IOT BASED POWER CONSUMPTION

ALERT SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT
(15EC81C)

Submitted by

M.AASHIKA (1711001)
S. ABINAYA SUNDARI (1711005)
C.ISWARYA (1711031)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NATIONAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOVILPATTI

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25)

K.R.Nagar, Kovilpatti-628503

April 2021

i
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report titled “IOT BASED POWER CONSUMPTION

ALERT SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of “M. AASHIKA (1711001), S.
ABINAYA SUNDARI (1711005), C. ISWARYA (1711031)” who carried out this
work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. M. SATHISHKUMAR, M.E., Dr.A. SHENBAGAVALLI, M.E., Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor, Professor and Head,
Department of ECE, Department of ECE,
National Engineering College, National Engineering College,
K.R.Nagar, Kovilpatti-628503. K.R.Nagar, Kovilpatti-628503.

Submitted to the Viva voce Examination held on …………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL-EXAMINER

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, we express our wholehearted gratitude to the Almighty for His
wisdom and courage to take over this work.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to the Director,
Dr.S.SHANMUGAVEL, B.Sc., D.M.I.T., Ph.D., who helped us in carrying our
work successfully.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal
Dr.K.KALIDASA MURUGAVEL, M.E., Ph.D., for providing us this opportunity
to do this work.
Our heartfelt acknowledgment goes to the Professor and Head of the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Dr.A.SHENBAGAVALLI, M.E., Ph.D., for her valuable and consistent
encouragement for carrying out the work.
Our gratitude is no less for our Project Co-
ordinator,
Dr.K.J.PRASANNA VENKATESAN, M.E, Ph.D., Asst. Prof (SG), and
Dr.A.SARAVANA SELVAN, M.E., Asst. Prof(SG) Electronics and
Communication Engineering Department for his encouragement.
We express our deepest gratitude to our
Supervisor,
Mr. M. SATHISHKUMAR, M.E., Asst. prof in Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, for rendering excellent guidance and for being
extremely kind and approachable, being a great source of support and
encouragement throughout work.
We hereby acknowledge the efforts of all Staff members, Technicians of the
Electronics and Communication Engineering department, our Parents, and our
Friends whose help was instrumental in the completion of our work.
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 ABSTRACT

The project is aimed to design a circuit that helps the consumer to monitor the

electrical energy consumption and protect them from the extra charges incurred

due to minor changes in slab categories since even small changes can affect the

bill at a high rate. In the project, electricity usage is updated periodically that is

read from the energy meter are digitized and processed, and then sent to

ARDUINO. The threshold energy value is fixed in the Arduino for which the

consumption level increase is notified to the user through SMS. The problem of

overload can also be monitored. Daily consumption costs will be updated to the

user through SMS and website where the report is given to the user periodically.

In this way, the consumer can be made aware of the power consumed and can

hence make the consumer use the power accordingly. It not only benefits the

consumer, but it also benefits the government as it is capable of reducing the

power consumption and subsequently can reduce the unusual power usage.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM 2
1.2.1 ADVANTAGES 2

2 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 RECENT SURVEY 3
2.2 RELATED WORKS 6
2.3 CURRENT TECHNOLOGY 7

3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 8

4 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 9
4.2 DESCRIPTION 10
4.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 11
4.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 11

5 MODULE DESCRIPTION HARDWARE UNIT

5.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT 12
5.2 DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER 13
5.3 ARDUINO UNO 14
5.3.1 ARDUINO ARCHITECTURE 14
5.3.2 STEPS TO PROGRAM AN ARDUINO 16
5.4TRANSFORMER 17
5.5 RECTIFIER 18

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 5.6 FILTERS 18
5.7 REGULATORS 20
5.7.1 FEATURES & DESCRIPTION OF
REGULATORS
5.8 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 21
5.9 RESISTOR 21
5.10 RELAY 22
5.11 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 22
5.12 GSM MODULE 23
5.12.1 THE GSM NETWORK 25
5.12.2 GSM ARDUINO INTERFACE 26
5.12.3 LED BLINKING STATUS 26
5.13 NODE MCU ESP8266 27
5.13.1 FEATURES OF ESP8266 28
5.13.2 SPECIFICATION OF ESP8266 29
5.14 CURRENT SENSOR 30

6 SOFTWARE UNIT
6.1 EMBEDDED C 32
6.2 ARDUINO SOFTWARE(IDE) 32
6.2.1 TOOLS 31
6.2.2 BOARDS 32
7
APPLICATION AND EXECUTION
7.1 APPLICATIONS 33
7.2 EXECUTION IN ARDUINO AND WIFI 36
MODULE

