Image and Graphics

Chapter 3
 Image
• A image is a spatial representation of an object, a two dimensional or
three dimensional scene or another image.
• often the images reflects the intensity of light.
Basic concept
• Pixel:
• the smallest element on a digital image is known as pixel i.e a picture
element.
• Depth:
• the depth of an image is the number of bits used to represent each pixel.
• 1 bit: black and white
• Resolution:
• number of pixels in an image.
Digital Image Representation

fig: Representation of Digital Image

y
• A digital image is represented by a matrix of numeric values each
representing a quantized intensity value.
• When I is two dimensional matrix, then I(r,c) is the intensity value at
the position corresponding to row 'r' and 'column' of the matrix.
• The pixel values of intensity images are called gray scale level or color.
Image Format
• Captured Image Format :
• it is specified by :
• spatial resolution ( pixels x pixels ) and color encoding ( bits per pixel ) .
• Examples: video Pix TM ,Spatial Resolution: 320X 240, color encoding: 1 - bit ( binary
image ) 8 - bit ( colos or grayscale) , 24 - bit ( collodi -RGB)
• Sun Video Tmcard: Resolution : 320x 240.
• Formats:
• Cell B 30 fps
• JPEG 30 fps
Stored Image Format
• A stored image format is a 2-dimensional array of values representing
the image in a bitmap or pixmap, respectively.
• The data of a bitmap is a binary digit, data in a pixmap may be a
collection of
• 3 numbers representing the intensities of red, green, and blue components of
the colour.
• 3 numbers representing the indices to tables of red, green and blue
intensities.
• Single number that is an index to a table of color triples.
• An index to any number of data structure that can be present a color,
including xyz color system.
• 4 or 5 spectral samples too Each colors
• -Each pixel may have additional information i.e the normal vector to
the surface.
• • Further properties of images width, height , depth, size , version etc.
• formats
• RIFF (Resource Interchange File Format) including formats for bitmaps,vector
drawings, animation, audio and video.
• GIFF
Graphics Format
• Graphic image formats are specified through.
• graphics primitives : lines, rectangles, circles, ellipses, text strings ( 2D), polyhydron (3D).
• Graphics primitives and there attributes represent a higher level of an image
representation. The graphics package determines which primitives are supported.
• Advantages :
• Reduction of the graphical image data.
• Easier manipulation of graphical images.
• disadvantages:
• Additional conversion step from graphical primitives and attributes to its pixel representation.
• • Format:
• SRGP(Simple Raster Graphics Package) one way conversion to bit map) pixmap.
• PHICS ( Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Systems) and
• GKs( Graphical kernel system ) only image representation is in pixmap.
Image Synthesis
• Image synthesis is an integral part of all computer user interfaces & is
indispensable for visualizing 2D, 3D and higher dimensional objects.
• Eg . Graphical User Interface ( GUI): Desktop window's system with
icon's & menu item item.
• Office automation and Electronic publishing, Desktop publishing ,
Hypermedia systems.
• Simulation and Animation for scientific and Entertainment.
Dynamics in Graphics
• Pictures can be dynamically varied by adjusting the animation speed ,
portion of the total scene view, the amount of details shown etc.
• Motion Dynamics: Objects are moved and enabled with respect to a
stationary or also dynamic observer e .g flight simulator.
• Update Dynamics: Objects being viewed changed in shape, color or
other properties. e.g. deformation of an in-flight aeroplane structure.
 Image Analysis
• Image analysis is concerned with techniques for extracting
descriptions from images that are necessary for higher-level scene
analysis methods.
• Image analysis techniques include computation of perceived
brightness and color partial or complete recovery of three
dimensional data in the scene, location of discontinuities
corresponding to the objects in the scene and characteristics if the
properties of uniform regions in the image.
 Image Transmission
• Image Transmission deals with the transmission of digital images
through computer networks which requires:
• The network must accommodate brusty data transport because image
transmission is brusty.
• Image transmission requires reliable transport.
• time-independence is not a dominant characteristics of the image in contrast
to audio/video transmission.
• image can be transmitted by following ways:
• Raw Image Data Transmission:
• here, image is generated through video digitizer and transmitted in its digital format.
• the size is given as :
• size= spatial_resolution* pixel_quantization.
• eg: the transmission of image with resolution = 640*480 pixel and pixel quantization of 8 bits
per pixel requires transmission of 307,200 bytes through the network.
• Compressed Image Data Transmission:
• in this case, the image is generated through a video digitizer and compressed before
transmission.
• Methods such as JPEG, or MPEG are used for compression.
• the reduction of image size depends on the compression method and compression
rate.
• Symbolic Image data Transmission:
• In this case, the image is represented through symbolic data representation as
image primitives (e.g 2D or 3D geometric representation), attributes and
control information.
• this technique is used in computer graphics.
• image size is equal to the structure size which carries transmitted symbolic
information of the image.
Tutorial
• Image and graphics format
• Image synthesis