Environmental Studies_Module-1

ENVIRONMENT

The environment encompasses all living and non-living things that exist around us. It includes
the physical, chemical, and biological elements that interact in various ways to sustain life on
Earth.

COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Biotic Components: All living organisms that inhabit the Earth.

 Plants: Primary producers that convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.
 Animals: Consumers that play various roles in food chains (herbivores, carnivores,
omnivores).
 Microorganisms: Bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that decompose organic
matter and recycle nutrients.

Abiotic Components: Non-living physical and chemical elements.

 Air: Composed of gases (mainly nitrogen and oxygen) essential for respiration and
photosynthesis.
 Water: Vital for all living organisms; supports ecosystems and regulates climate.
 Soil: Contains minerals and organic matter; supports plant life and nutrient cycling.
 Climate: Temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation patterns that influence
ecosystems and habitats.

IMPORTANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Support for Life: Provides essential resources (food, water, air) necessary for survival.

Biodiversity: A diverse environment fosters resilience and adaptability among species,

promoting ecosystem stability.

Ecosystem Services: The environment provides numerous services that benefit humans,
including:

 Provisioning Services: Supplies food, fresh water, timber, and fiber.

 Regulating Services: Maintains climate, air quality, and water purification.
 Cultural Services: Offers recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits.
 Supporting Services: Nutrient cycling and soil formation.

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Climate Regulation: The environment plays a critical role in regulating the Earth’s climate
through carbon storage and temperature control.

Economic Value: Natural resources are fundamental to economies, supporting industries such
as agriculture, forestry, and tourism.

CHALLENGES FACING THE ENVIRONMENT

Pollution: Contamination of air, water, and soil from industrial, agricultural, and domestic
sources, leading to health issues and ecosystem degradation.

Climate Change: Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions leads to rising
temperatures, altered weather patterns, and extreme events (floods, droughts).

Deforestation: The clearing of forests for agriculture, urban development, and logging results
in habitat loss, biodiversity decline, and increased carbon emissions.

Biodiversity Loss: Habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change contribute to the
extinction of species, disrupting ecosystems.

Overexploitation: Unsustainable use of natural resources (fishing, hunting, and mining)

threatens the viability of species and ecosystems.

Invasive Species: Non-native species can outcompete local flora and fauna, altering
ecosystems and reducing biodiversity.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

Protected Areas: Establishing national parks, reserves, and marine protected areas to conserve
biodiversity and ecosystems.

Sustainable Practices: Promoting sustainable agriculture, forestry, and fishing to reduce

environmental impact and ensure resource availability.

Restoration Efforts: Rehabilitating degraded ecosystems through reforestation, wetland

restoration, and pollution cleanup.

Legislation and Policy: Implementing environmental laws and international agreements (like
the Paris Agreement) to protect natural resources and ecosystems.

Education and Awareness: Raising public awareness about environmental issues and
encouraging sustainable practices at individual and community levels.

Dept. of Civil Engg., RYMEC, Ballari.

Environmental Studies_Module-1

ECOSYSTEMS

An ecosystem is a complex network of living organisms (plants, animals, microbes) and their
physical environment (soil, water, air) interacting as a functional unit.

TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS

Terrestrial Ecosystems: Land-based ecosystems.

 Forests: Dense vegetation, diverse species (tropical, temperate, boreal).

 Deserts: Arid regions with sparse vegetation and specialized flora and fauna.
 Grasslands: Dominated by grasses; includes savannas and prairies.

Aquatic Ecosystems: Water-based ecosystems.

 Freshwater: Lakes, rivers, wetlands.

 Marine: Oceans, coral reefs, estuaries.

STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEMS

Biotic Components: All living organisms within an ecosystem.

 Producers (Autotrophs): Plants and phytoplankton that produce energy through

photosynthesis.
 Consumers (Heterotrophs): Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.
o Primary Consumers: Herbivores that eat plants.
o Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat herbivores.
o Tertiary Consumers: Apex predators that eat other consumers.
 Decomposers: Organisms like fungi and bacteria that break down dead organic matter,
recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.