8 RESULTS 37
9 CONCLUSION 40
REFERENCES 41

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE
NO FIGURES PAGE NO
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 9
5.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT 12
5.2 DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER 13
5.3 SCHEMATIC OF A DIODE BRIDGE
RECTIFIER 13
5.4 ARDUINO PIN DIAGRAM 15
5.5 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER 17
5.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER 18
5.7 FILTER CIRCUIT 19
5.8 BASIC 16x2 CHARACTERS LCD- BLACK
ON GREEN 5V 22
5.9 PIN DIAGRAM 23
5.10 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF 2 LINES 16
CHARACTER LCD 23
5.11 GSM 24
5.12 GSM NETWORK 26
5.13 GSM ARDUINO INTERFACING 26
5.14 NODE MCU 30
5.15 CURRENT SENSOR 31
5.16 HARDWARE KIT 31
8.1 MESSAGE NOTIFICATION VIA GSM 37
8.2 LCD DISPLAY 38
8.3 LCD DISPLAY OVERLOAD 38
8.4 DISPLAYING USING IOT 39

vii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:

IoT Internet of Things

GSM Global System for Mobile
ICEI International Conference on Trends in
Electronics and Informatics
SIM Subscriber Identification Module
SMS Short Message Service
EEPROM Electrical Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory
IRJET International Research Journal of Engineering
and Technology
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
EB Electronic Board
RF Radio Frequency
CSM Customer Service Manager
AMI Acute Myocardial Infraction
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
IDE Integrate Development Environment
RMS Root Mean Square
DC Direct Current
AC Alternating Current
PWN Pulse Width Modulation
USB Universal Serial Bus
SPRAM Static Random-Access Memory
ICSP In-Circuit Serial Programming
PSU Public Sector Undertaking
LED Light Emitting Diode

viii
SS Switching System
BSS Base Station System
OSS Operation and Support System
NET National Ebility Test
VCC Voltage Common Collector
RST Reset
RDX Receiver to the Module
TDX Transmitter to the Module
GND Ground
BRT Bias Resistor Transistor
ROM Read-Only Memory
RAM Random Access Memory
CPU Central Processing Unit
HTTP Hyper Transfer Protocol

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVES:

The objective and motive of this project is to design a system in order

to avoid the displeasure for the users from theft, bill irrespective of the use of the
electricity due to theft. A monitoring system can only monitor the operation
state or guard against steal the power, and is not able to monitor all useful data
of distribution transformers to reduce costs, temperature and over voltage.
According to the above requirements, we need a distribution transformer real-
time monitoring system to detect all operating parameters operation, and send to
the monitoring Centre in time. It leads to online monitoring of key operational
parameters of distribution transformers and theft in electricity which can provide
useful information about the theft. The informative system will be very helpful
for the electricity board to monitor the entire supply and the correct billing
accordingly without any mishap or inconvenience. which will help the utilities
to optimally use their transformers and keep the asset in operation for a longer
period. This will help to identify problems before any serious failure which
leads to a significant cost savings and greater reliability

1
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM:

In the existing electrical system, There is no awareness of the electricity

usage in our day to day life. Only a total consumption can be measured in this
system. The user is not notified regarding the usage of current. Even if the user
consumes higher units of current, there is no notification message or alert given
which is a major disadvantage. If the user is notified prior about the electricity
usage the consumption can be reduced which in turn will drastically reduce the
price as well.

1.2.1 ADVANTAGES:

• The Arduino Microcontroller operations were studied and it is programmed

to provide the objective of a smart energy meter based on IoT which creates
awareness about the user’s energy consumption level at home.
• The smart energy monitor shows you how much energy you're using in
money. So you can see what you're spending by the minute.

• No human power needs to monitor the transformer.

• The use of GSM in the system provides numerous advantages of a wireless

network system. The government saves money and also more beneficial for
the customer side and the government side.

• The metering IC ensures the accurate and reliable measurement of power

consumed
• The smart meters send accurate, regular information about energy use by the
customer. So bills of the consumer will be more accurate.

2
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Recent Survey:

Sneha Chaudhari, Purvang Rathod, Ashfaq Shaikh, Darshan Vora,

Jignesh Ahir focused on the paper titled Smart Energy Meter Using Arduino and
GSM [2017]in the journal International Conference on Trends in Electronics and
Informatics (ICEI). This paper purposes an energy meter system can incorporate
with embedded controller and GSM modem to transmit the data like consumed
energy in kWh, generated bill, security services (line Cut/On) over GSM mobile
network such as data can be then fed and integrated into existing energy
management systems located at power companies or organizations to provide the
services among the customers without man-power. The Arduino power
measurement is an advanced method of determining power that uses a controller and
this method is more advantageous because programming is easier than C language.
It is open-source software. This method provides the domestic power consumption
accurately, safely, and with a relatively fast update rate. This system allows the
consumer to monitors and tracks their usage. This system provides the domestic
power consumption accurately, safely, and with a relatively fast update rate, thus
helping the user optimize it. In this project, the data communication is through a
mobile network which is done by the GSM system concerning time. This is
designed to convert analog data of electromagnetic energy meters to digital data.
The GSM module can be replaced with IOT (Internet Of Things).

