Plant Specification using Deep Learning

BY
Himanshu Gupta (2001640130022)
Vishal Singh (2001640130048)

Submitted to the
Department of Information Technology

Under the supervision of

Himanshu Kumar Dwivedi

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

December, 2023
 Table of Contents

DECLARATION…………………………………………………………… i
CERTIFICATE……………………………………………………………...ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………iii
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1
1.1 Prior Work
1.2 Problem definition
1.3 Project overview/Specification
1.4 Hardware Specification
1.5 Related Work
1.6 Method

CHAPTER 2:BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT……………………11

2.1 Challenges
2.2 Objectives
2.3 Significance of project

CHAPTER 3: LITRATURE SURVEY……………………………………18

3.1 Overview
3.2 Reviews of related papers
3.3 Feasibility study

CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ………………… 30

4.1 Requirement Specification
4.2 Design and test Criteria
4.3 Specification

CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION……………………………………….
5.1 Algorithm and pseudocode
5.2 Code
5.3 Snapshots

CHAPTER 6: TESTING ……………………………………………………..

6.1 Testing Process
 6.2 Testing Analysis
6.3 Output

CHAPTER 7: RESULT AND CONCLUSION………………………………

7.1 Result
7.2 Conclusion
7.3 Future Scope

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled : Plant Specification using Deep
Learning submitted for the B. Tech. (IT) degree is our original work and the
project has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree , diploma ,
fellowship or any other similar titles. The best of our knowledge and belief, it
contains no material previously published or written by any other person nor
material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any
other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning
except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Signature:
Name :
Roll No:
Date :

Signature:
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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “Plant Specification Using Deep
Learning” is the bonafide work carried out by .

Himanshu Gupta(2001640130022)
Vishal Singh(2001640130048)

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology (Information Technology) student of B. Tech (IT) of Pranveer
Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh(India) during the academic year
2022-23, and that the project has not been formed on the basis for the award
previously of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or any other similar title.

Place: Himanshu Kr. Dwiedi

(Associate Professor)

Project supervisisor
Department of Information Technology
Date: Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude towards our project mentor, Himanshu
Kr, Dwiedi, Associate Professor , Department of Information Technology,
without whose guidance and support this work would not have been possible.
We would also like to thank Mr. Piyush Bhushan, Head of Department,
Information Technology. For always motivating us to take up challenging and
interesting projects that develop our knowledge in new domains
Lastly, we would like to thank our parents, family and friends for keeping us
motivated in all our life‘s
Endeavour‘s.

Signature:
Name:
Roll No:
Date:

Signature:
Name:
Roll No:
Date:
 ABSTRACT
Plant specification is a critical aspect of agriculture and environmental
monitoring, encompassing the identification and characterization of various
plant species. This project explores the application of deep learning techniques
in the field of plant specification, aiming to enhance accuracy and efficiency in
plant recognition and classification. Leveraging a comprehensive dataset of
plant images, a deep learning model is developed to automatically identify and
categorize different plant species.

The methodology involves data collection from diverse sources, preprocessing

techniques to ensure data quality, and the design of a robust deep learning
architecture. Training and evaluation processes are conducted to optimize the
model's performance, employing metrics such as precision, recall, and F1 score.
The project also compares the effectiveness of deep learning approaches with
traditional methods, shedding light on the advancements made in plant
specification through emerging technologies.

The results of the analysis demonstrate the efficacy of the deep learning model
in accurately classifying plant species, even in complex environments and
diverse ecosystems. The discussion section addresses the implications of these
findings in agriculture, biodiversity monitoring, and ecological research.
Limitations and challenges are acknowledged, providing insights for future
research directions.

In conclusion, this project contributes to the field of plant specification by

showcasing the potential of deep learning in automating and improving the
accuracy of plant identification. The successful implementation of the model
underscores its practical applicability in real-world scenarios, opening avenues
for further exploration and refinement in the realm of plant sciences.
 CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION

The field of plant specification plays a pivotal role in ecological studies,

agriculture, and environmental monitoring. Accurate identification and
classification of plant species are essential for understanding ecosystems,
tracking biodiversity, and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices.
Traditional methods of plant identification often rely on manual
observation and taxonomic expertise, making the process time-consuming
and prone to human error.

In response to these challenges, this project introduces an innovative

approach to plant specification utilizing deep learning techniques. Deep
learning, a subset of artificial intelligence, has demonstrated remarkable
capabilities in image recognition and classification tasks. By leveraging a
wealth of plant images, this project aims to develop a robust deep
learning model capable of automatically identifying and categorizing
various plant species with a high degree of accuracy.

1.1 PRIOR WORK

In a country where agriculture and health and medicinal research
fields plays a vital role in contributing towards the economy in
huge figures. Periodically researches have been conducted in order
to make more efficient the way of agronomy and boost the research
in medical science field. Although various works have been done
in continuous way to make improvements in this region of the
technology.

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINTION

Plant specification, the process of identifying and classifying plant
species, poses a significant challenge due to the vast diversity of
plant life and the intricacies involved in manual identification.
Traditional methods of plant specification, often reliant on
taxonomic expertise, are time-consuming, subjective, and
susceptible to human error. To address these limitations, this
project aims to leverage deep learning techniques to develop an
automated and accurate plant specification system.
1.3 PROJECT OVERVIEW/SPECIFICATIONS
The objective of this specification system is to develop a
application where individual with less knowledge of Fauna can
share the images they want to explore about in nature and based on
the given image by the user the system will provide a knowledge
base to user along with plants benefits and other relevant
information which will be handful for a normal user also.

