sea - id female

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY THEORIES AND SUPEREGO — The Judge • Fear of powerful people overcoming them
TECHNIQUES OF COUNSELING Ruled by the moral principle • Fear of revenge of the powerful people
• Internalized social norm & moral forces Penis Envy
Dr Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 pressing on and constraining individual action • A girl’s feelings of inferiority and jealousy
• The “over-I” over ego • Turns affections from mother to father since blame
• Oldest of eight children • Church on island roots and foundation in sea – id mom for no penis
• Married with 3 girls and 3 boys Psychosexual Theory of • Although can’t have penis can have baby
• Physician-Biologist – Scientific oriented and Development Five Stages of Development • Wants to find a good man like her father and produce
Pathology oriented theory Oral Stage: Birth to 2 year a baby
• Jewish-anti-religion-All religion an illusion used to Latency Period 5-11 years of age
cope with feelings of infantile helplessness • Satisfy drive of hunger and thirst by breast or bottle
• In Vienna Austria 78 years till 1938 • If fixated after weaned: • Time between resolution of Oedipus complex and
• Based theory on personal experiences • Over Dependency puberty
• Died of cancer of jaw & mouth lifelong cigar • Over Attachment • Usually not possible for sexual urges to be directly
chain- smoker • “Intake” of interesting substances/ideas expressed
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Approach • Related to later mistrust and rejection issues • Sexual energies are channeled into school and friends
• Model of personality development Anal Stage: 2- 4 years • A time of socialization
• Philosophy of Human Nature Genital Stage Adolescence – Adulthood
• Method of Psychotherapy • Id wants pleasure of reducing tension by defecating • Normal sexual relations
• Identified dynamic factors that motivate behavior & urinating • Marriage
• Focused on role of unconscious • Toilet training – get superego to impose • Child-rearing
• Developed first therapeutic procedures for societal norms • Sexual energies are invested in life
understanding & modifying structure of one’s basic o Self-control • 12-60 yo
character o Holding back Ego-Defense Mechanisms
Determinism o Freedom of action no control -Are normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level
• Freud’s perspective • Related to later personal power issues and tend to deny or distort reality
• Behavior is determine by Irrational forces Fixated at Anal Stage -Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from
• Unconscious motivations being overwhelmed
• Biological and instinctual drives as they evolve • Enjoy bathroom humor-making messes-even -Have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to
through the six psychosexual stages of life of other people’s lives avoid facing reality
Instincts • Neatness, order & organization and Obstinacy Defense Mechanisms
• Libido – sexual energy – survival of the individual and & Stinginess – Anal retentive- passive -To protect the ego against the painful and threatening impulses
human race-oriented towards growth, development aggressive arising from the id we distort the reality
& creativity – Pleasure principle – goal of life gain Phallic Stage: 4 – 6 years -The processes that distort the reality for the ego are called
pleasure and avoid pain defense mechanisms
• Sexual energy focused on genitals
• Death instinct – accounts for aggressive drive – to Fear- takot
• Masturbation
die or to hurt themselves or others
• Differences between boys and girls -external, definite, known, rational
• Sex and aggressive drives-powerful determinants of
• Emerging sexual gender identity Anxiety- pangamba
peoples actions
The Structure of Personality • Personality fixed by end of this stage
• Related to later sexual attitudes -internal, indefinite, unknown, irrational
ID — The Demanding Child Types of Defense Mechanisms
Ruled by the pleasure principle Stages of Grief
• Basic psychic energy and motivations Oedipus Complex
• Operates to demands of Pleasure Principle - • A boy’s sexual feeling for his mother and rivalries with Denial Anger
strive to satisfy desires and reduce inner his father Bargaining
tension Depression
• Sea around an Island • Psychological defenses against these threatening Acceptance
EGO — The Traffic Cop thoughts and feelings Form reaction pattern used Panibugho – Florante at Laura
Ruled by the reality principle throughout life
• Form personality through identification with father Repression- Pushes threatening thoughts back into the unconscious
• Deals with real world -Posttraumatic Stress Disorder- PTSD – Common with veterans
• Operates to demands of Reality Principle • Diminish fear of castration-vicariously obtain mother
and victims of sexual abuse
solves problems by planning & acting through father
-False memories – suggested through psychotherapist
• City Hall on island roots and foundation in Castration Anxiety
intentionally or unintentionally
• Unconscious fear of loss of penis and becoming like a
 Reaction Formation- process of pushing away threatening • Unconscious can manifest itself symbolically in a dream experience that do not consciously recall
impulses by overemphasizing the opposite in one’s • “Royal road to the unconscious” -Representation of the skill itself can be present in memory even
thoughts and actions • What is important in dreams is the infantile wish fulfillment in the absence of conscious memory for the event during which
-Examples: Jim Bakker & Jimmy Swaggart represented in them the skill was acquired.