3
 Sonali S Wagh, Shaila P. Kharde focused on the paper titled Intelligent
Energy Meter Using GSM Modem with Arduino in the paper International
Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. In this
paper, the proposed system consists of a digital energy meter, an Arduino
(microcontroller), and a GSM modem [2017]. After switching power on the
Arduino and the GSM modem, turn on and connects the energy meter to load via
relay. Then read the EEPROM and display the current data. Arduino checks the
impulse from the energy meter i.e. If impulse occurs to increase the data and
display current data. GSM modem checks the new SMS. If there is a new SMS
and read it. If the SMS is "DATA", send data to the specific number. If the SMS
is "LINE CUT", turn OFF the relay, so the load will disconnect. Again, the SMS
is "LINE OK" and then turn ON the relay so the load will connect. If there is any
other SMS in any other formats, then delete the SMS. If Arduino found any flaw
or tampering into energy meter then Arduino replies with a buzzer or it turns OFF
the relay similarly it informs via SMS to a service provider
G. L. Prashanthi, K. V. Prasad, researched to record the power
consumed by a model organization such as a household consumer from a
commonly located point. Recording the power means measuring the power
consumed exactly by the user at a given time. The energy used by the user is
measured and the records are sent to the controlling substation whenever needed
by the person at the nearest substation. Communication between the household
meters and the substation is done with the means of wireless communication.
The scope of this study is limited to the detection of power theft and not
identifying the exact location.

4
 Anusha, [2014] had done the project model to reduces the manual
manipulation work and theft. The use of GSM in the system provides numerous
advantages of a wireless network system. The government saves money by the
control of theft in energy meter and also more beneficial for customer side and
the government side. The metering IC ensures the accurate and reliable
measurement of power consumed.

Prof Mr. Yogesh. B. Mandake, Abhishek Pandey, Mohit Sareen,

Pratyush Parson, Rishav Raj, Ayush in the journal International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) focused on the paper GSM based Smart
Energy Meter [2020]. This paper explains automatic billing and metering, The
integration of the (GSM)Global system for mobile communication, Short
Message Service (SMS) and Arduino provide the meter reading system with
some automatic functions that are predefined. The energy consumption and
electricity bill will be provided through SMS via GSM Module to the customer
and the concerned electricity department. An alert message will be sent to the
customer and Mahavatar when the consumption unit reading reaches beyond the
specified threshold. This paper gives details of hardware kit in which energy
consumption details in terms of power units and power units are going to be
displayed on the LCD(Liquid crystal display) and can be notified to the customer
via SMS and customer will also be able to recharge with the help of GSM module
as well as ATMEGA328 microcontroller.

5
2.2 Related works:

In an Automatic Meter Reading system, it uses an advance technology

developed like wired or wireless such as power lines, cable networks, RF
modules, GSM modules, LCD Display for just view purpose. The
AMR(Automatic meter reading) continuously observes and monitors the energy
meter then sends the meter reading to the service provider via SMS(short
message service). The bill was allowed to pay online and an option for payment
by credit card or debit card or even by net banking. Using a GSM(Global
System for mobile communication), automatic electric meter reading was built
to demonstrate an automatic electric meter reading during this network.

Meter reading may have many errors due to the manual system. The
government employee who took a meter reading from the EB (Electronic board)
he takes approximately quite 150 meters photo every day. Then data of those
photos will be get checked and put these data one to 2 times, just in case if the
house is closed. Some meters are also not reachable. The second option to take a
reading is by taking an average of preceding bills if the home is closed for more
than 2 months. Such problems are due to human involvement and to avoid this,
the billing process AMR (Automatic meter reading) is employed. For future
scope, we will also update the tariff within the energy meter by writing a
program. This process will be flexible for both users and therefore the company.

6
2.3 Current technology:

Communication between the energy meter and the EB officer through a

wireless medium is used for making long-distance communication easier with
reduced cost. A wireless sensor and actuator network can be used for monitoring
the energy use of electrical appliances in a home environment. The four pull-down
options used are CSM, Monitor, Node, and Display that help the consumer to
monitor the usage of electricity.

The prepaid electricity meter uses a prepaid card that communicates

with the user and the prepaid meter. For each unit of power consumed, the cost is
deducted from the prepaid card. Once the prepaid card is out of balance, the load of
the consumer is disconnected from the utility supply by the contractor. The user can
recharge the card remotely through mobile communication based on customer
requests. The proposed framework basically focuses on these symptoms of the
identified threats indicative of possible electricity theft occurrence to decide on
preventing thefts.

This study gives a useful background to smart city planners in realizing a

more reliable, robust and secured energy management scheme required for a
sustainable city. This is a key aspect of smart city planning as its reliance depends
solidly on energy management and therefore, every aspect of energy theft
prevention and or early detection is key to a successful smart city deployment. The
presented technique based on identified source of threats to AMI ensures a holistic
view of how the various security issues leading to electricity theft can be addressed.