Abiotic Components: Non-living physical and chemical factors.

 Climate: Temperature, precipitation, humidity.

 Soil: Composition, nutrient content, pH.
 Water: Availability and quality.
 Sunlight: Influences photosynthesis and energy flow.

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

FUNCTIONS OF ECOSYSTEMS

Energy Flow: The transfer of energy through the food chain, starting from producers and
moving to various levels of consumers.

Nutrient Cycling: The recycling of nutrients (like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) through
biogeochemical cycles, maintaining ecosystem health.

Habitat Provision: Ecosystems provide habitat and shelter for a multitude of species,
contributing to biodiversity.

Climate Regulation: Ecosystems play a role in regulating local and global climates by
influencing temperature and precipitation patterns.

Water Regulation: Ecosystems, particularly wetlands and forests, help regulate water flow
and quality, supporting hydrological cycles.

Soil Formation: Through decomposition and organic matter accumulation, ecosystems

contribute to soil fertility and structure.

IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEMS

Biodiversity: Ecosystems support a wide variety of life forms, essential for resilience and
adaptability.

Ecosystem Services: Provide benefits to humans, including:

 Provisioning Services: Food, water, raw materials.

 Regulating Services: Climate regulation, flood control, water purification.
 Cultural Services: Recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits.
 Supporting Services: Nutrient cycling and soil formation.

Economic Value: Healthy ecosystems contribute to industries such as agriculture, fisheries,

and tourism, supporting livelihoods.

Scientific Research: Ecosystems are valuable for scientific study, offering insights into
biological processes and environmental interactions.

THREATS TO ECOSYSTEMS

Habitat Destruction: Deforestation, urbanization, and land conversion for agriculture.

Pollution: Contamination of air, water, and soil affecting ecosystem health.

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

Climate Change: Altering temperature and precipitation patterns, impacting species

distribution and ecosystem functions.

Invasive Species: Non-native species can disrupt local ecosystems, outcompeting native
species.

Overexploitation: Unsustainable harvesting of resources leading to depletion and degradation.

CONSERVATION OF ECOSYSTEMS

Protected Areas: Establishing national parks, wildlife reserves, and marine protected areas to
safeguard ecosystems.

Sustainable Practices: Promoting sustainable agriculture, forestry, and fishing practices to

minimize impact.

Restoration Projects: Efforts to restore degraded ecosystems, such as reforestation and

wetland rehabilitation.

Policy and Legislation: Implementing environmental laws and international agreements to

protect ecosystems.

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ECOSYSTEM

1. Forest Ecosystems

Structure:

 Layers:
o Canopy: Uppermost layer, dense with tree crowns; high sunlight exposure.
o Understory: Middle layer with smaller trees and shrubs; lower light levels.
o Forest Floor: Ground layer; rich in decomposing organic matter.
 Biodiversity: High diversity of species (flora and fauna) adapted to different layers.

Function:

 Carbon Sequestration: Trees absorb carbon dioxide, mitigating climate change.

 Habitat: Provides homes for numerous species, supporting rich biodiversity.
 Water Cycle Regulation: Influences local hydrology, including precipitation patterns
and groundwater recharge.
 Nutrient Cycling: Decomposition of organic matter enriches soil nutrients.

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

2. Desert Ecosystems

Structure:

 Vegetation: Sparse; includes drought-resistant plants like cacti and shrubs.

 Soil: Sandy or rocky, often saline with low organic matter content.

Function:

 Adaptation: Species have evolved mechanisms to conserve water and withstand

extreme temperatures.
 Ecosystem Resilience: Slow growth rates and reproductive strategies contribute to
resilience in harsh conditions.
 Nutrient Cycling: Decomposition is slow, impacting nutrient availability but essential
for soil health.

3. Wetland Ecosystems

Structure:

 Hydrology: Saturated soils; can be freshwater (swamps, marshes) or saltwater

(mangroves).
 Vegetation: Dominated by hydrophytic plants, such as reeds and sedges.