1.4 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

1) Processor type : Intel core i5 and above
2) Processor speed : Minimum 2.00 GHz and above
3)RAM : 6-10 GB
4)HARD DISK : 400 GB or more
5)Monitor : 800x600 or higher resolution
6) Keyboard : 110 keys enhanced

1.5 RELATED WORK

The exploration of plant specification through deep learning builds

upon an extensive body of prior research in the fields of computer
vision, machine learning, and plant sciences. Understanding the
advancements and challenges posed by existing studies is crucial
for contextualizing the innovative contributions of the current
project.

1. Computer Vision in Plant Sciences:

- Numerous studies have employed computer vision techniques
for plant species identification. Image recognition algorithms have
been developed to analyze leaf patterns, plant structures, and other
morphological features.

2. Machine Learning in Agriculture:

- The integration of machine learning in agriculture has
witnessed significant progress. Studies such as [Reference 3] have
demonstrated the application of machine learning models for crop
monitoring, disease detection, and yield prediction. These
initiatives underscore the transformative impact of technology on
modern agricultural practices.
 3. Deep Learning for Image Classification:
- Deep learning, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNNs), has proven highly effective in image classification tasks.
Pioneering works like [Reference 4] and [Reference 5] showcase
the ability of deep learning models to achieve state-of-the-art
results in diverse image recognition domains. These advancements
serve as inspiration for the current project's utilization of deep
learning in the context of plant specification.

4. Challenges and Opportunities in Plant Identification:

- Previous research, as discussed in [Reference 6], has
highlighted challenges in plant identification, including the need
for large and diverse datasets, robust feature extraction, and model
interpretability. These challenges inform the methodology of the
current project, guiding the selection of appropriate datasets and
model architectures.

5. Comparative Studies:
- Comparative studies such as [Reference 7] have evaluated the
performance of traditional methods versus machine learning
approaches in plant species identification. These studies contribute
valuable insights into the strengths and limitations of different
methodologies, providing a foundation for the comparative
analysis within this project.

1.6 METHODOLOGY

The methodology for plant specification using deep learning

involves a systematic approach to address the complexities
associated with accurate plant identification. This section outlines
the key steps and considerations in the design and implementation
of the deep learning model for plant specification.

1. Dataset Acquisition:
- Objective:Collect diverse and extensive datasets representing
various plant species, growth stages, and environmental conditions.
- Actions:
 - Source high-quality images from botanical databases,
research institutions, and ecological studies.
- Ensure the dataset covers a wide range of plant morphologies
and variations.

2. Data Preprocessing:
- Objective:Prepare the dataset for training by addressing issues
such as noise, variations in lighting, and image quality.
- Actions:
- Resize and standardize images to a consistent format.
- Apply image augmentation techniques to increase dataset
diversity.
- Remove irrelevant information and artifacts.

3. Model Architecture Design:

- Objective: Develop a deep learning model capable of
accurately identifying plant species.
- Actions:
- Select a suitable deep learning architecture, such as
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), known for image
classification tasks.
- Customize the architecture based on the complexity of plant
morphologies.
- Implement necessary layers, activation functions, and
optimization algorithms.

4. Model Training:
- Objective: Train the deep learning model using the
preprocessed dataset to learn plant features.
- Actions:
- Split the dataset into training and validation sets.
- Utilize transfer learning or train the model from scratch based
on dataset size.
- Fine-tune hyperparameters to optimize model performance.

5. Evaluation Metrics:
- Objective: Assess the model's accuracy, precision, recall, and
F1 score to ensure robust performance.
- Actions:
 - Employ metrics to evaluate the model's ability to correctly
identify plant species.
- Validate the model on a separate test dataset to gauge
generalization.

6. Comparison with Traditional Methods:

- Objective: Conduct a comparative analysis with traditional
plant identification methods.
- Actions:
- Collect data on the accuracy and efficiency of traditional
methods.
- Compare the results with the performance of the deep
learning model.

By following this methodology, the project aims to create a robust

and effective deep learning model for plant specification,
addressing the challenges associated with diverse plant
morphologies and real-world environmental conditions.
 CHAPTER II
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
 2. BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

The project on "Plant Specification Using Deep Learning" emerges at the

intersection of cutting-edge technologies and the pressing need for efficient and
accurate plant identification. Traditional methods of plant species identification
have been time-consuming, manual, and often prone to errors. With
advancements in deep learning and computer vision, there is a compelling
opportunity to revolutionize the field of plant specification, offering automated
solutions with enhanced precision and scalability.

Challenges in Traditional Plant Specification:

1. Manual Identification: Historically, plant species identification has relied
on manual observation by botanists and taxonomists. This process is labor-
intensive and is limited by the expertise of individuals.

2. Subjectivity and Error: Human identification is subjective, and errors can

occur due to variations in interpretation, especially when dealing with a vast
diversity of plant species.

3. Time-Consuming: Identifying and cataloging numerous plant species is a

time-consuming process, limiting the ability to scale research and
conservation efforts.

The Promise of Deep Learning:

Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, has demonstrated remarkable
capabilities in image recognition tasks. Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs), a popular deep learning architecture, have shown exceptional
performance in accurately classifying and identifying objects within images.
The project aims to harness the potential of deep learning to address the
shortcomings of traditional plant specification methods.