Denial- Refusing to acknowledge anxiety-provoking stimuli • Freud assumed every dream has a meaning that can be Procedural: Memory for how to do the task
-Mind’s means of keeping its own sensations out of interpreted by decoding representations of the unconscious
conscious awareness material Declarative: Memory for facts about a task or event
-That fabulous river which runs down the middle of Egypt • Dream symbol = represents some person, thing, or activity
which many of us sail on Psychoanalytic Techniques
involved in the unconscious process
Projection- Anxiety-arousing impulses are externalized by Free Association- Client reports immediately without censoring
Dream Interpretations
placing any feelings or thoughts
✓ Knife, umbrella, snake = Penis
them, or projecting them, onto others. Interpretation- Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the
✓ Box, oven, ship = Uterus
-person’s inner threats are attributed to those around meanings of whatever is revealed
✓ Room, table with food = Women
them Dream Analysis - Therapist uses the “royal road to the
✓ Staircase, ladder = Sexual intercourse
-Newt Gingrich: public diatribe against infidelity of ✓ Water = Birth, mother
president while engaged in own long term infidelity unconscious” to bring unconscious material to
✓ Baldness, tooth removal = castration light
out of public eye ✓ Left (direction) = crime, sexual deviation
Displacement- shifting of the targets of one’s unconscious fears Transference- client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier
✓ Children playing = masturbation significant other
✓ Fire = bedwetting -allows the client to experience feelings that would
or ✓ Robber = father
Desires otherwise be inaccessible
✓ Falling = anxiety -ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE — allows the client to
-Hydraulic Replacement Model Freudian Slip- Psychological error in speaking or writing
-Some release valve must be found for the achieve insight into the influence of the past
bottled-up aggressive impulses triggered by -Evidence of some unconscious urge, desire, or Countertransference- reaction of the therapist toward the client
frustration and humiliation conflict & struggle
-Example: Man angry at boss kicks dog, kids that may interfere with objectivity
-When ego or superego are not doing their Resistance- Anything that works against the progress of therapy
Sublimation- Transforming of dangerous urges into positive, job properly elements of id slip out or are
socially acceptable motivation and prevents the production of unconscious material
seen -Analysis of Resistance- helps the client to see that
-Turns sexual energy away from sexual ends and Memory- Fact: every person experiences every event from
towards societal goals canceling appointments, fleeing from therapy
a unique, individual perspective that depends prematurely, etc., are ways of defending against
-is possible that as society becomes more sexually on a person’s needs, goals, assumptions and
liberated, art, creativity and even civilization will anxiety
other experiences -These acts interfere with ability to accept changes
suffer? -Fact: individualized memory is a complex, which could lead to more satisfying life
Regression- Returning to earlier, safer stages of our lives multifaceted, constantly changing representation
Contributions of Freud
- What is reported about the event varies
-There may be regression to the stage where there ✓ First personality & psychotherapy theory
tremendously with the circumstances under
was previous fixation ✓ Emphasis on sexuality as influence
which the memory is probed ✓ Importance of early childhood experience
Rationalization- mechanism involving post hoc logical Hypermnesia- “Excessive memory” situation in which a later
explanations for behaviors that were actually ✓ Concept of unconscious
attempt to remember something yields information
driven by internal unconscious motives ✓ Emphasis on Helper Role in therapeutic relationship
that was not reportable on an earlier attempt to ✓ Scientific approach to mental health on continuum
-Explanation for behavior not even remotely remember.
related to the true causes from physical health
-Memory flooding Limitations of Freud’s Work
Unconscious- portion of the mind inaccessible to usual,
conscious Infantile Amnesia- Most adults cannot remember much of what ✓ Pessimistic and deterministic approach to personality
thought happened to them before age three or four -Adults cannot ✓ Pathology based theory
remember any things be they traumatic or not ✓ Hydraulic model of psychic energy exaggerated
• -Get to unconscious through Free Association: -Still not clear why
spontaneous free flowing associations of ideas and ✓ No controlled studies-poor research
Subliminal Perception- Very weak stimuli could be perceived and ✓ Overemphasis on differences between men and
Material derived from free-association processed without conscious awareness of such stimulus having
• Material derived from projective techniques women
occurred. ✓ Unconcerned with interpersonal relations, individual
• Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms -Not consciously aware of stimuli that are nevertheless being
NOTE: consciousness is only a thin slice of the total identity and adaptation over one’s lifetimefeelings
processed by some parts of our brain
mind Dream Interpretation >Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:
Explicit memory: can recall or recognize something
• Manifest Content: what a person remembers and • Dreams
consciously considers-only a partial representation Implicit memory: change how think or behave as a result • Slips of the tongue
• Latent Content: underlying hidden meaning-vast underlying of some Posthypnotic suggestion
 ADLERIAN THERAPY ➢ There is more focus on interpersonal relationships than on the ➢ Social interest: striving for a better future for humanity
Who is Alfred Adler? individual's internal psychodynamics. • taught, learned, and used
➢ Born on Feb. 7, 1870 • sense of identification and empathy with others
➢ Rudolfsheim, Vienna BEHAVIOR AS PURPOSEFUL AND GOAL-ORIENTED • central indicator of mental health
➢ Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist ➢ All human behavior has a purpose. • as this develop, feelings of inferiority and alienation
➢ Founder of the School of Individual Psychology ➢ We can only think, feel, and act in relation to our perception of diminish.
our goal. • expressed through shared activity and mutual respect.
