WRITING EQUATIONS IN CHEMISTRY

Q. construct word equation and a balanced chemical equation from each part of the information
given below;

1.
Word equation;

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chemical equation;

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2.

Word equation;

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chemical equation;

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3.
Word equation;

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chemical equation;

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4.
Word equation;

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chemical equation;

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 Lead iodide, PbI2 All are yellow
Silver iodide, AgI
Lead oxide, PbO
Silver bromide, AgBr Cream
Iron (II) salts Green
Iron (II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2 Dirty green
Iron (III) salts Reddish brown
Iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3
Iron (III) chloride Yellow
Anhydrous copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4 White
Hydrated copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4. Blue
Copper (II) carbonate Green
Bromine, Br2 Brown
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2
Potassium dichromate (VI) Orange
To green when reduced by a reducing agent
Potassium manganate (VII) Purple
To colorless when reduced by a reducing
agent
Thymolphthalein Colourless in acid
Blue in base
Phenolphthalein Colourless in acid
Pink in base
Methyl orange Red in acid
Yellow in base
Litmus Red in acid
Blue in base
Universal indicator Red orange yellow green blue indigo violet
Acidic neutral basic
Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3 White ppt
These compounds are formed when aqueous
Zinc hydroxide, Zn(OH)2
NaOH is added to aqueous solutions of their
Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 salts
Fluorine, F2 Yellow gas
Chlorine, Cl2 Green gas
Iodine, I2 Purplish black solid
Purple gas
Red brown aqueous solution
Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3 Orange red
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 Grey
Barium sulphate, BaSO4 White solids
Calcium oxide, CaO
Magnesium oxide, MgO
Zinc oxide, ZnO
Copper (II) oxide, CuO Black solid
Sodium potassium calcium aluminium zinc Silver solids
silver
iron Silver grey
Copper Pink solid
 Valency chart for O Levels Chemistry

Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII

No.
Possible 1 2+ 3+ 4+ 3- 2- 1- 0
valencie +
s 0 0 0 4- 5+ 6+ 7+
3+ 4+ 5+ 6+
2+ 3+ 4+ 5+
1+ 2+ 3+ 4+
0 1+ 2+ 3+
0 1+ 2+
0 1+
0
Transition elements do not a fixed valency. Their valency varies from compound to compound. Their
valency in a compound is written as a part of the name of the compound i.e.

Copper (II) sulphate has a copper ion with a 2+ valency

Copper (I) sulphate has a copper ion with a 1+ valency

Any compound, be it ionic or covalent, if contains a roman number in small

bracket in its name, means that much positive charge on that atom i.e.

Phosphorous (V) chloride means there is 5+ charge on Phosphorous atom in

this compound
Silver and Zinc do not form variable valencies but they always show a
fixed charge in all of their compounds i.e.

Ag has always a 1+ charge

Zn has always a 2+ charge

 LIST OF COMPOUND (POLYATOMIC) IONS

OH – HYDROXIDE ION
CO3 2– CARBONATE ION
NO3 – NITRATE ION
NO2 – NITRITE ION
SO4 2– SULPHATE ION
SO3 2– SULPHITE ION
PO4 3– PHOSPHATE ION
MnO4 – MANGANATE (VII) ION
CrO4 2– CHROMATE (VI) ION
Cr2O7 2– DICHROMATE (VI) ION
CH3COO – ETHANOATE ION / ACETATE ION
NH4+ AMMONIUM ION
METHODS OF PREPARING SALTS
 Particulate Nature of Matter
WORKSHEET
Cambridge O Levels
Name:………………………………………………..............................Class:………………………….Date:………………………

1 The spontaneous mixing of particles is called?

A evaporation B sublimation

C diffusion D boiling

2 In which of the following are the particles the most disordered?

A water at 100 0C B steam at 100 0C

C impure water at 102 0C D water at 0 0C

3 When steam condenses, the particles

A shrink to a smaller size

B lose energy to their surroundings

C move further apart

D vibrate about fixed positions

4 Which of these statements best supports the idea that matter is made up of particles?

A liquids always fill the space available to them

B gases are compressible

C 1 cm3 of water produces nearly 1700 cm3 of steam

D if a bottle of perfume is opened, the smell spreads quickly

5 The particles of a gas can be described as?

A only moving outwards in direction B vibrating about fixed positions

C rising upwards D moving randomly in all directions

6 Which of these processes involve a weakening of the attraction between particles?

A condensation B freezing

C crystallization D evaporation

7. Sublimation is the reverse process of

A boiling B solidification C melting D freezing

8 Which of these changes would speed up the rate of diffusion the most?

Mass of particle Temperature of surroundings

A decrease decrease

B decrease increase

C increase decrease

D increase increase

9 Some scientists predicted that there are rivers of methane on a moon called Titan. Methane
has a melting point of -182 0C and a boiling point of -161 0C. What do you think the
temperature on the surface of Titan is that led to the scientists’ prediction?