Function:

 Biodiversity Hotspots: Provide critical habitats for a wide range of species, including
migratory birds and amphibians.
 Flood Regulation: Act as natural sponges, absorbing excess rainfall and reducing flood
risks.
 Water Filtration: Improve water quality by trapping pollutants and sediments.

4. River Ecosystems

Structure:

 Zonation: Varies from headwaters (fast, oxygen-rich) to estuaries (slow, nutrient-rich).

 Habitats: Includes riffles, pools, and floodplains.

Function:

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

 Nutrient Transport: Rivers carry nutrients and sediments, supporting ecosystems

downstream.
 Habitat Connectivity: Essential for the migration of aquatic species (e.g., salmon).
 Cultural Importance: Provide resources and recreational opportunities for human
communities.

5. Oceanic Ecosystems

Structure:

 Zones: Intertidal, pelagic (open ocean), benthic (ocean floor), abyssal.

 Biodiversity: Rich diversity, including phytoplankton, fish, marine mammals, and
coral reefs.

Function:

 Climate Regulation: Oceans regulate global temperatures and absorb significant

amounts of CO2.
 Food Production: Crucial for food security; fisheries support livelihoods and
economies.
 Oxygen Production: Phytoplankton contributes to a large portion of the world's
oxygen supply.

6. LAKE ECOSYSTEMS

Structure:

 Layers: Epilimnion (warm upper layer), hypolimnion (cold bottom layer), and
thermocline (transition zone).
 Biodiversity: Includes various fish species, amphibians, aquatic plants, and
microorganisms.

Function:

 Water Supply: Important freshwater resource for drinking, irrigation, and industry.
 Recreation: Support activities such as fishing, boating, and swimming.
 Nutrient Cycling: Complex interactions among species and decomposition processes
maintain ecosystem health.

Dept. of Civil Engg., RYMEC, Ballari.

Environmental Studies_Module-1

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)

The SDGs were adopted in 2015 by the United Nations as part of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, built on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which
focused primarily on poverty alleviation.

Address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental

degradation, and peace and justice.

Targets and implementations of the 17 SDGs

Targets: Each SDG has specific, measurable targets (169 total) aimed at guiding progress
toward achieving the goals.

Implementation: Involves collaboration between governments, private sectors, civil society,

and local communities, focusing on policy, funding, and education.

1. No Poverty: End poverty in all forms everywhere.

Targets include ensuring equal access to resources.
2. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security.
Focus on sustainable agricultural practices.
3. Good Health and Well-Being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being.
Access to quality health services.
4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education.
Emphasis on lifelong learning opportunities.
5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Eliminate violence and discrimination.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water.
Targets for water quality and access.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable energy.
Promote renewable energy sources.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote sustained economic growth.
Targets for full and productive employment.
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure.
Promote sustainable industrialization.
10. Reduced Inequality: Reduce inequality within and among countries.

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

Focus on policies for marginalized groups.

11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient.
Sustainable urban planning.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure sustainable consumption.
Targets for waste reduction and resource efficiency.
13. Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate change.
Enhance resilience and adaptive capacities.
14. Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use oceans and marine resources.
Protect marine ecosystems.
15. Life on Land: Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.
Targets for biodiversity and land degradation.
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies.
Target for accountable institutions.
17. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen the means of implementation.
Global partnerships and capacity development.

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Training and Education: Building skills and knowledge necessary for the effective
implementation of SDGs.

Institutional Strengthening: Enhancing the capabilities of institutions to foster good

governance and accountability.

Partnerships: Encouraging collaboration among various sectors and stakeholders to leverage

resources and expertise.

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

MCQs of Module – 1.