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE ➢ Interest in the future, without minimizing the importance of ➢ Central belief: our happiness and success are largely related to
➢ The individual begins to form an approach in life somewhere in past influences. social connectedness.
the first 6 years of living. ➢ Adler was influenced by the philosopher Hans Vaihinger's view ➢ We seek a place in the family and in society to fulfill basic needs
➢ Focus: how the person's perception of the past and his or her that people live by fictions. for security, acceptance, and worthiness.
interpretation of early events has a continuing influence. ➢ Fictional finalism - imagined central goal that guides a person's ➢ Many of the problems we experience are related to the fear of
➢ On many theoretical grounds, Adler was in opposition to Freud: behavior; replaced with the term "guiding self-ideal" and "goal not being accepted by the groups we value.
1. Sexual urges of perfection" ➢ Anxiety
2. Behavior ➢ "Only when I am perfect can I be secure" or "Only when I am ➢ We must successfully master three universal life tasks:
3. Consciousness as the focus of therapy. important can I be accepted" • building friendships (social task)
4. Choice and responsibility • establishing intimacy (love-marriage task)
5. Meaning in life STRIVING FOR SIGNIFICANCE AND SUPERIORITY • contributing to society (occupational task)
6. Striving for success • Innate
7. Completion • Grasp the ideas of basic inferiority and compensation BIRTH ORDER AND SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS
8. Perfection • Earliest years: feelings of inferiority.
9. Focus on inferiority feelings • The goals of success pulls people forward toward mastery and OLDEST
➢ source of all human striving enables them to overcome obstacles. ➢ Receives a good deal of attention, and during the time she is
➢ wellspring of creativity • The goal of superiority contributes to the development of the only child, she is typically somewhat spoiled as the center
➢ Around 6 years old, our fictional vision of ourselves as perfect human community. of attention.
begins to form into a life goal. • Superiority: moving from a perceived lower position to a ➢ Tends to be dependable and hardworking and strives to keep
➢ We have the capacity to interpret, influence, and create perceived higher position. ahead.
events. • Seek to change a weakness into a strength. ➢ When a new brother or sister arrives on the scene, she finds
➢ What we were born with is not as important as what we choose herself ousted from her favored position.
to do with the abilities and limitations we possess. LIFESTYLE ➢ She may readily believe that the newcomer will rob her of the
➢ Adlerians recognize that biological and environmental ➢ Individual's core beliefs and assumptions through which the love to which she is accustomed.
conditions limit our capacity to choose and create. person organizes his or her reality and finds meaning in life
➢ Focus on internal determinants of behavior. events. SECOND CHILD
➢ Adler was the first systemic therapist; he maintained that it is ➢ "Plan of life", "style of life", life movement", "strategy for ➢ From the time the child is born, he/she shares the attention
essential to understand people within the systems of which living", and "road map of life". with another child.
they are a part. ➢ The connecting theme that unifies all our actions, and our ➢ The child believes as if she were in a race and is generally under
lifestyle consists of all our values and perceptions regarding full steam at all times.
SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION OF REALITY self, others, and life. ➢ The younger child develops a knack for finding out the elder
➢ Phenomenological orientation: view the world from the ➢ Individuals as actors, creators, and artists child's weak spots and proceeds to win praise from both
client's subjective frame of reference ➢ Accounts to why all of our behaviors fit together to provide parents and teachers by achieving successes where the older
➢ Individual's perceptions, thoughts, feelings, values, beliefs, consistency to our actions. sibling has failed.
convictions, and conclusions. ➢ Subsequent events after the first 6 years of life may have a ➢ Often opposite to the firstborn.
➢ How we interpret reality and the meanings we attach to what profound effect on the development of our personality.
we experience. ➢ Faulty interpretations may lead to mistaken notions in our MIDDLE CHILD
private logic. ➢ Often feels squeezed out.
UNITY AND PATTERNS OF HUMAN PERSONALITY ➢ The child may become convinced of the unfairness of life and
➢ Individual is seen as an indivisible whole, born, reared, and SOCIAL INTEREST AND COMMUNITY FEELING feel cheated.
living in specific familial, social, and cultural contexts. ➢ Refer to individual's awareness of being part of the human ➢ The person may assume a "poor me" attitude and can become
➢ Human personality becomes unified through development of a community and to individual's attitudes in dealing with the a problem child.
life goal. social world.
➢ In families characterized by conflict, the middle child may ➢ Adlerian counselors realize that clients can become ➢ Adlerian consider a good client- therapist relationship to
become the switchboard and the peacemaker, the person who discouraged and function ineffectively because of be one between equals that is based on cooperation,
holds things together. mistaken beliefs, faulty values, and useless or self- mutual trust, respect, confidence and alignment of goals.
absorbed goals. ➢ At the outset of counseling clients should begin to
YOUNGEST CHILD ➢ The role is to assist clients in better understanding, formulate a plan or a contract.
➢ Always the baby of the family and tends to be the most challenging and changing their life story. ➢ This therapeutic contract sets forth the goals of the
pampered one. ➢ A major function is to make a comprehensive counseling process and specifies the responsibilities of
➢ Tend to go their own way. assessment of the clients functioning. both therapist and client.