7
 CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM STATEMENT

3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

 Some human mistakes may also occur in manual billing.

 In conventional billing, some of the common errors and mistakes are
observed.
 It is a time-consuming procedure.
 There is always a chance of human error while taking the manual meter
reading.
 There is no check and balance and verification procedure for this meter
reading.
 The consumer may not get the bill slip within the due date
 There is always a chance of theft and corruption.
 Extra human power is required.
 The consumer is not updated on his usage
 More number of meter reading employees is extra expenses to the
company for hiring them and their expense on traveling too expensive one
 Consumers may not get the bill slip within the due date.

8
 CHAPTER 4

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

FIG 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

9
4.2 DESCRIPTION:

• An AC source is given to the current sensor and from this, the load is
connected to the ARDUINO board via a relay switch.

• The ARDUINO in turn is connected to the Wi-Fi module and the GSM
module. The ESP8266 is interfaced with the cloud storage using a cloud SPI
protocol (thingspeak).

• This can be updated and viewed on the webpage. The GSM module is used
to send and receive messages via a mobile network to give daily alerts.

• A relay switch is connected with the load, current sensor, and ARDUINO.
• In event of the power consumption threshold breached, the current sensor
detected power consumption is more than the set limit, an indication of
power consumption exceed, sensor node will be displayed by the LCD.
• The power consumption is also sent to IoT and a notification event is sent to
alert the owner about the power consumption threshold breached and store
into the IOT platform and also display in the LCD like a meter to the
consumer.’
• Then the Arduino UNO controller starts to compare the incoming values
with the threshold values.
• When there is at least one parameter’s value exceed the saved value, then the
Arduino UNO controller takes action and SMS notification are sent to the
consumer.

10
4.3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

● Power Supply Unit

● Diode Bridge Rectifier
● Arduino UNO
● Transformer
● Rectifier
● Filters
● Regulators
● Light Emitting Diodes
● Resistor
● Relay
● Liquid Crystal Display
● GSM Module
● Node MCU ESP8266
● Current Sensor

4.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Arduino IDE
 Embedded C

11
 CHAPTER 5

MODULE DESCRIPTION HARDWARE UNIT

5.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT:

All electronic circuits work only in low DC voltage, so we need a

power supply unit to provide the appropriate voltage supply for their proper
functioning. This unit consists of a transformer, rectifier, filter & regulator. AC
voltage of typically 230v RMS is connected to a transformer voltage down to the
level of the desired ac voltage. A diode rectifier that provides the full-wave
rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a
dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or AC voltage
variation. A regulator circuit can use this dc input to provide DC voltage that not
only has much less ripple voltage but also remains the same dc value even the dc
voltage varies somewhat or the load connected to the output dc voltages changes.

FIG 5.1: Power Supply unit

5.2 DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

 A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes

connected in a bridge circuit as shown below, that provides the same
polarity of output voltage for any polarity of the input voltage.

12
 When used in its most common application, for conversion of alternating
current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is known as a Bridge
Rectifier.

FIG 5.2: Diode Bridge Rectifier

 The bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC

input (saving the cost of a center-tapped transformer) but has two diode
drops rather than one reducing efficiency over a center tap-based design
for the same output voltage. The essential feature of this arrangement is
that for both polarities of the voltage at the bridge input, the polarity of the
output is constant.

FIG 5.3: Schematic Of A Diode Bridge Rectifier

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5.3 ARDUINO UNO:

 An Arduino is a microcontroller-based kit that can be either used directly by

purchasing from the vendor or can be made at home using the components,
owing to its open-source hardware feature. It is used in communications and
in controlling or operating many devices. It was founded by Massimo Banzi
and David Cuartielles in 2005. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board
based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can
be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

 "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of
Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of
Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison
with previous versions.

5.3.1 ARDUINO ARCHITECTURE:

 Arduino’s processor uses the Harvard architecture where the program code
and program data have separate memory. It consists of two memories-
Program memory and data memory. The code is stored in the flash program
memory, whereas the data is stored in the data memory. The Atmega328 has
32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0.5 KB is used for the
bootloader), 2 KB SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM and operates with a clock
speed of 16MHz.

14
 FIG 5.4 Arduino pin diagram

Arduino Uno consists of 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6

can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

15
5.3.2 STEPS TO PROGRAM AN ARDUINO:

Programs written in Arduino are known as sketches. A basic sketch consists of

a. Initialization: It is written in the setup () function.

b. Control code: It is written in the loop () function.

1. The sketch is saved with no extension. Any operations like verifying,

opening a sketch, saving a sketch can be done using the buttons on the
toolbar or using the tool menu.