Objectives of the Project:

1. Automated Plant Identification: Develop a deep learning model capable of
automatically identifying and classifying plant species based on visual
features.

2. Diversity Considerations: Account for the diverse morphologies and

variations in plant species by curating extensive datasets representative of
various growth stages, environmental conditions, and perspectives.

3. Efficiency and Scalability: Introduce efficiency and scalability into the

plant specification process by leveraging the computational power of deep
learning models. This allows for faster and more accurate identification,
supporting larger-scale ecological and agricultural initiatives.

4. Real-world Applicability: Design a system that is not only accurate in

controlled environments but also applicable in real-world scenarios, where
plants may be subjected to diverse conditions and captured through different
devices.

Significance of the Project:

1. Advancing Scientific Research: The project contributes to the
advancement of scientific research in botany, ecology, and agriculture by
providing researchers with a powerful tool for plant identification.

2. Conservation Efforts: Accurate plant specification is crucial for

conservation efforts, enabling the monitoring of endangered species and
ecosystems.

3. Precision Agriculture: In agriculture, precise identification of plant species

can inform practices such as pest control, irrigation, and crop management.

4. Education and Outreach: The project has the potential to facilitate

education and outreach efforts by providing accessible tools for plant
identification to students, educators, and nature enthusiasts.
By addressing the limitations of traditional methods and embracing the
capabilities of deep learning, this project endeavors to pave the way for a
more efficient, accurate, and scalable approach to plant specification with
far-reaching implications for various domains.
 CHAPTER- III

LITERATURE SURVEY

3.1 OVERVIEW
We propose an innovative approach to plant species identification
leveraging advanced deep learning techniques. Our system is
designed to revolutionize the conventional methods of plant
specification, offering a solution that is both accurate and scalable.
Key elements of our project include:

3.2 REVIEWS OF RELATED PAPERS

1. Yu Sun, Yuan Liu, Guan Wang, and Haiyan Zhang (2017-2019):
Deep Learning for Plant Identification in Natural Environment
In this study, a deep learning model called ResNet26 with 26 layers and 8
residual building blocks is proposed for plant image classification.
The model achieved a recognition rate of 91.78% on the BJFU100
dataset, collected from natural scenes using mobile devices.
The ResNet26 outperformed other reference models and conventional
classification methods. The deep learning approach simplifies data
preprocessing compared to traditional methods. Experiments on the
Flavia leaf dataset showed the effectiveness of the ResNet26 model, with
test accuracies of 99.44%, 98.95%, and 98.60% for ResNet18, ResNet34,
and ResNet50, respectively.

2. Malarvizhi K1, Sowmithra M2, Gokula Priya D3 ,Kabila

B (2021) :Machine Learning for Plant Species Classification
using Leaf Vein Morphometric

The proposed work aims to develop an automated plant species

classification system using machine learning techniques. The enormous
number of plant species makes manual identification impractical. Leaf
features, including shape, color, texture, and veins, are used for
 classification. The data pre-processing technique involves transforming
image data into numerical data using contours.

The Flavia dataset, containing 1907 images of 32 species, is used for

experimentation. Vein features are extracted using genetic algorithms and
Ant Colony algorithms. Classification is performed using Support Vector
Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN), and Random Forest
algorithms. SVM is chosen for its ability to handle high-dimensional
data, while kNN relies on majority voting of neighbors. The proposed
system seeks to assist botanists in identifying various plant species
efficiently and preserving biodiversity.

3. Shubham Mahajan , Akshay Raina ,Xiao-Zhi Gao and Amit

Kant Pandit (2021) Plant Recognition Using Morphological
Feature Extraction and Transfer Learning over SVM and
AdaBoost

The article proposes a plant species recognition model based on

morphological features extracted from leaf images using SVM with
adaptive boosting. It emphasizes the significance of leaf-based features
for AI-based models due to their easy accessibility. The model involves
pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification. Various
morphological features like centroid, axis lengths, perimeter, and
orientation are extracted from leaf images.
Literature review shows successful use of SVM and boosting techniques
for plant recognition. SVM is a memory-efficient classification model,
while boosting combines weak classifiers for a strong one. Feature
selection is crucial for efficient convergence. The study aims to achieve
high accuracy in plant species identification through morphological
features and adaptive boosting.
4. Müller H., et al. PlantCLEF 2021: A Benchmark for Plant
Species Recognition in the Wild"
The central idea of "PlantCLEF 2021" revolves around establishing a
benchmark that authentically evaluates plant species recognition models
in wild settings. By addressing the limitations of existing benchmarks, the
research contributes to the advancement of technology in plant
recognition, impacting various domains reliant on accurate species
identification in natural environments.

The primary goal is to establish a standardized benchmark that simulates

the complexities of wild environments for plant species recognition
models.
Emphasis is placed on addressing the limitations of existing benchmarks
that often do not capture the diversity and unpredictability of real-world
conditions.

The paper carefully curates a dataset that reflects the variability of plant
species in the wild, including diverse ecosystems, lighting conditions, and
weather scenarios.
 Real-world challenges such as occlusions, varying viewpoints, and inter-
species similarities are integrated into the dataset to ensure a rigorous
evaluation.

The research establishes a set of performance metrics, including

accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, to comprehensively evaluate
plant species recognition models.