➢ Often develop in ways no others in the family have thought ➢ Therapist gather information by means of questionnaire ➢ Developing a contract is not a requirement of adlerian
about. on the client’s family constellation and early therapy, but it brings a tight focus to therapy.
recollections.
ONLY CHILD ➢ When summarized and interpreted, it gives a picture of APPLICATION: THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES
➢ Has a problem of her own. the individuals early social world. ➢ Incorporated this phase into what he calls the minor
➢ Although she shares some of the characteristics of the oldest ➢ Freud assumed that dreams were wish fulfillment or an psychotherapy, his approach to therapy has been
child, she may not learn to share or cooperate with other attempt at solving an old problem, Adler viewed dreams elaborated in what is called the adlerian brief therapy
children. as rehearsal for possible future actions.
➢ She will learn to deal with adults well APPLICATION: THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES
➢ Often, the child is pampered by her parents and may become CLIENTS EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY Phase 1: Establishing the proper therapeutic relationship
dependently tied to one or both of them. ➢ Clients in Adlerian Counseling focus their work on desired ➢ Supportive, collaborative, educational, encouraging
➢ May want to have center stage of all time, and if her position outcomes and a resilient lifestyle, which will provide a process
is challenged, she will feel it is unfair. blueprint for their actions. ➢ Adlerian therapist seek to make person to person contact
➢ Clients explore what adlerian call private logic, the with clients rather than starting with the problem.
THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS concepts about self, others and life that constitutes the ➢ Help client build awareness of his /her strengths
➢ The Adlerian Counseling rests on a collaborative arrangement philosophy on which an individuals lifestyle is based. ➢ During the initial phase, a positive relationship is created
between a client and the counselor. It is forming a relationship ➢ The core of the therapy experience consists of clients by listening, responding , demonstrating respects for
based on mutual respect and identifying, exploring and discovering the purposes of behavior or symptoms and clients capacity to understand purpose and seek change ,
disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions within the the basic mistakes associated with their coping. and establishing faith , hope and caring.
person’s style of living. ➢ When clients enter therapy, they typically have a
➢ The main aim of therapy is to develop the client’s sense of Ex. Basic mistakes of a chronically depressed middle-aged man diminished sense of self-worth and self-respect.
belonging and to assist in the adoption of behavior and after a lifestyle assessment is completed ➢ They lack faith in their ability to cope with the task of life.
processes characterized by community feeling and social ➢ He has convinced himself that nobody could really care ➢ Therapist provide support, experienced a caring human
interest. about him. relationship.
➢ Adlerian do not see clients as being sick and in need of being ➢ He rejects people before they have a chance to reject ➢ Main techniques are listening with empathy, following
cured. Instead they view clients as discouraged. him. the subjective experience of the client, identifying and
➢ The goal is to re-educate clients so that they can live in society ➢ He is harshly critical of himself, expecting perfection. clarifying goals, suggesting initial hunches about purpose
as equals, both giving to society and receiving from others. ➢ He has expectations that things will rarely work out well. in client’s symptoms, actions and interactions.
➢ The counseling process focus on providing information, ➢ He burdens himself with guilt because he is convinced he
teaching, guiding and offering encouragement to discouraged is letting everyone down. Phase 2: exploring the individuals dynamics
clients. ➢ This person holds onto several basic mistakes and his ➢ The aim is to get a deeper understanding of an
➢ Encouragement is the most powerful method available for private logic offers focus for treatment. A central theme individual’s lifestyle.
changing a persons belief. or convictions in this clients life might be: ➢ The focus is on the individual’s social and cultural
➢ Courage is the willingness to act even when fearful in ways that ➢ “I must be perfect in everything I do” context.
are consistent with social interest. The loss of courage or ➢ “I must control everything in my life” ➢ Subjective interview
discouragement, results in mistaken and dysfunctional ➢ Through the therapeutic process, the client will discover ➢ Objective interview-
behavior. that he or she has resources and options to draw on in ➢ Family constellations
➢ Through the process of providing clients with a new “cognitive dealing with significant life issues and life tasks. ➢ Early recollections
map’’ –fundamental understanding of the purpose of their ➢ Basic mistakes
behavior, counselors assist them in changing their perceptions. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
Subjective interview---the counselor helps the client to tell his or her
THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE story as completely as possible.
 • It must follow from a sense of wonder, fascination and ➢ “Think back to when you were very young, as early as you • Collaborate with clients to find useful, meaningful
interest. can remember, and tell me something that happened interpretation of client motivation
• The best subjective interviews treat clients as expert in one time” Phase 4: Orientation and Reeducation
their own lives, allowing clients to feel completely heard. ➢ What parts stands out to you? • Action-oriented
➢ What was the most vivid part of your early memory? • Useful side of life:
Objective interview---seeks to discover information: ➢ If you played the whole memory like a movie and stopped • Sense of belonging and being valued
• How problems in the client’s life began it at one frame, what would be happening? • Having interest in others and welfare
• Any preceding events ➢ Putting your self in that moment, what are your feeling? • Courage
• Medical history ➢ What’s your reaction? • The acceptance of imperfection
• Social history ➢ Purpose: • Confidence
• Reasons the client chose therapy ➢ Assessment on the person’s convictions about self, • Sense of humor
• others , life and ethics.
