
a. Dialog control
b. Synchronization
26. What are the responsibilities of Presentation Layer?
The Presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between
two systems.
a. Translation
b. Encryption
c. Compression
27. What are the responsibilities of Application Layer?
The Application Layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network. It provides user
interfaces and support for services such as e-mail, shared database management and other types of
distributed information services.
a. Network virtual Terminal
b. File transfer, access and Management (FTAM)
c. Mail services
d. Directory Services
28. What are the two classes of hardware building blocks?
Nodes and Links.
29. What are the different link types used to build a computer network?
a. Cables
b. Leased Lines
c. Last-Mile Links
d. Wireless Links
30. What are the categories of Transmission media?
a. Guided Media
i. Twisted - Pair cable
1. Shielded TP
2. Unshielded TP
ii. Coaxial Cable
iii. Fiber-optic cable
b. Unguided Media
i. Terrestrial microwave
ii. Satellite Communication
31. What are the types of errors?
a. Single-Bit error
In a single-bit error, only one bit in the data unit has changed
b. Burst Error
A Burst error means that two or more bits in the data have changed.
32. What is Error Detection? What are its methods?
Data can be corrupted during transmission. For reliable communication errors must be deducted and
Corrected. Error Detection uses the concept of redundancy, which means adding extra bits for detecting
errors at the destination. The common Error Detection methods are
a. Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC)
b. Longitudinal Redundancy Check (VRC)
c. Cyclic Redundancy Check (VRC)
d. Checksum
33. What is Redundancy?
The concept of including extra information in the transmission solely for the purpose of comparison. This
technique is called redundancy.
34. What is VRC?
It is the most common and least expensive mechanism for Error Detection. In VRC, a parity bit is added to
every data unit so that the total number of 1s becomes even for even parity. It can detect all single-bit errors.
It can detect burst errors only if the total number of errors in each data unit is odd.
35. What is LRC?
In LRC, a block of bits is divided into rows and a redundant row of bits is added to the whole block. It can
detect burst errors. If two bits in one data unit are damaged and bits in exactly the same positions in another
data unit are also damaged, the LRC checker will not detect an error. In LRC a redundant data unit follows n
data units.
36. What is CRC?
CRC, is the most powerful of the redundancy checking techniques, is based on binary division.
37. What is Checksum?
Checksum is used by the higher layer protocols (TCP/IP) for error detection
38. List the steps involved in creating the checksum.
a. Divide the data into sections
b. Add the sections together using 1's complement arithmetic
c. Take the complement of the final sum, this is the checksum.
39. What are the Data link protocols?
Data link protocols are sets of specifications used to implement the data link layer. The categories of Data
Link protocols are
1. Asynchronous Protocols
2. Synchronous Protocols
a. Character Oriented Protocols
b. Bit Oriented protocols
40. Compare Error Detection and Error Correction:
The correction of errors is more difficult than the detection. In error detection, checks only any error has
occurred. In error correction, the exact number of bits that are corrupted and location in the message are
known. The number of the errors and the size of the message are important factors.
41. What is Forward Error Correction?
Forward error correction is the process in which the receiver tries to guess the message by using redundant
bits.
42. Define Retransmission?
Retransmission is a technique in which the receiver detects the occurrence of an error and asks the sender to
resend the message. Resending is repeated until a message arrives that the receiver believes is error-freed.
42. What are Data Words?
In block coding, we divide our message into blocks, each of k bits, called data words. The block coding
process is one-to-one. The same data word is always encoded as the same codeword.
43. What are Code Words?
"r" redundant bits are added to each block to make the length n = k + r. The resulting n-bit blocks are called
codewords. 2n - 2k codewords that are not used. These codewords are invalid or illegal.
44. What is a Linear Block Code?
A linear block code is a code in which the exclusive OR (addition modulo-2) of two valid codewords creates
another valid codeword.
45. What are Cyclic Codes?
Cyclic codes are special linear block codes with one extra property. In a cyclic code, if a codeword is
cyclically shifted (rotated), the result is another codeword.
46. Define Encoder?
A device or program that uses predefined algorithms to encode, or compress audio or video data for storage
or transmission use. A circuit that is used to convert between digital video and analog video.
47. Define Decoder?
A device or program that translates encoded data into its original format (e.g. it decodes the data). The term
is often used in reference to MPEG-2 video and sound data, which must be decoded before it is output.
48. What is framing?
Framing in the data link layer separates a message from one source to a destination, or from other messages
to other destinations, by adding a sender address and a destination address. The destination address defines
where the packet has to go and the sender address helps the recipient acknowledge the receipt.
49. What is Fixed Size Framing?
In fixed-size framing, there is no need for defining the boundaries of the frames. The size itself can be used
as a delimiter.
50. Define Character Stuffing?
In byte stuffing (or character stuffing), a special byte is added to the data section of the frame when there is a
character with the same pattern as the flag. The data section is stuffed with an extra byte. This byte is usually
called the escape character (ESC), which has a predefined bit pattern. Whenever the receiver encounters the
ESC character, it removes it from the data section and treats the next character as data, not a delimiting flag.
51. What is Bit Stuffing?
Bit stuffing is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever five consecutive Is follow a 0 in the data, so that
the receiver does not mistake the pattern 0111110 for a flag.
