No questions from anything before

enclidian algorithm

STUDY GUIDE
groups except

Groups
·
Definition

check that a
given set is a group (Ghnlik) , Sym(X)
Order of
g
·
Calculate order (G)

Order of gm /formula & proof)

Inverses and identity elements (uniqueness)
·
X2 = % Fu -G then G is abeliar

MInT

set of equivalence classes of the relation X-y if X- y = Omodn X, 47R

Proving addition is well-defined

&Int is a group under addition

U(n) ([a]n=

, gcd(a , n) =
1]
gcd(x, n) = g(d(y n) ,
it x = ymodn
7 : MInT +
T X- gid(X, n) is well defined HW question
,

snow U(n) is a group under multiplication

show multiplication mode is well-defined

Order of elements in In and U(n)

lagrange's theorem A state it

·
Definition of a subgroup

checking that a given subset of G is a

subgroup
left cosetsA veryimportant

classes of n-y if and

-

Equivalence onlyif "u EH where HG

Show that =is an equivalence relation on G

- the equivalence relation of X under L

Compute the [n]- (Show [n] = = xH)

·
Deduce that : if two cosets are equal or disjoint G is a union of left cosets
show there is a Dijection between HandXH

Deduce that if G is finite 161 = kIHI where his the number of left cosets

Deduce lagrange's theorem ; if G is a finite group and H /G then IH/ divides 16

Right cosels

Show X Gif and only if Xy &H is

+ an equivalence relation

Find an equivalence relation for which the right cosets are an

equivalence relation (No justication required)

Prove [x]R =
Hx

show there exists a bijection between G/H-> H16

figH +
Hg-

f is well defined and f is bijective

show that right cosets are disjoint or equal & G is a union of disjoint right cosels

show that the number of left cosets is the same as the number of right cosels if G is fint

Properties of cosets

1) xH =
y+t
I
2)y+ X -H
#
3) Hx =1 = Hy
+

Computing left and right cosets (in a finite group

left cosels
H G ,is finite .
EGH = H

>
- get Where g.H
Find the left and night cosets of HinG Gut Where s HUgiH and soon...

Find a set of representatives of G/H(HG)

Consequences of lagrange's theorem ** very important !

Show that if g EG , 161 = n- IN then <9) is finite and order (g) divides If

As a consequence of this prove g' % =

to

Apply it :
Fermat's theorem
·
Fuler's theorem
& State , prove
, apply

Cyclic groups
*
·
Definition of a cyclic group

subgroups of a
cyclic group are
cyclic
·
Zis cyclic ,
2 = < 1) = 7 -

1)

(IR , + ) is not yclic

·
is not cyclic ,
# =
(5) , E * 78

Finite cyclic group Very important " .

-
leta be a finite cyclic group with n elements .
G = <g) for some gf G
, g has
order n

1) G = < g) if and only if g has ordern

2) For every dEIN dividing n ,

there I an element of G of order d .
(g)
has d elements
I
3) For every dEIN dividing , there exists a subgroup of order .

<g d)
*

4) Show that for every &E Individing in there exists a unique subgroup of G of order d
,

G <gk) order
5) Show that G has P(n) generators 1(n)) = n
= =

where $(n) =

#
>nik
= nE gcd (n , k) = 1)
Numerical examples

Finding the subgroup of a finite subgroup

Finding the generator of a finite subgroup

Properties of cyclic groups

1) Cyclic groups are abelian

2) Given an abelian group determine whether it is cyclic or not

Normal subgroups Questions from the HW

·
Definition gN =
Ng VgtG

A subgroup of index 2 is normal

·
If i is then G/N is
a normal subgroup of G a group

Well defined operation (g N) (g2N) + =

9192N

(9N)(N) =
gN Nistax identity element

(9 N-2
,
=
gi2N

Find order of elements in G/N

·
z(G) is normal in G

·
Every subgroup of an abelian group is normal

Simple groups (1/pR is simple , p is prime

Alternating group
Define the alternating group

Show An group and (Anl

is a
=
Show An 4 Sn

Conjugation
show conjugacy is an equivalence relation

Compute conjugacy classes (sn

show that a normal