Persons coping with the task • Willingness to contribute
• ➢ Assessment of the client’s stance in relation to the
A lifestyle assessment • Outgoing friendliness
counseling session and the counseling relationship
Phase 4: Helping with Reorientation
➢ Verification on coping patterns
FAMILY CONSTELLATIONS • Encouragement
➢ Adler considered the family of origin as having a central ➢ Assessment of individual strengths, assets and interfering
• Change and the search for new possibilities
ideas.
impact on an individual’s personality • Making a difference
➢ each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, AREAS OF APPLICATION
and life. IN INTERPRETING THESE EARLY RECOLLECTIONS
• Application to Education
➢ Adlerian assessment relies heavily on an exploration of ➢ What part does the person take in the memory? Is the
person an observer or a participant? • Application to Parent Education
the client’s family constellations, including the clients • Application to Marriage Counseling
evaluation that prevailed in the family when the person ➢ Who else in the memory? What position do others take
in relation to the person? • Application to Family Counseling
was a young (family atmosphere), birth order, parental
➢ What are the dominant themes and overall patterns of • Application to Group Counseling
relationship and family values, and extended family
the memories? APPLICATION TO EDUCATION
culture.
➢ What feelings are expressed in the memories? • By providing teachers with ways to prevent and correct
➢ This questions will give an idea of the type of information
➢ Why does the person choose to remember this event? basic mistake of children to promote social interest and
the counselor is seeking.
What is the person trying to convey? mental health.
➢ Who was the favorite child?
APPLICATION TO PARENT EDUCATION
➢ What was your father’s relationship with the children?
INTEGRATION AND SUMMARY • Parents are taught how to recognize the mistaken goals
Your mother’s?
➢ Which child was most like your father? Your mother? In • Narrative summary of the person’s subjective experience of children and use logical and natural consequences to
and life story guide children toward productive behavior.
what respects?
• Summary of family constellation and developmental data APPLICATION TO MARRIAGE COUNSELING
➢ Who among the siblings was most different from you? In
• Summary of early recollections, personal strengths or • Couples taught specific techniques that enhance
what ways?
assets and interfering ideas, communication and cooperation such as:
➢ Who among the siblings was most like you? In what
• Summary of coping strategies • Listening
ways?
• Paraphrasing
➢ What were you like as a child?
➢ How did your parents get along? In what did they both Basic mistakes: • Giving feedback
agree? How did they handle disagreements? How did • Overgeneralizations • Having marriage conference
they discipline the children? • False or impossible beliefs • Listing expectations
• Misperceptions of life and life’s demands
EARLY RECOLLECTIONS • Minimization or denial of one’s basic worth APPLICATION TO FAMILY COUNSELING
➢ Assessment procedure used by Adlerians is to ask the • Faulty values Focus on :
client to provide his or her earliest memories, including • family atmosphere
the age of the person at the time of the remembered phase 3 : Encouraging Self-Understanding and Insight • family constellation
events and the feelings or reactions associated with the Counselors: • interactive goals of each member.
recollections. • Help gain better self-understanding APPLICATION TO GROUP WORK
➢ “I would like to hear about your early memories” • Prompt insight • Unique feature of Adlerian group counseling is the use of
• Offers possible interpretations early recollections
 PERSON CENTERED THERAPY (2) unconditional positive regard, (3) accurate empathic Implies that the therapists will sense client’s feelings as if
Carl Ransom Rogers (1902-1987) understanding. they were his or her own without becoming lost in those
• A major spokesperson for humanistic psychology. • Actualizing Tendency feelings.
• Belong to a family atmosphere as characterized by close and • In the person-centered approach the emphasis is on how the
warm relationships but also by strict religious standards. clients act in the world with others, how can they move forward in Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures
• His boyhood was somewhat lonely and he pursued scholarly constructive directions, and how they can successfully deal with Early Emphasis on Reflection of Feelings
interests instead of social ones. obstacles that are blocking their growth. • Roger`s original emphasis was on grasping the world of the
•During his college years his interests and academic major changed client and reflecting this understanding.
from agriculture to history, then to religion and finally to clinical The Therapeutic Process • Shifted and rather emphasized the therapist’s relationship
psychology. • Therapeutic Goals with the client.
• He held academic positions in various fields, including education, - The person-centered approach aims toward the client • Many followers of Rogers simply imitated his reflective style,
social work, counseling, psychotherapy, group therapy peace and achieving a greater degree of independence and integration. and client-centered therapy has often been identified primarily
interpersonal relations and he earned recognition around the world with the technique of reflection.
Rogers described people who are becoming increasingly • Person-centered approach is basically a simple restatement of
for originating and developing the humanistic movement in actualized as having:
psychotherapy. what the client just said.