52. What is Flow Control?
Flow control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data that the sender can send before
waiting for acknowledgment.
53. What is Error Control?
Error control is both error detection and error correction. It allows the receiver to inform the sender of any
frames lost or damaged in transmission and coordinates the retransmission of those frames by the sender. In
the data link layer, the term error control refers primarily to methods of error detection and retransmission.
54. What Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)?
Error control is both error detection and error correction. It allows the receiver to inform the sender of any
frames lost or damaged in transmission and coordinates the retransmission of those frames by the sender. In
the data link layer, the term error control refers primarily to methods of error detection and retransmission.
Error control in the data link layer is often implemented simply: Any time an error is detected in an
exchange, specified frames are retransmitted. This process is called automatic repeat request (ARQ).
55. What is Stop-and-Wait Protocol?
In Stop and wait protocol, sender sends one frame, waits until it receives confirmation from the receiver
(okay to go ahead), and then sends the next frame.
56. What is Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request?
Error correction in Stop-and-Wait ARQ is done by keeping a copy of the sent frame and retransmitting of
the frame when the timer expires.
57. What is usage of Sequence Number in Relaible Transmission?
The protocol specifies that frames need to be numbered. This is done by using sequence numbers. A field is
added to the data frame to hold the sequence number of that frame. Since we want to minimize the frame
size, the smallest range that provides unambiguous communication. The sequence numbers can wrap
around.
58. What is Sliding Window?
The sliding window is an abstract concept that defines the range of sequence numbers that is the concern of
the sender and receiver. In other words, he sender and receiver need to deal with only part of the possible
sequence numbers.
59. What is Piggy Backing?
A technique called piggybacking is used to improve the efficiency of the bidirectional protocols. When a
frame is carrying data from A to B, it can also carry control information about arrived (or lost) frames from
B; when a frame is carrying data from B to A, it can also carry control information about the arrived (or lost)
frames from A.
60. What are the two types of transmission technology available?
(i) Broadcast and
(ii) Point-to-point
61. What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
62. Difference between the communication and transmission.
Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronization,
clock etc.
Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.
63. What are the possible ways of data exchange?
(i) Simplex
(ii) Half-duplex
(iii) Full-duplex.
64. What is SAP?
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network
protocol stack.
65. What is Brouter?
Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.
66. What is cladding?
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
67. What is point-to-point protocol?
A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet
service providers.
68. How Gateway is different from Routers?
A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely
different network architectures or data formats.
69. What is attenuation?
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
70. What is MAC address?
The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network
architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.
71. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal
units per second that are required to represent those bits.
baud rate = (bit rate / N)
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.
72. What is Bandwidth?
Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is
called the bandwidth.
73. What are the types of Transmission media?
Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.
a.) Guided Media: These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-
pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is
contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and
transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and
transports signals in the form of light.
b.) Unguided Media: This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a
physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication,
satellite communication and cellular telephony.
74. What is Project 802?
It is a project started by IEEE to set standards to enable intercommunication between equipment from a
variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to
some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN protocols.
It consists of the following:
1. 802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across
protocols.
2. 802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is non-
architecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs.
3. Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some
distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being
used.
The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5).
. 802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.
75. What is Protocol Data Unit?
The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a
destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an
information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the
receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether
the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame
(U - frame).
76. What is the different type of networking / internetworking devices?
1. Repeater: Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It
receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the
refreshed copy back in to the link.
2. Bridges: These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a
larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each
segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the
intended recipent and control congestion.
3. Routers: They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type).
They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to
determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.
4. Gateways: They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a
WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another
protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.
77. What is ICMP?
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and
gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test
whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.
78. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite?
The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created
is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the
datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals
along the transmission media.
79. What is difference between ARP and RARP?
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical
address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a
ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.
The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows
only its physical address.
80. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram?
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.
81. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses?
Class A - 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B - 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C - 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D - 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E - 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255
82. What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not
provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from
one host to another. It uses the services offer by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two
connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.
104. What are major types of networks and explain?
1. Server-based network: provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers
to provide security and network administration
2. Peer-to-peer network: computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the
resources.
83. What are the important topologies for networks?
1. BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
2. STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical
problems.
3. RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop. Advantages: All computers have equal
access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other
topologies because each computer regenerates it.
84. What is mesh network?
A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data
to travel.
85. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission?
In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband
transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.
86. Explain 5-4-3 rule?
In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network ,there can be no more than five network
Segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.
87. What MAU?
In token Ring, hub is called Multistation Access Unit (MAU).
88. What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols?
Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols
are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router.
89. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model?
It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.
90. What is logical link control?
One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard.
This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across
the physical network connection.
91. What is virtual channel?
Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections
are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.
92. What is virtual path?
Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be
grouped together into what is called path.
93. What is packet filter?
Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows
every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally.
Those that fail the test are dropped.
94. What is multicast routing?
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
95. Expand IDEA.
IDEA stands for International Data Encryption Algorithm.
96. What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)?
It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.
97. What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)?
It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can
be reached within or via each autonomous system.
98. What is autonomous system?
It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common
Interior Gateway Protocol.
99. What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?
It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP
enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior
Gateway Protocol).
100. What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol?
It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.
101. What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)?
It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet
session.