MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(OBJECTIVE TYPE)
 MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
(OBJECTIVE TYPE)
[With Multiple Choice Questions and Answers]

(Including Brief Theory)

[For Gate Test, U.P.S.C. Engineering Services Examinations (I.E.S.), I.A.S. Exams, (Engg.
Group), Objective Type Tests of Public Undertaking and Private Limited Companies,
Interviews, Degree Examinations, Quick Review of the Subject and other Companies Tests]

By

Dr. R.K. Bansal

B. Sc. Engg. (Mech.), M.Tech., Hons. (I.I.T., Delhi),
Ph.D., M.I.E. (India)
Formerly
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Delhi College of Engineering
Delhi
Presently
Dean (Academics)
Northern India Engineering College
Delhi

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (OBJECTIVE TYPE)

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Dedicated
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the loving memory of
my daughter, Babli
 CONTENT
ONTENTSS

Chapters Pages

1. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines ............................................ 1–87

I. Theory ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Definitions and Fluid Properties ..................................................................................... 1
1.2. Pressure and Its Measurement ......................................................................................... 3
1.3. Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces ............................................................................ 4
1.4. Buoyancy and Floatation .................................................................................................. 5
1.5. Kinematics of Fluid ............................................................................................................ 6
1.6. Dynamics of Fluid .............................................................................................................. 8
1.7. Orifice and Mouthpiece ................................................................................................... 10
1.8. Notch and Weir ................................................................................................................. 10
1.9. Viscous Flow ..................................................................................................................... 11
1.10. Turbulent Flow ................................................................................................................. 12
1.11. Flow Through Pipes ......................................................................................................... 13
1.12. Dimensional and Model Analysis ................................................................................. 14
1.13. Boundary Layers ............................................................................................................... 15
1.14. Drag and Lift Forces ......................................................................................................... 16
1.15. Compressible Flow ........................................................................................................... 16
1.16. Channel Flow .................................................................................................................... 17
1.17. Hydraulic Turbines .......................................................................................................... 22
1.18. Centrifugal Pumps ........................................................................................................... 24
1.19. Reciprocating Pump ......................................................................................................... 25
1.20. Miscellaneous Hydraulic Devices ................................................................................. 25
II. Objective Type Questions ............................................................................................. 26
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations ...................................... 77
Answers ........................................................................................................................... 85

2. Engineering Mechanics ...................................................................... 88–154

I. Theory .............................................................................................................................. 88
2.1. Definitions .......................................................................................................................... 88
2.2. Equations of Motions ....................................................................................................... 90
(vii)
 (viii)

2.3. Kinetics ............................................................................................................................... 91

2.4. Frames ................................................................................................................................. 92
2.5. Projectiles ........................................................................................................................... 92
2.6. Friction ................................................................................................................................ 93
2.7. Lifting Machines ............................................................................................................... 94
2.8. Virtual Work ...................................................................................................................... 99
2.9. Centre of Gravity (C.G.) .................................................................................................. 99
2.10. Moment of Inertia (M.O.I.) ........................................................................................... 100
2.11. Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.) ............................................................................. 103
2.12. Belts and Ropes Drives .................................................................................................. 104
2.13. Work, Power and Energy .............................................................................................. 106
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 107
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 143
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 152

3. Thermodynamics ............................................................................... 155–212

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 155
3.1. Definitions ........................................................................................................................ 155
3.2. Zeroth’s Law of Thermodynamics .............................................................................. 156
3.3. First Law of Thermodynamics ..................................................................................... 156
3.4. Second Law of Thermodynamics ................................................................................ 157
3.5. Gas Laws .......................................................................................................................... 158
3.6. Non-flow Processes or Closed System ....................................................................... 159
3.7. Entropy ............................................................................................................................. 162
3.8. Air Cycles ......................................................................................................................... 164
3.9. Mean Effective Pressure ................................................................................................ 164
3.10. Efficiencies of the Engines ............................................................................................ 164
3.11. Carnot Cycle .................................................................................................................... 165
3.12. Otto Cycle ......................................................................................................................... 166
3.13. Diesel Cycle ..................................................................................................................... 167
3.14. Stirling Cycle ................................................................................................................... 167
3.15. Brayton Cycle .................................................................................................................. 168
3.16. Dual Cycle ........................................................................................................................ 168
3.17. Fuel and Combustion .................................................................................................... 169
3.18. Combustion Equations .................................................................................................. 169
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 171
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 203
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 211