• An openness to experience
• Often called the “Father of Psychotherapy Research.” • A trust in themselves Evolution of Person-Centered Methods
•His greatest passion was directed toward the reduction of • An internal source of evaluation • One of Rogers’s main contributions to the counseling field is the
interracial tensions and the effort to achieve world peace. • A willingness to continue growing notion that the quality of the therapeutic relationship, is the
• He also known as a “Quiet Revolutionary.” primary agent of growth in the client.
Therapist’s Functions and Role • According to Natalie Rogers, the terms “techniques,” “strategies,”
Rogers’ Basic Assumptions • The role of person-centered therapists is rooted in their ways of
1. People are essentially trustworthy, that they have a vast and “procedures” are seldom used in the person-centered
being and attitudes, not in techniques designed to get client to “do approach.
potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own something.”
problems without direct intervention on the therapist’s part and • According to Bohart (2003), the process of “being with” clients
they are capable of self-directed growth if they are involved in a Client’s Experience in Therapy and entering their world of perceptions and feelings is sufficient for
specific kind of therapeutic relationship. • Clients come to the counselor in a state of incongruence; that is a bringing about change.
2. Rogers emphasized the attitudes and personal characteristics of discrepancy exists between their self-perception and their • Therapist’s presence, is essential for clients’ progress which refers
the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship. experience in reality. to the therapist being completely engaged and absorbed in the
3. Rogers did not present the person-centered theory as a fixed relationship with the client.
Relationship Between Therapist and Client
and completed approach to therapy. Application to Crisis Intervention
- Two persons are in psychological contact.
Four Periods of the Development of the Approach - The firsts, whom we shall term the client, is in state of - Unwanted pregnancy,
1. Nondirective Counseling incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious. - an illness,
- Provides a powerful and revolutionary alternative to the - The second person, whom we term the therapist, is congruent in - a disastrous event,
directive and interprative approaches to therapy. the relationship. - the loss of a loved one.
2. Client-centered therapy - The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the ▪ An effective person-centered therapist must be grounded,
- Reflect its emphasis on the client rather than on client. centered, genuine, present, focused, patient, and accepting in a
nondirective methods. - The therapist experiences an emphatic understanding of the way that involves maturity.
3. Becoming a Person client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate Application to Group Counseling
- Becoming the self that one truly is. this experience to the client. • The primary function of the facilitator is to create a safe and
- Becoming one’s experience. - The communication to the client of the therapist’s emphatic healing climate—a place where the group members can interact in
4. Person-centered approach understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal honest and meaningful ways.
- This shift in terms reflected the broadening application of degree achieved. • Rogers (1970) clearly believed that groups tend to move forward
the approach. • Congruence if the facilitator exhibits a deep sense of trust in the members and
Congruence implies that therapists are real; genuine, refrains from using techniques or exercises to get a group moving.
Abraham Maslow’s Contributions to Humanistic Psychology integrated, and authentic during the therapy hour.
• The “self-actualizing people” • Unconditional Positive Regard
• Postulated the hierarchy of needs The second attitude that the therapists need to Person Centered Expressive Arts therapy by Natalie Rogers
communicate is deep and genuine caring for the client as a Natalie Rogers (1993) expanded on her father, Carl Rogers (1961),
View of Human Nature theory of creativity using the expressive arts to enhance personal
• His professional experience taught him that if one is able to get to person.
• Empathy growth for individuals and groups. Rogers approach, known as
the core of an individual, one finds a trustworthy, positive center. expressive arts therapy, extends the person-centered approach to
• Rogers maintained that three therapist attributes create a Is a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the
client spontaneous creative expression, which symbolizes deep and
growth-promoting climate in which individuals can move forward sometimes inaccessible feelings and emotional states. Counselors
and become what they are capable of becoming: (1) congruence, • Accurate Empathic Understanding
trained in person-centered expressive arts offer their clients the
opportunity to create movement, visual art, journal writing, sound,
and music to express their feelings and gain insight from these • Emphasis on research EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
activities. Person-centered expressive arts therapy represents an • Importance of empathy Viktor Frankl
alternative to traditional approaches to counseling that rely on • Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist. He received his MD and
verbal means and may be particularly useful for clients who are Criticism & Limitations PhD degrees from the University of Vienna where he studied
locking in intellectual ways of experiencing. • Methodological errors psychiatry and neurology.
• Insufficient conditions for change • Believed that the essence of being human lies in searching for
Principles of Expressive Arts Therapy • Does not truly support the clients to find their own way meaning and purpose
• Expressive arts therapy uses various artistic forms-movement, • Difficulty to decide a specific goals “Everything can be taken from a man but one thing: the last of the
drawing, painting, sculpting, music, writing, and improvisation • Reliance of therapist to be genuine human freedoms—to choose one’s attitude in any given set of
toward the end of growth, healing, and self-discovery. This is a circumstances, to choose one’s own way.”
multimodal approach integrating mind, body, emotions, and inner
spiritual resources. Methods of expressive arts therapy are based Rollo May
on humanistic principles similar to, but giving fuller form to Carl • He was born in 1909 in Ada, Ohio. He attributed his interest in
Rogers notions of creativity. psychology to his troubled family life and the discordant
• All people have an innate ability to be creative. relationship of his parents.