2. The sketch should be stored in the sketchbook directory.

3. Chose the proper board from the tools menu and the serial port numbers.

4. Click on the upload button or chose upload from the tools menu. Thus
the code is uploaded by the bootloader onto the microcontroller.

5. The basic Arduino functions are

6. digitalRead(pin): Reads the digital value at the given pin.

7. digitalWrite(pin, value): Writes the digital value to the given pin.

8. pinMode(pin, mode): Sets the pin to input or outputmode.

9. analogRead(pin): Reads and returns the value.

10.analogWrite(pin, value): Writes the value to that pin.

11.serial.begin(baud rate): Sets the beginning of serial communication by

setting the bit rate.

16
5.4 TRANSFORMER:

 A transformer is a static piece of which electric power in one circuit is

transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.
It can raise or lower the voltage in the circuit, but with a corresponding
decrease or increase in current. It works with the principle of mutual
induction. In our project, we are using a step-down transformer to
providing a necessary supply for the electronic circuits. Here we step
down a 230V AC into 12V AC.

 Basic power supply the input power transformer has its primary winding
connected to the mains (line) supply. A secondary winding, electro-
magnetically coupled but electrically isolated from the primary is used to
obtain an AC voltage of suitable amplitude, and after further processing
by the PSU, to drive the electronics circuit it is to supply.

 The transformer stage must be able to supply the current needed. If too
small a transformer is used, likely, the power supply's ability to maintain
the full output voltage at full output current will be impaired. With too
small a transformer, the losses will increase dramatically as a full load is
placed on the transformer.

FIG 5.5: STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

17
5.5 RECTIFIER:

 A DC level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100%

using a process called full-wave rectification. Here in our project for full-
wave rectification, we use a bridge rectifier. From the basic bridge
configuration, we see that two diodes(say D2 & D3) are conducting
while the other two diodes (D1 & D4) are in an off state during the
period t = 0 to T/2.Accordingly, for the negative cycle of the input, the
conducting diodes are D1 & D4. Thus the polarity across the load is the
same.

 In the bridge rectifier the diodes may be of various types like 1N4001,
1N4003, 1N4004, 1N4005, IN4007, etc… can be used. But here it is
1N4007 because it can withstand up to 1000V.

FIG 5.6: BRIDGE RECTIFIER

5.6 FILTERS:
 To obtain a dc voltage of 0 Hz, we have to use a low pass filter. so
that a capacitive filter circuit is used where a capacitor is connected at
the rectifier output& a dc is obtained across it. The filtered waveform
is essentially a dc voltage with negligible ripples & it is ultimately fed
to the load.
18
 A typical power supply filter circuit can be best understood by
dividing the circuit into two parts, the reservoir capacitor, and the low
pass filter. Each of these parts contributes to removing the remaining
AC pulses but in different ways. The electrolytic capacitor is used as a
reservoir capacitor, so-called because it acts as temporary storage for
the power supply output current.

 This very large value of capacitance is required because the reservoir

capacitor, when charged, must provide enough DC to maintain a
steady PSU output in the absence of an input current; i.e. during the
gaps between the positive half cycles when the rectifier is not
conducting. The action of the reservoir capacitor on a half-wave
rectified sine wave.

 Once the input wave passes Vpk the rectifier anode falls below the
capacitor voltage, the rectifier becomes reverse biased and conduction
stops. The load circuit is now supplied by the reservoir capacitor
alone.

FIG 5.7: FILTER CIRCUIT

19
 5.7 REGULATORS:

The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered & finally
regulated. The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage
constant irrespective of the change in supply variations, load variations &
temperature changes. Here we use a fixed voltage regulator namely LM7805. The
IC LM7805 is a +5v regulator which is used for the microcontroller.

5.7.1 FEATURES & DESCRIPTION OF REGULATORS

• Output Current up to 1A

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V

• Thermal Overload Protection

• Short Circuit Protection

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of the three-terminal positive

regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output
voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs
internal current limiting, thermal shut down, and safe operating area protection,
making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.

20
5.8 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED):

• Light Emitting Diodes (LED) have recently become available that are
white and bright, so bright that they seriously compete with incandescent
lamps in lighting applications. They are still pretty expensive as compared
to a GOW lamp but draw much less current and project a fairly well-
focused beam.
• When run within their ratings, they are more reliable than lamps as well.
Red LEDs are now being used in automotive and truck tail lights and red
traffic signal lights. You will be able to detect them because they look like
an array of point sources and they go on and off instantly as compared to
conventional incandescent lamps.

5.9 RESISTOR:

 A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose

an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in
proportion to the current, that is, by Ohm's law:
V = IR

 Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.

They are extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment.
Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well
as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as
nickel/chrome).

21
5.10 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are used where it is

necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical
isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must
be controlled by one signal. they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit
and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Electromechanical protective relays are
used to detect overload and other faults on electrical lines by opening and
closing circuit breakers.