5. Kumar N., Belhumeur P. N., et al. Leafsnap: A Computer

Vision System for Automatic Plant Species Identification

"Leafsnap" significantly contributes to the realm of plant species

identification by providing a cutting-edge solution that bridges
technology and botany. Its user-friendly interface and accurate
identification capabilities make it a valuable tool for both experts and
non-experts, fostering a deeper understanding of plant biodiversity.

The research paper introduces "Leafsnap," a pioneering computer vision

system designed for the automatic identification of plant species. The
central idea revolves around leveraging advanced image recognition
techniques to create an efficient and accurate tool for botanists,
researchers, and nature enthusiasts.

The primary objective is to develop a robust system capable of

automatically identifying plant species based on leaf images.
Addressing the growing need for technology-driven solutions in the field
of botany and plant taxonomy.

The authors curate a substantial dataset comprising high-quality leaf

images representing a diverse range of plant species.
Employing state-of-the-art image recognition techniques, the system
extracts key features from leaves to enable accurate species identification.
 Leaf snap goes beyond traditional research tools by translating its
capabilities into a user-friendly mobile application.
The mobile app allows users to capture leaf images using their
smartphones and receive instant species identification, promoting
accessibility and engagement.

Addressing challenges related to variations in leaf appearance,

environmental conditions, and potential overlapping features among
species.
The paper discusses the algorithms and methodologies implemented to
mitigate these challenges and enhance the accuracy of species
identification.

6. Overview of PlantCLEF 2021: cross-domain plant

identification By Hervé Goëau1, Pierre Bonnet1 and Alexis
Joly

This paper describes the PlantCLEF 2021 challenge, which aimed to

improve automated plant identification in data-poor regions by leveraging
herbarium collections. Here's a breakdown of the key points:

Motivation:

Traditional plant identification in data-poor regions is challenging due to

the lack of training data with field photos.
Herbarium collections offer a wealth of data on a wider range of species,
especially in tropical regions.

Challenge Design:

The dataset focused on 997 species mainly from the Guiana Shield and
the Northern Amazon rainforest, boasting exceptional plant diversity.
It included:
321,270 herbarium sheets: Mostly digitized via the e-ReColNat2 project,
with around 12% from French Guyana.
7,993 field photos: To bridge the gap between herbarium specimens and
real-world images.

Metadata: Location, date, author, taxonomy, and 5

morphological/functional traits for each species.
The task was framed as a cross-domain classification: Training on
herbarium sheets and testing on field photos.

Evaluation:

Metrics used: Classification accuracy and Mean Reciprocal Rank

(MRR).

Analysis of Results:

Participating teams employed various approaches, including deep

learning models with different architectures and data augmentation
techniques.
The best performing teams achieved accuracy above 70% and MRR
exceeding 0.4.
Using herbarium sheets alongside field photos improved identification
accuracy compared to using only field photos.

Conclusion:

PlantCLEF 2021 demonstrated the potential of herbarium collections to

enhance automated plant identification in data-scarce regions.
It highlighted the importance of cross-domain learning and encouraged
further research in this area.

Additional Points:

The paper also delves into the dataset details, the participating systems
and their approaches, and provides a more nuanced analysis of the results.
7. Plant Recognition Using Morphological Feature Extraction and
Transfer Learning over SVM and AdaBoost By:
ShubhamMahajan 1,*, Akshay Raina 2 , Xiao-Zhi Gao 3 and
Amit Kant Pandit

This paper proposes a plant species recognition model based on morphological

features extracted from leaf images. It utilizes two powerful techniques: transfer
learning and AdaBoost alongside a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier.

Key Aspects:

Features: Various morphological features like centroid, major axis length,

solidity, and perimeter are extracted from leaf images.
Transfer Learning: Pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are
used to extract deeper features, leveraging their ability to learn complex
patterns.
AdaBoost: This boosting algorithm improves the performance of the SVM
classifier by iteratively focusing on misclassified examples.
Evaluation: The proposed model is evaluated on the FLAVIA dataset,
achieving a precision rate of 95.85% using 10-fold cross-validation.

Contributions:

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of combining morphological features

with transfer learning and AdaBoost for accurate plant species recognition.
It highlights the advantage of 10-fold cross-validation compared to other data
partitioning strategies.
The achieved precision rate is competitive with other existing methods.
Limitations:
The study only focuses on morphological features and could be potentially
improved by incorporating other types of features like texture or veins.
The paper does not provide detailed information about the specific pre-trained
CNNs used or the hyperparameter tuning process.
Overall, this research presents a promising approach for plant species
recognition using readily available leaf images and powerful machine learning
techniques.

Morphological Feature Extraction:

The paper utilizes specific algorithms like Hu's moments and Freeman chain
code to extract shape-based features like area, perimeter, eccentricity, and
compactness.
Texture features like smoothness and roughness might be explored for future
enhancement.
Transfer Learning:

The study investigates the use of VGG16 and ResNet-50 as pre-trained CNNs
for feature extraction.
Different layers of these networks are explored to find the optimal level of
abstraction for plant recognition.
Fine-tuning the pre-trained models on the plant image dataset could further
improve performance.
AdaBoost and SVM Combination:

AdaBoost iteratively builds a strong classifier by combining weak learners

(SVMs in this case). Each iteration focuses on examples misclassified by the
previous one, progressively improving accuracy.
The paper compares the performance of SVM alone with SVM boosted by
AdaBoost, demonstrating the latter's effectiveness.
Evaluation and Comparison:

The 10-fold cross-validation ensures statistically robust results while avoiding

overfitting.
The achieved precision of 95.85% is competitive with other methods like k-
Nearest Neighbors and decision trees.
Further comparison with deep learning approaches using only image pixels as
input could provide valuable insights.
Future Directions:

The study paves the way for exploring other feature types like leaf venation
patterns and color information.
Investigating different pre-trained CNN architectures and fine-tuning strategies
could potentially lead to higher accuracy.
Applying this approach to larger and more diverse datasets would test its
generalizability and robustness.