• The creative process is transformative and healing. • Believed that it takes courage to “be,” and our choices determine
• Personal growth and higher states of consciousness are achieved the kind of person we become.
through self-awareness, self-understanding, and insight. “Many people suffer from the fear of finding oneself alone, and so
• Self-awareness, understanding, and insight are achieved by they don't find themselves at all.”
delving into our feelings of grief, anger, pain, fear, joy, and ecstasy.
• Our feelings and emotions are an energy source that can be Soren Kierkegaard
channeled into the expressive arts to be released and transformed. • Danish philosopher, theologian, and cultural critic who was a
• The expressive arts lead us into the unconscious, thereby major influence on existentialism.
enabling us to express previously unknown facets of ourselves and • He is particularly concerned with angst (dread and anxiety) and
bring to light new information and awareness. he addressed the role of anxiety and uncertainty in life.
• One art form stimulates and nurtures the other, bringing us to an “Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom.”
inner core or essence that is our life energy. Martin Heidegger
• A connection exists between our life force—our inner core, or • German philosopher and seminal thinker in the continental
soul and the essence of all beings. tradition of philosophy and is best known for contributions to
• As we journey inward to discover our essence or wholeness, we phenomenology and existentialism.
discover our relatedness to the outer world, and the inner and • View that philosophy must begin from experience.
outer become one “Anyone can achieve their fullest potential, who we are might be
predetermined, but the path we follow is always of our own
choosing.”

The Therapeutic Process

What Hold Us Back? Therapeutic Goals
Natalie Rogers believes that we cheat ourselves out of a fulfilling • Existential therapy is best considered as an invitation to clients to
and joyous source of creativity if we cling to the idea that an artist recognize the ways in which they are not living fully authentic lives
is the only one who can enter the real of creativity. Art is not only and to make choices that will lead to their becoming what they are
for the few who develop a talent or master a medium. We all can capable of being.
use various art forms to facilitate self-expression and personal • Support clients in confronting the anxieties that they have so long
growth. sought to avoid.
Summary and Evaluation • Help clients redefine themselves and their world in ways that
• Emphasis on self actualization foster greater genuineness of contact with life.
• Establishment of personal relation to the client Therapist’s Function and Role
• Specific goals are not imposed • Understanding the subjective world of clients to help them come
• Active participation of the therapist to the client to new understandings and options
• Invite clients to accept personal responsibility
Contributions Key Concepts
• Demonstration of the effectiveness of humanistic approach View of Human Nature
• Radical alternative to psychoanalysis • It bases therapeutic practice on an understanding of what it
• Shifting of therapeutic focus from technique and reliance to means to be human.
therapeutic relationship
• Usage of non verbal method
• The existential tradition seeks a balance between recognizing the A characteristic existential theme is that people are free to choose • Who are starting new phase of life
limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and among alternatives and therefore have a large role in shaping their • People who feel alienated from the current expectation of society
the possibilities and opportunities of human life on the other hand. destinies. A central existential concept is that although we long for
• We pose the same questions philosophers have pondered freedom, we often try to escape from our freedom (Russell, 2007).
throughout Western history: “Who am I?” “What can I know?” Proposition 3: Striving for Identity and Relationship to Others Brief Counseling
“What ought I to do?” “What can I hope for?” “Where am I going?” People are concerned about preserving their uniqueness and Characteristics
centeredness, yet at the same time they have an interest in going • Solution focused
Six Basic Dimensions of Human Conditions outside of themselves to relate to other beings and to nature. • Target the symptom and not what is behind it
Proposition 1: The Capacity for Self-Awareness Proposition 4: The Search for Meaning • Clearly define goals related to a specific behavior
Increase our capacity to live fully as we expand our awareness in Client might question: • Produce immediate results
the following areas: “Why am I here? What do I want from life? What gives my life • Responsibility for change is placed clearly on the client
• We are finite and do not have unlimited time to do what we want purpose? Where is the source of meaning for me in life?” • Outcomes are measurable
in life. Therapist might ask: • Experiences enhance self-efficacy/confidence that change is
• We have the potential to take action or not to act; inaction is a “Do you like the direction of your life? Are you pleased with what possible
decision. you now are and what you are becoming? If you are confused Opening Sessions
• We choose our actions, and therefore we can partially create our about who you are and what you want for yourself, what are you • Produce rapid engagement
own destiny. doing to get some clarity?” • Identify, focus on prioritize problem
• Meaning is the product of discovering how we are “thrown” or Proposition 5: Anxiety as a Condition of Living • Acknowledge the client’s feeling and experiences as a normal part
situated in the world and then, through commitment, living • Anxiety arises from one’s personal strivings to survive and to of recovery
creatively. maintain and assert one’s being, and the feelings anxiety generates • Work with the client to develop possible solutions
• As we increase our awareness of the choices available to us, we are an inevitable aspect of the human condition. • Negotiate the plan with client
also increase our sense of responsibility for the consequences of • Existential anxiety is the unavoidable result of being confronted • Elicit clients concern and solutions