5.11 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

This is a basic 16 character by 2-line display. Black text on Green

background. Utilizes the extremely common HD44780 parallel interface chipset.
Interface code is freely available. We will need ~11 general I/O pins to interface
to this LCD screen. Includes LED backlight. The most commonly used LCDs
found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1
controller and support at most of 80 characters, whereas LCDs supporting more
than 80 characters make use of 2 HD44780 controllers.

FIG 5.8 : Basic 16x 2 Characters LCD - Black on Green 5V

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 Fig 5.9: Pin Diagram

FIG 5.10: Schematic Diagram of 2 lines 16 character LCD

5.12 GSM MODULE

 Global Standards for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of standards

for Second Generation (2G) cellular networks. The GSM SIM 800 module
uses any network provider’s SIM to communicate over the
telecommunication network. This modem can be used to send and receive
text messages and to make and receive voice calls.

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 GSM SIM 800 is a quad-band GSM modem that functions at 850, 800,
1800 and 1800 MHz frequencies. This modem also supports features like
transferring voice data, integrated support for GPRS and TCP/IP stack.

FIG 5.11: GSM

 The processor is also in charge of a SIM card (3 or 1,8 V) which needs to

be attached to the outer wall of the module. In addition, the GSM800
device integrates an analog interface, an A/D converter, an RTC, an SPI
bus, an I²C, and a PWM module. The radio section is GSM phase 2/2+
compatible and is either class 4 (2 W) at 850/ 800 MHz or class 1 (1 W)
at 1800/1800 MHz.

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  The TTL serial interface is in charge not only of communicating all the
data relative to the SMS already received and those that come in during
TCP/IP sessions in GPRS (the data-rate is determined by GPRS class 10:
max. 85,6 kbps), but also of receiving the circuit commands (in our case,
coming from the PIC governing the remote control) that can be either AT
standard or AT-enhanced SIMCom type.The module is supplied with
continuous energy (between 3.4 and 4.5 V) .

5.12.1 THE GSM NETWORK:

GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM

specifications define the functions and interface requirements in detail but do
not address the hardware. The reason for this is to limit the designers as little
as possible but still to make it possible for the operators to buy equipment
from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major
systems: the switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the
operation and support system (OSS).The steps involved are

1) Insert SIM card

2) Connect The Antenna
3) Connect the Pins
4) Power the Modem
5) Check the Status of the LEDs
6) Network LED
7) Baud rate

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 FIG 5.12: GSM Network.

5.12.2 GSM ARDUINO INTERFACING:

It is a small GSM/GPRS Module and ideal for small ideal projects.
The module supports quad-band GSM/GPRS network, available for
SMS and GPRS message data remote transmission.

FIG 5.13: GSM Arduino Interfacing

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5.12.3 LED BLINKING STATUS:

If the power to the SIM800L is enough, the onboard LED starts

blinking according to its operation. If the power is not enough it will receive
poor signal and search for network all the time (if still searching adjust the
trimpot slightly but do not exceed much than 4.7v). The frequency of the
blinking denotes the following:

 Every second: searching for a network.

 Every three seconds: connected to a network.
 Twice per second: connected through GPRS.

At the backside of the module, you can find the pin details printed
on it will be using 5 Pins to connect with Arduino for basic operation. They
are

 NET – Antenna pin for the module (Spring Type included).

 VCC – Power supply 3.4V to 4.4V with min 2 Amp.
(LM2596 with a 9/12V 1Amp adapter input and it should be
adjusted to 4.2V recommended).
 RST – Reset
 RDX – Receiver to the module – 3.3V Logic (To be
connected to Arduino TX Pin. Voltage divider
recommended).
 TXD – Transmitter from the module (To be connected to
Arduino RX Pin).
 GND – Ground.

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5.13 NODE MCU ESP8266:

 Esp8266 D1 Mini NodeMCU Wifi Development Board is an Arduino

Compatible mini wifi board with 4MB flash based on ESP8266EX. The board
is with 11 digital input/output pins, all pins have interrupt/PWM/I2C/one-wire
supported(except D0) 1 analog input(3.3V max input) and a Micro USB
connection.
 The development board features WiFi-SoC ESP8266 and is made for
fast Internet-of-Things (IoT) prototyping. It is flashed with the latest firmware
version and can be set up and programmed right away with the onboard micro
USB connection. With only a few lines of code, the NodeMCU Dev Kit
connects to your local network and ready for control by other network
members like computers and smartphones.
 The D1 mini is an ESP8266 development board that is compact,
versatile, and very easy to use with the Arduino IDE. It supports natively by
the Expressive SDK.

5.13.1 Features of Esp8266 D1 Mini Node MCU Wifi Development Board:

 Use BRT (Bias Resistor Transistor)
 30% increase in radiating area
 Good stability.
 11 digital input/output pins, all pins have interrupt/pwm/I2C/one-wire
supported(except for D0)
 1 analog input(3.2V max input)
 Micro USB connection
 Compatible with Arduino.