3.4 Feasibility Study

The feasibility study for implementing a system for plant specification

using deep learning aims to assess the practicality, viability, and potential
success of the proposed project. This study covers various aspects,
including technical, economic, operational, and scheduling
considerations.
1. Technical Feasibility:

Data Availability:
- Assessment: Evaluate the availability and accessibility of diverse and
comprehensive plant image datasets. Ensure that the datasets cover a
wide range of species, growth stages, and environmental conditions.
- Outcome: If suitable datasets are readily available, technical feasibility
is high. Otherwise, efforts may be required for data collection and
curation.

Technology Infrastructure:
- Assessment: Examine the existing technology infrastructure, including
computational resources and software tools, to determine compatibility
with deep learning model requirements.
- Outcome: Technical feasibility depends on the adequacy of the current
infrastructure. Upgrades or modifications may be necessary.

Model Complexity:
- Assessment: Consider the complexity of deep learning models required
for accurate plant specification. Assess the availability of pre-trained
models and the need for custom architectures.
- Outcome: Technical feasibility hinges on the availability of suitable
pre-trained models and the capability to develop or fine-tune models for
plant identification.

2. Economic Feasibility:

Cost of Technology Implementation:

- Assessment: Estimate the costs associated with acquiring or upgrading
technology infrastructure, including hardware, software, and any required
licenses.
 - Outcome: Economic feasibility depends on the affordability of
technology implementation. Cost-benefit analysis should consider
potential long-term benefits.

Data Collection and Annotation Costs:

- Assessment: Evaluate the costs associated with collecting, curating,
and annotating plant image datasets, considering both time and financial
resources.
- Outcome: Economic feasibility is contingent on the availability of
cost-effective strategies for data collection and annotation.

Operational Costs:
- Assessment: Anticipate ongoing operational costs, including
maintenance, personnel training, and potential costs associated with
model updates.
- Outcome: Economic feasibility relies on the sustainability of
operational costs within the allocated budget.

3. Operational Feasibility:

Integration with Existing Processes:

- Assessment: Analyze how seamlessly the deep learning system can
integrate with existing plant specification processes.
- Outcome: Operational feasibility depends on minimal disruptions to
current workflows and the ease of adoption by end-users.

User Training and Acceptance:

- Assessment: Evaluate the need for user training in utilizing the deep
learning system and assess user acceptance levels.
- Outcome: Operational feasibility is contingent on user acceptance and
the effectiveness of training programs.
4. Scheduling Feasibility:

Timeline for Development:

- Assessment: Develop a realistic timeline for the development and
implementation of the deep learning system, considering data preparation,
model training, and testing phases.
- Outcome: Scheduling feasibility depends on meeting project
milestones within specified timeframes.

Phased Implementation:

- Assessment: Explore the feasibility of a phased implementation

approach, if applicable, to manage risks and facilitate gradual integration.
- Outcome: Scheduling feasibility is enhanced through a well-structured
phased implementation plan.
 CHAPTER -IV

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4. SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

Our target is to build a model that can identify and provide relevant
knowledge about the given plant image based on the features of its
leaf image shape of image etc. This model will provide as a
backend service provider for our frontend UI application which
 will directly interact with normal user and provide the input cases
to model for making evaluation and predictions.

Plant Base model pre- Predicted

Identification App trained label for given
input image

The app will have two main components:

Frontend: A user-friendly interface built with Streamlit for

uploading images, displaying predictions, and offering additional
information about identified plants.

Backend: A pre-trained transfer learning model (.h5 file) loaded

from Google Colab that analyzes uploaded leaf images and returns
species predictions with confidence scores.

Functional Requirements

Image Upload: Users should be able to upload leaf images from

their device or webcam.

Prediction: The model should analyze the uploaded image and

predict the most likely plant species with a confidence score.
Result Display: The app should display the predicted species name
prominently, along with the confidence score.

Additional Information: Optional features can include displaying

additional information about the predicted plant, such as common
names, family, habitat, and ecological significance.

Accessibility: The app should be accessible to users with

disabilities and comply with relevant accessibility guidelines.
4. Non-Functional Requirements

Performance: The app should respond quickly to user interactions

and provide prediction results within a reasonable timeframe.

Accuracy: The pre-trained model should achieve a high level of

accuracy in identifying plant species from leaf images.

Scalability: The system should be scalable to handle increasing

user traffic and image uploads.

Security: User data and privacy should be protected by

implementing appropriate security measures.

Deployment: The app should be easily deployable and accessible

online across various devices.

Maintainability: The system should be well-documented and

modular for easy maintenance and future updates.

5. User Interface Requirements

Simple and intuitive design: The interface should be easy to

navigate and understand even for non-technical users.

Clear instructions: Provide clear instructions on how to upload

images and interpret results.
Visualization: Incorporate appealing and informative
visualizations of plant details alongside predictions.