4. Internal Combustion Engines and Nuclear Power Plants ............. 213–258

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 213
4.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 213
 (ix)

4.2. Classification of I.C. Engines ........................................................................................ 213

4.3. Some Definitions ............................................................................................................. 214
4.4. Otto Cycle ......................................................................................................................... 216
4.5. Diesel Cycle ..................................................................................................................... 217
4.6. Two-stroke or Four-stroke Cycle Engine ................................................................... 217
4.7. Carburettor and Carburetion ....................................................................................... 219
4.8. Engine Power .................................................................................................................. 220
4.9. Engine Efficiencies ......................................................................................................... 220
4.10. Governing of I.C. Engines ............................................................................................. 221
4.11. Important Terms Used in I.C. Engines ....................................................................... 221
4.12. Performance Test on I.C. Engine ................................................................................. 224
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 224
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 250
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 256

5. Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines ............................. 259–330

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 259
5.1. Boilers ............................................................................................................................... 259
5.2. Classification of Boilers ................................................................................................. 259
5.3. Comparison of Water-tube and Fire-tube Boilers .................................................... 261
5.4. Boiler Mountings and Accessories .............................................................................. 261
5.5. Terms Used in Boilers .................................................................................................... 262
5.6. Efficiency of a Boiler ...................................................................................................... 263
5.7. Heat Losses in a Boiler ................................................................................................... 263
5.8. Boiler Draught ................................................................................................................. 263
5.9. A Chimney ....................................................................................................................... 263
5.10. Boiler Efficiency .............................................................................................................. 264
5.11. Steam Nozzle ................................................................................................................... 264
5.12. Steam Engine ................................................................................................................... 266
5.13. Saturation Curve and Missing Quantity .................................................................... 271
5.14. Governing of Simple Steam Engine ............................................................................ 271
5.15. Compound Steam Engine ............................................................................................. 272
5.16. Steam Turbines ............................................................................................................... 273
5.17. Classification of Steam Turbines ................................................................................. 273
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 280
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 320
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 328

6. Compressors, Gas Turbines and Jet Engines ................................ 331–381

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 331
6.1. Air Compressor ............................................................................................................... 331
6.2. Classification of Compressors ...................................................................................... 331
 (x)

6.3. Work Done in Single Stage Reciprocating Air Compressor Neglecting

Clearance Volume .......................................................................................................... 332
6.4. Efficiencies of a Compressor ........................................................................................ 333
6.5. Work Done in Single Stage Compressor with Clearance Volume ........................ 334
6.6. Multi-stage Compressor ................................................................................................ 335
6.7. Rotary Compressors ....................................................................................................... 337
6.8. Centrifugal Compressors .............................................................................................. 338
6.9. Axial Flow Compressor ................................................................................................. 338
6.10. Static Temperature ......................................................................................................... 338
6.11. Work Done by the Impeller .......................................................................................... 338
6.12. Efficiency of a Rotary Compressor ............................................................................. 339
6.13. Degree of Reaction ......................................................................................................... 339
6.14. Gas Turbine ..................................................................................................................... 339
6.15. Turbine Efficiency .......................................................................................................... 342
6.16. Compressor Efficiency (ηc) ........................................................................................... 342
6.17. Jet Propulsion and Rocket Propulsion ....................................................................... 343
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 343
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 373
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 380

7. Heat Transfer, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning ........................ 382–441

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 382
7.1. Heat Transfer ................................................................................................................... 382
7.2. Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction ............................................................................. 383
7.3. Newton’s Law of Cooling ............................................................................................. 385
7.4. Heat Transfer from a Hot Fluid to a Cold Fluid Through a Wall ......................... 385
7.5. Radiation Falling on a Body ......................................................................................... 388
7.6. Refrigeration .................................................................................................................... 389
7.7. Properties of a Refrigerant ............................................................................................ 392
7.8. Vapour Absorption Cycle ............................................................................................. 393
7.9. Air Conditioning ............................................................................................................. 394
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 397
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 433
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 440