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5.13.2 Specifications of Esp8266 D1 Mini Node MCU Wifi Development:

 Microcontroller ESP-8266EX
 Operating Voltage 3.3 V
 Digital I/O Pins 11
 Analog Input Pins 1(Max input: 3.2V
 Clock Speed 80MHz/160MHz
 Flash 4M bytes
 Length 34.2mm
 Width 25.6mm

The most basic way to use the ESP8266 module is to use serial
commands, as the chip is a WiFi/Serial transceiver. Arduino ESP8266 project,
which is a modified version of the Arduino IDE that is to install on your
computer. This makes it very convenient to use the ESP8266 chip by using the
well-known Arduino IDE. The board is based on the highly popular ESP8266
WiFi Module chip with the ESP-12 SMD footprint. This WiFi development board
already embeds in its board all the necessary components for the ESP8266 (ESP-
12E) to program and upload code. It has a built-in USB to serial chip upload
codes, 3.3V regulator, and logic level converter circuit so you can immediately
upload codes and connect your circuits.

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 FIG 5.14: Node MCU

5.14 CURRENT SENSOR:

A current sensor is a device that detects an electric current (AC or

DC) in a wire and generates a signal proportional to it. The generated signal
could be analog voltage or current or even digital output. It can be then utilized
to display the measured current in an ammeter or can be stored for further
analysis in a data acquisition system or can be utilized for control purposes.

30
 The current sensor module is used as a sensor to sense the current
flowing through the electrical appliances. This sensor has three optimized range
of the input which is ±5A, ±20A, and ±30A... The current sensor consists of a
magnet. This sensor has three pins which are V¬¬CC, GND, and OUT. The 5V
supply is used to ON the sensor.

FIG 5.15: Current sensor

FIG 5.16: Hardware Kit

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 CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE UNIT
6.1 EMBEDDED C:

• Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language

by the C Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist
between C extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded
C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to
support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory
banks, and basic I/O operations.
• Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main()
function, variable definition, datatype declaration, conditional statements
dedicated functions; this makes it one of the richest languages for text
manipulation.

• Embedded systems programming is different from developing applications on a

desktop computers. Key characteristics of an embedded system, when
compared to PCs, are as follows:

 Embedded devices have resource constraints(limited ROM,

limited RAM, limited stack space, less processing power)
 Components used in embedded system and PCs are different;
embedded systems typically uses smaller, less power
consuming components. Embedded systems are more tied to
the hardware. Goal of embedded system programming is to get
maximum features in minimum space and minimum time.

32
6.2 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE):

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment or Arduino

Software (IDE) contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It
connects to the Arduino hardware to upload programs and communicate with
them.

6.2.1 TOOLS:
• Auto Format
• Archive Sketch
• Fix Encoding & Reload
• Serial Monitor
• Board
• Port
• Programmer

6.2.2 BOARDS:

The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU
speed and baud rate) used when compiling and uploading sketches; and sets and
the file and fuse settings used by the burn boot loader command, Some
preferences can be set in the preferences dialog (found under the Arduino menu
on the Mac, or File on Windows and Linux). The rest can be found in the
preferences file, whose location is shown in the preference dialog.

33
 Since version 1.0.1, the Arduino Software (IDE) has been translated
into 30+ different languages. By default, the IDE loads in the language
selected by the operating system.
 To change the language manually, start the Arduino Software (IDE)
and open the Preferences window. Next to the Editor Language,
there is a dropdown menu of currently supported languages. Select
preferred language from the menu, and restart the software to use the
selected language. If the operating system language is not supported,
the Arduino Software (IDE) will default to English.
 It can return the software to its default setting of selecting its language
based on the operating system by selecting System Default from the
Editor Language drop-down. This setting will take effect when
restarting the Arduino Software (IDE).
 Similarly, after changing the operating system's settings, must restart
the Arduino Software (IDE) to update it to the new default language.
 Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards in
the following list, all based on the AVR Core.
 The Boards included in the standard installation allows to add support
for the growing number of new boards based on different cores like
Arduino Due, Arduino Zero, Edison, Galileo and so on.

34
 CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION AND EXECUTION
7.1 APPLICATIONS:
.
 With remote monitoring of the meter reading and sending SMS, whenever
there are abnormal readings, in the customer electricity meter, the developed
system may able to help Utilities to reduce the incidences of household
electricity theft.
 This system design mainly concentrates on Automation of the customer
billing system has been achieved as the meter keeps track of the consumer's
load on a timely basis
 This system successfully alerts the consumer when the energy consumption
exceeds the threshold limit via IoT. As a result, The billing system for power
consumption can be added to enable the consumer to estimate the current bill
for their usage.
 This design, therefore, removes the manual reading of meters with its
attached consequences of the time-consuming system and bill manipulation
which affects the company while adding higher bills to the consumer.