Ecosystems: Structure and Function

Forest Ecosystems

1. What is the top layer of a forest called?

o A) Canopy
o B) Understory
o C) Emergent
o D) Forest Floor
Answer: C
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of temperate forests?
o A) Low rainfall
o B) Broadleaf deciduous trees
o C) Constant high temperatures
o D) Sandy soil
Answer: B
3. What role do forests play in the carbon cycle?
o A) Carbon source
o B) Carbon sink
o C) Carbon neutral
o D) None of the above
Answer: B
4. Which of the following is a major threat to forest ecosystems?
o A) Overgrazing
o B) Deforestation
o C) Desertification
o D) Flooding
Answer: B
5. Which layer of the forest is most diverse in terms of species?
o A) Emergent
o B) Canopy
o C) Understory
o D) Forest Floor
Answer: B

Desert Ecosystems

6. Which adaptation is common in desert plants?

o A) Broad leaves
o B) Deep roots
o C) High water content
o D) Dark coloration
Answer: B
7. What is the main characteristic of a desert climate?
o A) High humidity
o B) Low precipitation
o C) Constant temperatures

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

o D) Frequent thunderstorms
Answer: B
8. Which animal is well-adapted to desert conditions?
o A) Bear
o B) Camel
o C) Penguin
o D) Frog
Answer: B
9. What phenomenon is commonly associated with desertification?
o A) Increased vegetation
o B) Soil erosion
o C) Flooding
o D) Increased biodiversity
Answer: B
10. Which desert is the largest in the world?
o A) Sahara
o B) Gobi
o C) Mojave
o D) Kalahari
Answer: A

Wetland Ecosystems

11. What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by wetlands?

o A) 5%
o B) 10%
o C) 15%
o D) 20%
Answer: A
12. Which of the following is a function of wetlands?
o A) Water filtration
o B) Habitat for wildlife
o C) Flood control
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
13. Which type of wetland is characterized by standing water?
o A) Marsh
o B) Swamp
o C) Bog
o D) Estuary
Answer: A
14. What type of vegetation is commonly found in wetlands?
o A) Desert shrubs
o B) Grasslands
o C) Aquatic plants
o D) Coniferous trees
Answer: C
15. Wetlands are important for which of the following?
o A) Carbon storage
o B) Biodiversity

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

o C) Water quality improvement

o D) All of the above
Answer: D

River Ecosystems

16. What is the source of a river called?

o A) Mouth
o B) Estuary
o C) Headwaters
o D) Delta
Answer: C
17. What is the primary role of riparian zones?
o A) Water storage
o B) Erosion control
o C) Habitat for wildlife
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
18. Which type of fish is commonly found in rivers?
o A) Tuna
o B) Salmon
o C) Cod
o D) Clownfish
Answer: B
19. Rivers can serve as:
o A) Water sources
o B) Transportation routes
o C) Recreational areas
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
20. What is a delta?
o A) The source of a river
o B) An area of land at the mouth of a river where it meets a body of water
o C) A narrow waterway
o D) A type of river bank
Answer: B

Oceanic Ecosystems

21. What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans?

o A) 50%
o B) 60%
o C) 70%
o D) 80%
Answer: C
22. Coral reefs are primarily found in which zone of the ocean?
o A) Abyssal zone
o B) Benthic zone
o C) Neritic zone

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

o D) Pelagic zone
Answer: C
23. What is the primary producer in ocean ecosystems?
o A) Fish
o B) Plankton
o C) Seaweed
o D) Coral
Answer: B
24. Ocean acidification is primarily caused by:
o A) Oil spills
o B) Increased CO2 levels
o C) Plastic pollution
o D) Overfishing
Answer: B
25. Which ocean is the largest?
o A) Atlantic
o B) Indian
o C) Arctic
o D) Pacific
Answer: D

Lake Ecosystems

26. Lakes can be classified as:

o A) Oligotrophic
o B) Eutrophic
o C) Mesotrophic
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
27. What is the primary characteristic of an oligotrophic lake?
o A) High nutrient levels
o B) Low oxygen levels
o C) Clear water
o D) High biodiversity
Answer: C
28. Which zone of a lake is most productive?
o A) Littoral zone
o B) Limnetic zone
o C) Profundal zone
o D) Benthic zone
Answer: A
29. What is the main threat to lake ecosystems?
o A) Invasive species
o B) Pollution
o C) Overfishing
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
30. Which organism is a primary producer in lake ecosystems?
o A) Fish
o B) Zooplankton