8. Strength of Materials ......................................................................... 442–552

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 442
8.1. Basic Definitions ............................................................................................................. 442
8.2. Types of Stresses ............................................................................................................. 442
8.3. Hooke’s Law .................................................................................................................... 443
8.4. Extension of a Uniform Rod or Uniformly Tapering Rod ...................................... 444
 (xi)

8.5. Stress and Extension of a Uniform Rod or Conical Rod

Due to Its Own Weight .................................................................................................. 444
8.6. Bars of Composite Sections ........................................................................................... 444
8.7. Thermal Stresses ............................................................................................................. 445
8.8. Poisson’s Ratio and Lateral Strain ............................................................................... 445
8.9. Resilience .......................................................................................................................... 445
8.10. Stresses on an Inclined Section of a Bar Carrying Axial Load ............................... 446
8.11. Mohr’s Circle of Stresses ............................................................................................... 448
8.12. Principal Stresses on a Point on a Shaft Subjected to Bending and Torsion ....... 449
8.13. Strain Energy Stored in a Strained Material .............................................................. 450
8.14. Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram ............................................ 451
8.15. Deflection and Slope ...................................................................................................... 453
8.16. Torsion of Shafts ............................................................................................................. 457
8.17. Springs .............................................................................................................................. 459
8.18. Direct and Bending Stresses ......................................................................................... 460
8.19. Thin Cylinders and Spheres ......................................................................................... 460
8.20. Thick Cylinders and Spheres ....................................................................................... 461
8.21. Columns and Struts ........................................................................................................ 462
8.22. Stress-Strain Curve for a Mild Steel Bar ..................................................................... 464
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 465
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 526
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 534

9. Theory of Machines ........................................................................... 553–657

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 553
9.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 553
9.2. Kinematic Pair ................................................................................................................. 553
9.3. Kinematic Chain ............................................................................................................. 554
9.4. Mechanism and Inversion ............................................................................................ 554
9.5. Kinematic Chains with Four Lower Pairs ................................................................. 554
9.6. Motion in a Curved Path ............................................................................................... 555
9.7. Velocity of a Point in a Mechanism ............................................................................ 556
9.8. Clutches and Brakes ....................................................................................................... 556
9.9. Instantaneous Centre ..................................................................................................... 556
9.10. Simple Harmonic Motion ............................................................................................. 557
9.11. Equivalent Dynamical System ..................................................................................... 558
9.12. Gears ................................................................................................................................. 559
9.13. Definition of the Terms Used in Gears ....................................................................... 559
9.14. Law of Gearing ................................................................................................................ 560
9.15. Velocity of Sliding .......................................................................................................... 560
9.16. Forms of Teeth ................................................................................................................ 560
9.17. Spiral Gears ...................................................................................................................... 561
9.18. Gear Trains ....................................................................................................................... 562
 (xii)

9.19. Square Threaded Screw ................................................................................................. 563

9.20. Belts and Ropes ............................................................................................................... 565
9.21. Cams .................................................................................................................................. 567
9.22. Balancing .......................................................................................................................... 571
9.23. Vibrations ......................................................................................................................... 574
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 575
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 644
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 655

10. Machine Design ................................................................................. 658–760

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 658
10.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 658
10.2. Interchangeability and Limit System .......................................................................... 658
10.3. Power Screws and Threads .......................................................................................... 660
10.4. Stresses in Screwed Fastening Due to Static Loading ............................................. 661
10.5. Design of Shafts .............................................................................................................. 662
10.6. Various Theories of Failure .......................................................................................... 664
10.7. Hollow Shafts .................................................................................................................. 664
10.8. Stress Concentration Factor .......................................................................................... 665
10.9. Riveted Joints .................................................................................................................. 665
10.10. Welded Joints .................................................................................................................. 667
10.11. Keys and Couplings ....................................................................................................... 669
10.12. Design of Cotter Joint and Knuckle Joint ................................................................... 672
10.13. Belts, Ropes and Chain Drives ..................................................................................... 673
10.14. Lubricant .......................................................................................................................... 676
10.15. Bearings ............................................................................................................................ 676
10.16. Friction Clutches ............................................................................................................. 679
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 681
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 747
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 757