7.2 EXECUTION IN ARDUINO AND WIFI MODULE:

 The ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module is used to connect the ARDUINO with a Wi-Fi
network. It is placed over a baseboard. The Rx and Tx pins of the ESP8266
are connected to the digital input of ARDUINO.

35
 The protocol being used for communication is the Message Queue
Telemetry Transport (MQTT). It runs over the TCP and also supports
publish/subscribe architecture. MQTT was released by IBM and targets
lightweight M2M communication.
 It is used for a constrained Internet of Things devices and low-bandwidth
with high-latency or unreliable networks. Because MQTT specializes in low
bandwidth, high-latency environments, it is an ideal protocol for machine-to-
machine (M2M) communication.
 The GSM module is connected to the ARDUINO board and serves as a
medium to send SMS regarding the overload values consumption.
 The GSM module is interfaced with ARDUINO through the UART port.
Serial communication takes place between these two components.
ARDUINO can be programmed either by using C programming.
 Cloud storage The values that are collected by the Wi-Fi module are then
sent to an open-source Internet of Things application and SPI which can be
used to store and retrieve data from things using HTTP via the internet. The
SPI being used here is “Thingspeak”.
 This SPI allows the creation of separate channels through which the data
could be collected and stored. A link is generated using this protocol and the
readings are stored as a database. Once the link is opened, the recorded
values are displayed and can be viewed at any time

36
 CHAPTER 8

RESULTS

 An implementation of the above-proposed system resulted in the

following results. The text message received from the alert system
looks as given below and is received for overloaded power.
 Here GSM used for sending messages to the particular person,
which will be displayed as follows

FIG 8.1: Message notification via GSM

37
  The visualization of the data is informative and well organized that
can be easily monitored and also the power which is consumed is
detected and values are displayed in LCD as follows

FIG 8.2: LCD Display

 When the number of loads connected is increased will draw a higher

current as recorded on the LCD which is displayed as follows

FIG 8.3 : LCD Display(Overload)

 The power consumption data collected is consistently sent data to IoT

38
 Cloud. All the data that are being collected and is stored as a database
and the values are displayed as follows

FIG 8.4: Displaying using IoT

 The updated changes can be viewed using web application that is

readily available. The hourly, weekly, monthly, yearly consumptions
can be viewed. The channel can be cleared as and when needed.

39
 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

 In a conclusion, a home energy consumption monitoring and alert system via

IoTs have been successfully developed and implemented on IoT Cloud. The
billing system for power consumption can be added to enable the consumer to
estimate the current bill for their usage.
 Thus, the Power Consumption Alert System is used to alert the user regarding
his everyday consumption of electricity. This helps in saving electricity and
also keeping the electricity bills under limits. A small module consisting of the
ARDUINO board, ESP8266, and GSM can be installed with an energy meter
to make the electricity consumption smarter.

 This study also helps to analyze the approach towards which the system must
be developed by which development effort is reduced. The proposed system is
beneficial only if it can be turned into information systems, That will meet the
organization's requirements.
 This system has been designed to favor all new changes Doing this will not
affect the system’s performance or its accuracy. This is the final step in the
system life cycle. Here we implement the tested error-free system into a real-
life environment and make necessary changes, which runs in an online fashion
 Also, with the help of this project, we can make the consumer use the power
accordingly., hence save electricity for both present and future use. The system
only requires a one-time installation cost and then can be used for a lifetime
without any inconvenience.

40
REFERENCES

[1] Siddarameswara H.N. "GSM based electricity theft identification in houses

and in industry sector", ICEE21st June 2014, ISBN-978-93-81693-6603-03
[2] P. Rakesh Malhotra et al. / IJET "automatic meter reading and theft control
system by using GSM", 2013.
[3] Abhinandan Jain, Dilip Kumar, Jyoti Kedia, "Design and Development of
GSM-based Energy Meter", in IJERT, 2012.
[4] S. Arun; Dr, sidappa Naidu, "Design and implementation of an automatic
meter reading system using GSM, ZIGBEE through GPRS" in the international
journal of advanced research in computer science engineering, 2012.
[5] Bharath, P.; Ananth, N.; Vijetha, S.; Prakash, K.V.J.; "Wireless automated
digital energy meter". In sustainable energy technologies, ICSET 2008.
[6] Abdollahi, A. Dehghani, M. Zamanzadeh, "SMS based Reconfigurable
automatic meter reading system" in control applications, 2007.
[7] A. R. Devidas, M. V. Ramesh, “Wireless Smart Grid Design for Monitoring
and Optimizing Electric Transmission in India,” IEEE 2010 Fourth International
Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications.
[8] Amin S. Mehmood, T. Choudhry, M.A. Hanif, “A Reviewing the Technical
Issues for the Effective Construction of Automatic Meter Reading System” in
International Conference on Microelectronics, 2005 IEEE.

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