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

o C) Phytoplankton
o D) Bacteria
Answer: C

Sustainability: 17 SDGs

History and Overview

31. In what year were the 17 SDGs adopted?

o A) 2010
o B) 2015
o C) 2020
o D) 2022
Answer: B
32. What is the main aim of the SDGs?
o A) Economic growth
o B) Environmental protection
o C) Ending poverty and ensuring prosperity for all
o D) Promoting technology
Answer: C
33. Which organization is responsible for the SDGs?
o A) World Bank
o B) International Monetary Fund
o C) United Nations
o D) World Health Organization
Answer: C
34. How many goals are included in the SDGs?
o A) 10
o B) 12
o C) 17
o D) 20
Answer: C
35. The SDGs are part of which agenda?
o A) 2020 Agenda
o B) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
o C) Paris Agreement
o D) Kyoto Protocol
Answer: B

Targets of the SDGs

36. What is the target year for achieving the SDGs?

o A) 2025
o B) 2030
o C) 2040
o D) 2050
Answer: B
37. Which SDG aims to ensure access to clean water and sanitation?
o A) Goal 6
o B) Goal 4

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Environmental Studies_Module-1

o C) Goal 7
o D) Goal 11
Answer: A
38. Which goal focuses on promoting gender equality?
o A) Goal 5
o B) Goal 10
o C) Goal 1
o D) Goal 16
Answer: A
39. What is the focus of Goal 13?
o A) Quality education
o B) Climate action
o C) Clean energy
o D) Sustainable cities
Answer: B
40. Which SDG addresses sustainable economic growth?
o A) Goal 8
o B) Goal 9
o C) Goal 10
o D) Goal 12
Answer: A

Implementation of the SDGs

41. Which of the following is essential for SDG implementation?

o A) International cooperation
o B) Local action
o C) Public awareness
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
42. Which type of partnership is emphasized in Goal 17?
o A) Government only
o B) Private sector only
o C) Global partnerships
o D) National partnerships
Answer: C
43. Which goal seeks to reduce inequalities?
o A) Goal 5
o B) Goal 10
o C) Goal 12
o D) Goal 14
Answer: B
44. What is a major challenge in achieving the SDGs?
o A) Insufficient data
o B) Climate change
o C) Political instability
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
45. Which of the following is a target of Goal 4 (Quality Education)?
o A) Increase literacy rates

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o B) Provide free primary education

o C) Promote lifelong learning
o D) All of the above
Answer: D

Capacity Development

46. Capacity development focuses on:

o A) Improving skills and knowledge
o B) Increasing funding only
o C) Creating policies
o D) None of the above
Answer: A
47. Which stakeholder is crucial for capacity development?
o A) Governments
o B) NGOs
o C) Communities
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
48. What is a key component of capacity development?
o A) Education and training
o B) Infrastructure development
o C) Resource allocation
o D) Policy creation
Answer: A
49. Capacity development can lead to:
o A) Sustainable development
o B) Economic growth
o C) Enhanced resilience
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
50. Which of the following is a method for capacity development?
o A) Workshops
o B) Online courses
o C) Mentorship programs
o D) All of the above
Answer: D

General Knowledge on Ecosystems and SDGs

51. What is biodiversity?

o A) Variety of species in an ecosystem
o B) Number of individuals in a population
o C) Genetic variation within a species
o D) All of the above
Answer: A
52. Which of the following is a renewable resource?
o A) Coal
o B) Oil
o C) Solar energy

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o D) Natural gas
Answer: C
53. Which SDG focuses on responsible consumption and production?
o A) Goal 10
o B) Goal 12
o C) Goal 14
o D) Goal 15
Answer: B
54. What is the significance of the Paris Agreement?
o A) It addresses poverty
o B) It aims to combat climate change
o C) It focuses on gender equality
o D) It promotes global health
Answer: B
55. What role do pollinators play in ecosystems?
o A) Habitat destruction
o B) Food production
o C) Water filtration
o D) Soil erosion
Answer: B