these choices. with the “givens of existence”—death, freedom, choice, isolation, • Explain the structural framework of brief therapy (feedback,
• We are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, guilt, and meaninglessness (Vontress, 2008; Yalom, 1980) responsibility, advice, menu, empathy, self-efficacy)
and isolation. Existential Therapist differentiate the two anxiety the Normal Benefits
• We are basically alone, yet we have an opportunity to relate to Anxiety and Neurotic Anxiety. • Reduce no-show
other beings. ▪ Normal anxiety - is an appropriate response to an event being • Increase treatment engagement
• We can choose either to expand or to restrict our consciousness. faced. It is not a therapeutic goal to eliminate normal anxiety. • Increase compliance
• They begin to see that their identity is anchored in someone ▪ Neurotic anxiety - in contrast, is out of proportion to the • Increase self-efficacy
else’s definition of them; that is, they are seeking approval and situation. It is typically out of awareness, and it tends to • Reduce reggression and isolation
confirmation of their being in others instead of looking to immobilize the person. Goals
themselves for affirmation. Proposition 6: Awareness of Death and Nonbeing • Specific
• They learn that in many ways they are keeping themselves The existentialist does not view death negatively but holds that • Measurable
prisoner by some of their past decisions, and they realize that they awareness of death as a basic human condition gives significance to • Achievable in 8-10 weeks
can make new decisions. living. • Realistic
• They learn that although they cannot change certain events in • Time-Limited
their lives they can change the way they view and react to these Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedure Objective
events. Phases of Existential Counseling • To extract at least one measurable change in the clients behavior
• They learn that they are not condemned to a future similar to the 1. Therapist assist clients in identifying and clarifying their • Time management
past, for they can learn from their past and thereby reshape their assumptions about the world. • Expanding a support system
future. 2. Clients are encouraged to more fully examine the source and • Improving social skills
• They realize that they are so preoccupied with suffering, death, authority of their present value system. • Changing unhelpful thoughts
and dying that they are not appreciating living. 3. Focuses on helping people take what they are learning about • Improving the health behaviors
• They are able to accept their limitations yet still feel worthwhile, themselves and put it in action. • Forgiveness and acceptance
for they understand that they do not need to be perfect to feel Group Counseling
worthy. Clients Appropriate for Existential Counseling
• People who are coping with developmental crisis Characteristics
• They come to realize that they are failing to live in the present • Form of therapy that people benefit from shared experiences.
moment because of preoccupation with the past, planning for the • Experiencing grief and loss
• Confronting death • Enriches members with insight and guidance
future, or trying to do too many things at once. • Provides basic framework formation to the group of people you
• Increasing self-awareness, which includes awareness of • Facing major life decisions
• Facing uncertainty are in
alternatives, motivations, factors influencing the person, and • Includes 1 or more counselor who will guide a group of • 5-15
personal goals, is an aim of all counseling. It is the therapist’s task • Who are committed to dealing problems about living
• Facing anxiety clients
to indicate to the client that a price must be paid for increased • Meeting is 1-2hrs each week.
awareness. • Who feels emptiness
• Who are starting Benefits
Proposition 2: Freedom and Responsibility
• Diversity • Both beginning and advanced practitioners who are not of a
• Can learn how to cope with problems by observing others philosophical turn of mind tend to find many of the existential
• Help the clients grow in patience concepts lofty and elusive. And those counselors who do find
• Provides community themselves close to this philosophy are often at a loss when they
Objective attempt to apply it to practice.
• To help clients see that they are not alone in their struggle and
that having struggle is a reality of life.
• To reveal to the client more about themselves than they knew
before.
• To help patients to recognize and identify problems
• Gain community that pushes and encourages them towards the
change
• Modify group therapy to treat substance abuse
Goals
• To provide an overview of group therapy used in substance abuse
treatment
Summary and Evaluation
• We become free beings who are responsible for choosing the way
we live, and we influence our own destiny
• We are free, even though we may seek to avoid reflecting on this
freedom.
• Anxiety is heightened when we reflect on the reality that we are
mortal.
Our Task
- Our task is to create a life that has meaning and purpose. As
humans we are unique in that we strive toward fashioning
purposes and values that give meaning to living.
Existential Therapy
▪ Places central prominence on the person-to-person relationship.
▪ Assumes that client growth occurs through this genuine
encounter.
▪ It is the quality of the client–therapist relationship that heals.
▪ Concerned with the goals of therapy, basic conditions of being
human, and therapy as a shared journey, practitioners are not
bound by specific techniques.
Contributions
• Helped bring the person back into central focus.
• Concentrates on the central facts of human existence: self-
consciousness and our consequent freedom.
• Providing a new view of death as a positive force, not a morbid
prospect to fear, for death gives life meaning.
• Contributed a new dimension to the understanding of anxiety,
guilt, frustration, loneliness, and alienation.
Limitations and Criticisms
• Lacks a systematic statement of the principles and practices of
psychotherapy.
• Some therapists who claim adherence to an existential
orientation describe their therapeutic style in vague and global
terms such as self-actualization, dialogic encounter, authenticity,
and being in the world. = causes confusion at times and makes it
difficult to conduct research on the process or outcomes of
existential therapy.