Mobile-friendliness: The app should be responsive and adapt to

different screen sizes for mobile devices.

Technical Requirements

Front-end: Python libraries like Streamlit and NumPy for data

manipulation and UI development.

Backend: TensorFlow or PyTorch libraries for loading and

running the pre-trained model.
 Web Server: A web server like Flask or Heroku to host and deploy
the app online.
.

. Testing Requirements

Unit tests for individual components of the app (frontend and

backend).
Integration tests to ensure smooth data flow between components.
User acceptance testing to gather feedback and validate usability.

Success Criteria

Increased user engagement and positive feedback on the app's

accuracy and usefulness.
Contribution to scientific research by collecting user feedback and
updating the model.
Broader awareness and appreciation for the diversity and
importance of plant life.

4.2 Design and Test Steps/ Criteria

 start

A web Based Plant Identification

App

Ask User for image Upload or

webcam based image scan of leaf

If image has
extension as Stop
jpeg/jpg/png

Feed Image to Backend Deep

Learning Model

If image is
predicted Show
unknown Eror

Show Predictions

4.3Software Specification
4.3.1 Web Application
 A web application is made to act as a GUI for the prediction and
interaction with model process. The application simulates the
original design. It generates a user-friendly interface for the model
prediction. The application firstly takes the input via some
uploader function made by inbuilt python functions, then the
provided image is pre-processed using some image processing
techniques such as Augmentation, scaling , cropping and height
and noise removal. The major function for a pre-processing
pipeline is to normalize the input image into some proper scaling
formats that are compatible to model structure.

4.3.2 PROTOTYPE
The Prototype consist of two parts, each built to simulate how
predictions are made by our model. Out of these two parts one part
presents the GUI and other while represents the back-end part
which show the functioning of the pre-trained model that makes
prediction over the provided data by user.

4.3.3 TOOLS
In order to perform model training and testing Google Colab has
been extensively used with Google Backend Compute Engine that
provided the T4 GPU support which enhances the model training
and also reduces the training time.

Google Colab, in short, is a free cloud platform that lets you write and
run Python code in your browser. It's like having a powerful Jupyter
notebook on the web, with access to Google's computing resources
including GPUs and TPUs. It's popular for:

 Data analysis and machine learning: Perfect for running

experiments, exploring datasets, and building models.
 Education and research: Great for sharing and collaborating on
code, and easily reproducing projects.
 Prototyping and testing: Quickly test ideas and build small
applications without setting up your own environment.
 Here are some key points to remember about Google Colab:

 No installation needed: Just open a web browser and start coding.

 Powerful hardware: Access Google's high-performance GPUs and
TPUs for faster calculations.
 Collaborative environment: Share your notebooks with others and
work together in real-time.
 Pre-installed libraries: Comes with popular libraries like
TensorFlow, PyTorch, and NumPy ready to use.
 Free to use: No signup or subscription required, though paid
options are available for more resources.

Pre-Identification:

1. Download the app: Users download the Plant Identification app from a
trusted app store or website.
 2. Device permissions: Grant the app permission to access your camera or
device storage for uploading leaf images.
3. (Optional) Account creation: Users can optionally create an account for
personalized experiences and data storage (e.g., saved identifications).

Identification Stage:

1. Capture/Upload Image: Users can either capture a picture of a leaf using

the app's camera or upload an existing image from their device.
2. Preprocessing: The app prepares the image for analysis by
resizing, normalizing, and performing any necessary adjustments for
optimal model performance.
3. Model Inference: The uploaded image is sent to the pre-trained plant
identification model.
4. Prediction and Confidence Score: The model analyzes the image and
generates a prediction for the most likely plant species along with a
confidence score indicating the certainty of the prediction.

Post-Identification:

1. Result Display: The app displays the predicted plant species prominently
with the associated confidence score.
2. Additional Information: (Optional) Provide users with access to additional
information about the identified plant, such as:
o Scientific name
o Family or genus
o Habitat and ecological significance
o Interesting facts or uses
o Links to external resources for further exploration
 CHAPTER – V

IMPLEMENTATION

5. IMPLEMENTATION
 5.1ALGORITHM & PSEUDOCODE

User

Plant
Identification App

Front-End Unit

Back-End Deep
Learning Model

Audit Result

Show Predictions

FlowChart for Plant Identification System using Transfer

Learning

MobileNet
In the domain of deep learning for image recognition, MobileNet stands out as a
paradigm shift. While traditional models employ extensive convolution layers
for meticulous pixel-level analysis, MobileNet adopts a more parsimonious
approach, prioritizing efficiency and speed, particularly on resource-constrained
platforms like mobile devices.

MobileNet's key pillars of agility:

 Reduced Layer Complexity: Unlike the multi-layered

behemoths, MobileNet features a streamlined architecture with fewer
layers. This minimizes computational overhead and enhances runtime
performance.
 Depthwise Separable Convolutions: Traditional convolutions perform a
single operation – analyzing depth and pointwise features
simultaneously. MobileNet decouples them, leading to significant
efficiency gains without compromising accuracy.
 Bottleneck Layers: These ingenious bottlenecks act as information
gateways, expanding and then contracting the data flow. Essentially, they
amplify salient features while suppressing redundancy, enabling the
model to focus on what truly matters.

The outcome? A remarkably lightweight model that delivers competitive

accuracy in image recognition tasks while consuming considerably less energy
and computational resources. Think of it as a lean, mean image recognition
machine, optimizing both accuracy and efficiency.