Additional Ecosystem MCQs

56. Which of the following is an ecosystem service provided by forests?

o A) Timber production
o B) Soil erosion control
o C) Habitat for wildlife
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
57. What type of animal is a keystone species?
o A) A species with many predators
o B) A species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment
o C) A highly invasive species
o D) A species that is extinct
Answer: B
58. What is the primary cause of ocean acidification?
o A) Increased fishing
o B) Carbon dioxide absorption
o C) Oil spills
o D) Plastic pollution
Answer: B
59. What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
o A) Producing energy
o B) Consuming plants
o C) Breaking down dead matter
o D) Competing with producers
Answer: C
60. Which habitat is characterized by saline water?
o A) Lakes
o B) Rivers

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o C) Oceans
o D) Wetlands
Answer: C

Final Set of MCQs on SDGs

61. Which goal aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being?
o A) Goal 2
o B) Goal 3
o C) Goal 5
o D) Goal 9
Answer: B
62. Which SDG addresses climate action?
o A) Goal 11
o B) Goal 13
o C) Goal 14
o D) Goal 15
Answer: B
63. Which of the following is a target of Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy)?
o A) Increase access to renewable energy
o B) Promote fossil fuel use
o C) Reduce energy consumption
o D) None of the above
Answer: A
64. Which goal focuses on sustainable cities and communities?
o A) Goal 10
o B) Goal 11
o C) Goal 12
o D) Goal 15
Answer: B
65. What is the focus of Goal 14 (Life Below Water)?
o A) Protecting terrestrial ecosystems
o B) Sustainable management of ocean resources
o C) Promoting tourism
o D) None of the above
Answer: B
66. What is the main target of Goal 15 (Life on Land)?
o A) Conserve marine life
o B) Combat desertification
o C) Ensure sustainable agriculture
o D) Reduce plastic waste
Answer: B
67. Which SDG is related to responsible consumption and production?
o A) Goal 12
o B) Goal 15
o C) Goal 16
o D) Goal 17
Answer: A
68. What is a significant aspect of Goal 16?
o A) Economic growth

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o B) Peaceful and inclusive societies

o C) Clean water access
o D) Climate action
Answer: B
69. Which of the following is a key challenge to achieving the SDGs?
o A) Lack of funding
o B) Political instability
o C) Inequality
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
70. Which SDG emphasizes the importance of partnerships?
o A) Goal 5
o B) Goal 11
o C) Goal 17
o D) Goal 14
Answer: C

Remaining Questions for Coverage

71. What does the acronym SDG stand for?

o A) Sustainable Development Goals
o B) Social Development Goals
o C) Sustainable Diversity Goals
o D) Social Diversity Goals
Answer: A
72. Which goal aims to end hunger?
o A) Goal 1
o B) Goal 2
o C) Goal 3
o D) Goal 4
Answer: B
73. Which SDG is primarily concerned with quality education?
o A) Goal 4
o B) Goal 5
o C) Goal 6
o D) Goal 8
Answer: A
74. Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) emphasizes:
o A) Inclusive economic growth
o B) Job creation
o C) Safe working conditions
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
75. Which goal addresses life on land?
o A) Goal 13
o B) Goal 14
o C) Goal 15
o D) Goal 16
Answer: C
76. What is one target of Goal 1 (No Poverty)?