A above -161 0C B below -182 0C

C between -182 0C and -161 0C D it is impossible to tell

10 Four balloons of equal size are each filled with a gas under one of the following conditions

A hydrogen gas at room temperature B hydrogen gas at 0 0C

C clean air at room temperature D clean air at 0 0C

Which of these balloons will shrink the fastest?

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13

14.
15.

16.
17.

18.

19.

20
21. What can be deduced about two gases that have the same relative molecular mass?

A They have the same boiling point.

B They have the same number of atoms in one molecule.
C They have the same rate of diffusion at room temperature and pressure.
D They have the same solubility in water at room temperature.

22. Gases can diffuse through porous pots. The diagram shows a beaker full of nitrogen inverted
over a porous pot containing carbon monoxide.

The water level does not move.

Which statement explains this?

A Nitrogen is almost inert. B The two gases have equal molecular masses.

C Both gases have two atoms in a molecule. D Neither gas is soluble in water.

23. The diagram shows some of the changes of state.

Which statement is correct?

A Although the change is not shown on the diagram, a gas can change directly to a solid.
B The changes 1 and 3 involve particles moving closer together.
C The changes 2 and 4 involve particles moving further apart.
D The changes 3, 4 and 5 all involve the release of energy.

24. What can be deduced about two gases that have the same relative molecular mass?

A They have the same boiling point.

B They have the same number of atoms in one molecule.
C They have the same rate of diffusion at room temperature and pressure.
D They have the same solubility in water at room temperature.
 21

B1.Esters, such as propyl ethanoate, are often used as solvents.

A bottle of propyl ethanoate is opened in a room. Some of the propyl ethanoate evaporates
and then diffuses into the room.
(i) What is meant by the term diffusion?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
Bromine is a halogen.
(c) Bromine is a liquid at room temperature.
(i) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the molecules in liquid bromine.

[2]
(ii) A small amount of liquid bromine was placed in the bottom of a sealed flask. After
thirty minutes the brown colour of the bromine had spread throughout the flask.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) What happens to the rate of diffusion of propyl ethanoate as the temperature of the

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room
increases?
Explain your answer in terms of the kinetic particle theory.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
Esters are used as food flavourings and solvents.
(b) Ethyl ethanoate evaporates at room temperature.
(i) What is meant by the term evaporation?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) A sample of ethyl ethanoate in a beaker is moved into a colder room.

Explain, in terms of the kinetic particle theory, why this results in a decrease in the rate of
evaporation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The table shows some information about different esters.

Which ester has the lowest rate of evaporation at room temperature and pressure?
...........................................................................................................................................

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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[Total: 6]

B2. Alkenes are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The table shows information about some alkenes.

(a) Decene is a liquid at 25 °C.

How can you make this deduction from the data in the table?

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Butene boils at –6 °C.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain what happens when butene boils.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) A sample of ethene gas in a gas syringe is heated from 20 °C to 100 °C.

The pressure remains constant.

Describe and explain, in terms of the kinetic particle theory, what happens to the volume of the gas.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) At room temperature ethene diffuses faster than butene. Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

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(e) A gas syringe is filled with 80 cm3 of hydrogen chloride gas at 20 °C.

The syringe is placed in some hot water at 50 °C.

The atmospheric pressure does not change but the volume of the gas in the syringe increases to
88cm3.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain why the volume increases.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(f) Give statement of the kinetic particle theory and any two of its explanations about matter in the
spaces provided below:

Statement:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………[1]

It explains……………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

and …..............……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

[Total=12]

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B3. Two students set up tubes as shown.

( a ) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain

(i) how the gases move through the tubes,
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) why the gases take different times to reach the litmus paper.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

( b ) A student set up a tube as shown in the diagram.

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After some time, solid ammonium bromide appeared on the walls of the tube at point X.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain this result.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(c) A gas syringe is filled with 70 cm3 of ammonia gas.

The pressure on the plunger is increased.
The temperature does not change but the volume in the syringe decreases to 60 cm3.

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain why the volume decreases.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) State and explain the effect of the following on the volume of a fixed mass of gas
• increasing the pressure,
• increasing the temperature.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
[total = 11]

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METHODS OF PREPARING SALTS

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