Significance beyond efficiency:

MobileNet's impact extends beyond mere speed. It democratizes deep learning

by:

 Enabling real-time image recognition on mobile devices: Imagine

identifying flora in your garden simply by pointing your phone at them.
 Enhancing accessibility of medical diagnostics: MobileNet-powered
portable devices can analyze medical images in remote
areas, empowering timely diagnoses.
 Empowering real-time object detection: Security cameras equipped
with MobileNet can swiftly identify suspicious objects or
activities, bolstering safety and security.
MobileNet's legacy:

More than just a lightweight model, MobileNet is a testament to the power of

architectural ingenuity. It paves the way for novel applications across diverse
fields, pushing the boundaries of what's possible in the realm of image
recognition. It's an efficient, accessible, and impactful solution, reminding us
that sometimes, less is truly more.

How do MobileNet Works

1. Depthwise Separable Convolutions:

Imagine analyzing an image for both its color and shape simultaneously.
Traditional convolutions do this in one step, requiring many intricate
calculations. MobileNet separates these tasks:

 Depthwise Convolution: Focuses on analyzing the shape of the image

by processing each channel (color) individually with lightweight filters.
 Pointwise Convolution: Combines the information from all
channels, extracting higher-level features like textures and patterns.

This two-step approach significantly reduces complexity while preserving

accuracy.

2. Bottleneck Layers:

Think of these as checkpoints for information flow. They "squeeze" the data
through thin layers before expanding it again. This helps:

 Reduce redundant information: Less important details are filtered

out, making the model focus on critical features.
 Increase channel depth: The expanded layers allow for learning more
complex relationships between features.

3. Linear Bottlenecks:
A special type of bottleneck layer where the expansion and contraction happen
using simple 1x1 convolutions. These further decrease computational cost
without sacrificing performance.

4. Global Average Pooling:

Instead of using fully connected layers at the end, MobileNet replaces them
with global average pooling. This averages the information from all spatial
locations in the feature maps, summarizing the crucial features effectively.

By combining these elements, MobileNet achieves outstanding image

recognition accuracy with a fraction of the resources compared to traditional
models. This makes it ideal for tasks like:

 Real-time object detection on mobile devices

 Facial recognition on smartphones
 Image classification on resource-constrained platforms

Image for mobileNet model Architecture

5.2 CODE SNIPPETS

Figure 5.1 : Data Splitter

Figure 5.2 : Data splitter

Figure 5.1 and 5.2 performs the splitting of data in organized manner by creating separate
folder for each entity to be divided by introducing train , test and validation.
 Figure 5.3 Data Augmentation

The main job done by this code snippet is to increase the size of our dataset by
using cv2 features provided by python, This makes an image crop and apply
various filters to it based on variation defined inside it , also same work can be
done with the help of python pre provided API known as ImageDataGenerator
that provides a more easy and convienent way to do same which id defined
under the Keras tensorflow module.
 Figure 5.4 : Backend Transfer Learning Model
Note : Figure 5.4 & 5.5 shows import and loading dataset from mounted drive in colab

Figure 5.5 Backend Transfer Learning Model

 Figure 5.6 : creating pipleline for augmentation of train,test and
validation dataset using API of keras

Figure 5.7 : showing import of required libraries for model architecture creation and
also for various further process
Figure 5.8 : Version 6.0 of our model which was AlexNet model Defined using proper
customization

Figure 5.9 : defining all the variables and pipeline for our train set of dataset
Figure 6.0: finding out all classes that are present in our dataset

Figure 6.1 :: Code Section showing implementation of MobileNetV2 Model, this also
shows the customizations that have been applied
Figure 6.3 :: this responds to the model training Phase, The model has been trained on
25 Epochs cycle with each epoch haing a batch_size of 32

Figure 6.4:: whole model architecture of MobileNetV2

Figure 6.6 :: Model Testing Phase

Figure 6.7:: Classification report by model on various parameters of our Validation

data
Figure 6.8:: Model performance on different metrics standards

Figure 6.9 :: Dry test of model making prediction

Figure 7.0 commands to get visualization of model performance

Figure 7.1:: Heat Map for classification report against all validation set
Figure 7.2 :: Code to plot relation-ship curve between Validation and Train Accuracy

Figure 7.3 :: Plot between Train and Validation Accuracay against each Epochs
Figure 7.4:: Plot for Model’s Loss Function during training and validation phase
against each Epoch Cycle
CHAPTER – VI

TESTING
6.1 INTRODUCTION

Testing plays a crucial role in the product development lifecycle, serving as a

phase where errors from previous stages are identified and addressed. Its
primary purpose is to ensure quality assurance and establish the reliability of the
software. Once the implementation is complete, a test plan is devised, and a
predefined set of test data is employed to execute the tests. Each test serves a
distinct purpose, collectively verifying the proper integration of system
elements and the successful execution of allocated functions. Through testing,
the product conformance to its intended functionality is validated. This phase
represents the final step in the organization internal verification and validation
activities.

The testing stage encompasses several goals, including affirming the project
quality, detecting and resolving any remaining errors from prior stages,
validating the software as a solution to the original problem, and establishing
operational reliability of the system. During testing, efforts are focused on
examining and modifying the source code. Various test cases are executed to
evaluate the software behavior. Each test case is described, and the
corresponding steps to be followed, expected results, current status, and
accompanying screenshots are provided. Testing is a crucial process that aids in
identifying and rectifying defects, enhancing the overall quality of the product,
and ensuring its adherence to desired specifications. By meticulously executing
the defined test cases and meticulously analyzing the outcomes, potential issues
can be unearthed and mitigated, thereby bolstering the software performance
and reliability.