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o A) Ensure access to clean water

o B) Eradicate extreme poverty for all people
o C) Promote sustainable agriculture
o D) Achieve universal education
Answer: B
77. The focus of Goal 9 is on:
o A) Reducing inequalities
o B) Building resilient infrastructure
o C) Ensuring health and well-being
o D) Promoting gender equality
Answer: B
78. Which SDG emphasizes climate change and its impacts?
o A) Goal 12
o B) Goal 13
o C) Goal 14
o D) Goal 15
Answer: B
79. Which is NOT a target of Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy)?
o A) Universal access to electricity
o B) Increase reliance on fossil fuels
o C) Increase energy efficiency
o D) Promote renewable energy
Answer: B
80. Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) includes targets for:
o A) Affordable housing
o B) Sustainable urbanization
o C) Resilience to disasters
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
81. Which goal aims to strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership?
o A) Goal 16
o B) Goal 17
o C) Goal 10
o D) Goal 12
Answer: B
82. Which of the following is a challenge to achieving the SDGs?
o A) Global health crises
o B) Economic disparities
o C) Environmental degradation
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
83. Which SDG is dedicated to promoting peaceful and inclusive societies?
o A) Goal 14
o B) Goal 15
o C) Goal 16
o D) Goal 17
Answer: C
84. What is one target of Goal 5 (Gender Equality)?
o A) Eliminate violence against women

Dept. of Civil Engg., RYMEC, Ballari.

Environmental Studies_Module-1

o B) Promote equal pay for equal work

o C) Ensure full participation in leadership
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
85. The target of ensuring sustainable food production systems is part of:
o A) Goal 2
o B) Goal 3
o C) Goal 5
o D) Goal 12
Answer: A
86. Which of the following is a method of achieving SDGs?
o A) Education
o B) Legislation
o C) Community engagement
o D) All of the above
Answer: D
87. Which SDG focuses on responsible consumption and production?
o A) Goal 10
o B) Goal 11
o C) Goal 12
o D) Goal 13
Answer: C
88. The objective of Goal 6 is to ensure:
o A) Affordable housing
o B) Clean water and sanitation
o C) Good health and well-being
o D) Quality education
Answer: B
89. The focus of Goal 15 (Life on Land) is on:
o A) Protecting terrestrial ecosystems
o B) Conserving marine resources
o C) Promoting urban development
o D) Reducing inequalities
Answer: A
90. What is the goal of Target 2.1 under Goal 2 (Zero Hunger)?
o A) End hunger for all people
o B) Increase food production
o C) Promote sustainable agriculture
o D) Improve agricultural productivity
Answer: A
91. Which SDG aims to reduce inequality within and among countries?
o A) Goal 9
o B) Goal 10
o C) Goal 11
o D) Goal 12
Answer: B
92. Which of the following is part of Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being)?
o A) Universal health coverage
o B) Access to quality essential health services
o C) Reduce maternal mortality

Dept. of Civil Engg., RYMEC, Ballari.

Environmental Studies_Module-1

o D) All of the above

Answer: D
93. Which SDG encourages innovation and infrastructure?
o A) Goal 8
o B) Goal 9
o C) Goal 10
o D) Goal 11
Answer: B
94. What is the main focus of Goal 14 (Life Below Water)?
o A) Sustainable use of oceans
o B) Protecting terrestrial ecosystems
o C) Promoting tourism
o D) None of the above
Answer: A
95. The primary aim of Goal 1 (No Poverty) is to:
o A) End extreme poverty for all people everywhere
o B) Increase economic growth
o C) Promote education
o D) Reduce hunger
Answer: A
96. Which SDG addresses climate resilience?
o A) Goal 11
o B) Goal 13
o C) Goal 14
o D) Goal 15
Answer: B
97. Which goal focuses on promoting sustainable economic growth?
o A) Goal 7
o B) Goal 8
o C) Goal 9
o D) Goal 10
Answer: B
98. Which SDG emphasizes reducing gender inequality?
o A) Goal 4
o B) Goal 5
o C) Goal 6
o D) Goal 8
Answer: B
99. What is a critical component of Goal 17?
o A) Infrastructure development
o B) Global partnerships
o C) Economic growth
o D) Education access
Answer: B
100. The aim of Goal 15 is to: -
o A) Protect and restore ecosystems
o B) Promote sustainable cities
o C) Ensure health and well-being
o D) None of the above
Answer: A

Dept. of Civil Engg., RYMEC, Ballari.