11. Engineering Materials ....................................................................... 761–843

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 761
11.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 761
11.2. Pig Iron ............................................................................................................................. 762
11.3. Non-ferrous Materials ................................................................................................... 762
11.4. Allotropic Forms of Iron ............................................................................................... 763
11.5. Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram ............................................................................. 763
11.6. Engineering Material Properties .................................................................................. 763
11.7. Heat Treatment Process ................................................................................................ 765
11.8. Case Hardening .............................................................................................................. 766
11.9. Surface Treatments ......................................................................................................... 767
 (xiii)

11.10. Atomic Structure ............................................................................................................. 767

11.11. Imperfections in Metal Crystals ................................................................................... 769
11.12. Diffusion in Solids .......................................................................................................... 770
11.13. Unit Cell ........................................................................................................................... 772
11.14. Thermal Properties of Materials .................................................................................. 772
11.15. Electrical Properties of Solids ....................................................................................... 773
11.16. Dielectric Loss ................................................................................................................. 774
11.17. Band Theory of Solids .................................................................................................... 776
11.18. Magnetic Properties of Solids ...................................................................................... 777
11.19. Diamagnetic Materials ................................................................................................... 778
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 778
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 831
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 840

12. Production Engineering .................................................................... 844–947

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 844
12.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 844
12.2. Casting .............................................................................................................................. 844
12.3. Centrifugal Casting ........................................................................................................ 845
12.4. Metal Forming ................................................................................................................. 845
12.5. Forging Processes ........................................................................................................... 846
12.6. Extrusion .......................................................................................................................... 847
12.7. Grinding ........................................................................................................................... 848
12.8. Welding ............................................................................................................................ 849
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 850
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 933
Answers ......................................................................................................................... 943

13. Industrial Engineering and Production Management .................. 948–1007

I. Theory ............................................................................................................................ 948
13.1. Function of Management .............................................................................................. 948
13.2. Decision Making ............................................................................................................. 949
13.3. Internal Organisation ..................................................................................................... 949
13.4. Forms of Ownership ...................................................................................................... 950
13.5. Elementary Economics (Demand, Supply and Prices: Elasticity) ......................... 951
13.6. Competition ..................................................................................................................... 952
13.7. Production and Consumption ..................................................................................... 952
13.8. Investment Decisions ..................................................................................................... 954
13.9. Break-even Analysis ....................................................................................................... 954
13.10. Plant Location .................................................................................................................. 956
13.11. Materials Handling ........................................................................................................ 958
 (xiv)

13.12. Work-Study ...................................................................................................................... 958

13.13. Work Measurement ........................................................................................................ 959
13.14. Maintenance and Replacement Decisions ................................................................. 960
13.15. Linear Programming ...................................................................................................... 961
13.16. Project Management (CPM and PERT) ...................................................................... 962
II. Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................... 964
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................... 996
Answers ....................................................................................................................... 1005

14. General Engineering and General Aptitude ................................ 1008–1071

I. Theory .......................................................................................................................... 1008
14.1. Functions ........................................................................................................................ 1008
14.2. Sequence and Series ..................................................................................................... 1009
14.3. Differentiation ............................................................................................................... 1009
14.4. Integration ...................................................................................................................... 1010
14.5. Multiple Integrals ......................................................................................................... 1010
14.6. Functions of a Complex Variable .............................................................................. 1011
14.7. Introduction to Electrical Technology ...................................................................... 1013
14.8. Mutual Inductance ....................................................................................................... 1015
14.9. Definitions in Network Analysis ............................................................................... 1015
14.10. The Network Theorems .............................................................................................. 1016
14.11. Bohr’s Model of Atom ................................................................................................. 1018
14.12. Dual Nature of Matter ................................................................................................. 1019
14.13. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle .......................................................................... 1019
14.14. Quantum Numbers ...................................................................................................... 1019
14.15. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure ............................................................................... 1021
14.16. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases ........................................................................... 1021
14.17. Translational, Vibrational and Rotational Energies ............................................... 1021
II. Objective Type Questions ......................................................................................... 1023
III. Objective Type Questions from Competitive Examinations .................................. 1065
Answers ....................................................................................................................... 1070

15. Typical Objective Type Test Papers ............................................. 1072–1121

I. Test Paper No. 1 ............................................................................................................ 1072
II. Test Paper No. 2 ............................................................................................................ 1096
Answers ....................................................................................................................... 1120
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