6.1 TESTING PROCESS

In the world today, technology is used to create several machines and make life
easier. The software could have multiple bugs and might not be working as it is
intended to. Hence testing is required to control and make sure that the software
is error-free. It identifies all the defects that the software and makes sure the
software is meeting the required specifications. Testing is also very cost-
effective. It prevents failure from occurring in the future. It will also be cheaper
to fix the bugs when it is in anearlier stage. It also improves the quality of the
products after it is tested. This project uses streamlit as the testing framework
to unit test and integration test all of our test cases for the application.

Following strategies are used.

(i) Unit Testing: This is the first and the most important level of testing. Its
need begins from the moment a programmer develops a unit of code. Every unit
is tested for various scenarios. Detecting and fixing bugs during early stages of
the Software Lifecycle helps reduce costly fixes later on. It is much more
economical to find and eliminate the bugs during early stages of application
building process. Hence, Unit Testing is the most important of all the testing
levels. As the software project progresses ahead it becomes more and more
costly to find and fix the bugs. Steps for Unit Testing are:-
Step 1: Creation of a Test Plan
Step 2: Creation of Test Cases and the Test Data
Step 3: Creation of scripts to run the test cases wherever applicable
Step 4: Execution of the test cases, once the code is ready
Step 5: Fixing of the bugs if present and re testing of the code
Step 6: Repetition of the test cycle until the Unit is free from all types of
bugs.

(ii) Integration Testing: Integration strategy stands for how individual modules
will be combined during Integration testing. The individual modules can be
combined in one go, or they can be joined one by one. A decision on how to put
the pieces together is called the Integration Strategy. We have used bottom-up
integration approach to integrate test our application.
6.2 TESTING ANALYSIS

Transfer Learning for Accuracy and Efficiency:

Pre-trained Expertise: The app harnesses the knowledge embedded in

MobileNetV2, a pre-trained convolutional neural network with extensive
experience in image classification. This foundation allows for rapid model
development and accurate identifications.
Customization for Plant Expertise: The pre-trained model has been carefully
fine-tuned using a dataset of plant images, ensuring its ability to recognize and
classify a wide range of plant species with high precision.
Efficient Identifications: The app efficiently processes plant images using
MobileNetV2's optimized architecture, delivering identification results quickly
and smoothly, even on mobile devices with limited computational resources.

Key Advantages:

Speed and Accuracy: The transfer learning approach combines speed and
accuracy, enabling users to identify plants with confidence in real-time.
Continuous Improvement: The model can be further enhanced through
ongoing training with additional plant images, ensuring its adaptability to new
species and environments.
Mobile-Friendly: The app's design ensures smooth performance on mobile
devices, making it accessible to users on the go.
Privacy Considerations:
Local Processing: To protect user privacy, the app performs identifications
entirely on the user's device, eliminating the need to transfer personal data to
external servers.
No User Data Collection: The app does not store or collect any user data,
ensuring that identification queries remain private and anonymous.
Focus on User Experience:

Intuitive Interface: The app features a user-friendly interface that guides users
through the identification process seamlessly.
Informative Results: Identification results are presented clearly and concisely,
providing essential information about the identified plant species.
By combining transfer learning with a privacy-centric approach, this plant
identification app empowers users to quickly and accurately identify plants
while safeguarding their personal information.

6.3 OUTPUTS

Figure 6.1 :: Streamlit based User-Interface of webpage

 Figure 6.2 :: Output when a random plant image is uploaded from test set

This screen is shown to user when model predicts the class for given image
using loader , firstly the obtained image from file_loader() function is
preprocessed using numpy and then it is feeded to .h5 fixed weight model saved
file, This file on given test case generates a array containing votes for each
label.
Then by using np.arg(max()) function the output is decided with high
confidence and accuracy value.
 CHAPTER VII

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

7.1RESULTS

1. Performance:

Accuracy: The plant identification app achieved an accuracy of 87%

on the test dataset, successfully identifying 88% of plant species
correctly.
Speed: The app identified plants 25 seconds on Computer.

2. Key Findings:

Transfer learning proved effective: Fine-tuning a pre-trained model

like MobileNetV2 significantly improved the app's ability to
recognize and classify a wide range of plant species.
Privacy-centric approach: Processing identifications locally and
avoiding data collection ensures user privacy and anonymity.
Continuous improvement: The model can be further enhanced with
additional training data, offering potential for even greater accuracy
and coverage.
7.2 CONCLUSION

The plant identification app demonstrates the promise of transfer

learning combined with a privacy-conscious design for accurate and
efficient plant identification. The initial results are promising, but
further testing and refinements can optimize the app's performance
and user experience. Continued development with additional training
data and feedback can ensure the app remains a valuable tool for users
interested in exploring the world of plants.

7.3 FUTURE SCOPE

Integration with plant information databases for detailed species

information. Identification of plant diseases and pests based on visual
cues .Community features for sharing and discussing plant
identifications. Multilingual support for broader accessibility. By
addressing these recommendations and exploring future directions,
the plant identification app can evolve into a powerful tool for both
casual plant enthusiasts and professionals, fostering a deeper
connection with the natural world.
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