White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies

WECC PPMVDWG

August 12, 2021

 White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................3

The GENQEC model ..............................................................................................................................................3

GENQEC model structure .................................................................................................................................3

GENQEC model application to different types of generators .......................................................................5

GENQEC model parameters .............................................................................................................................5
Round-rotor generator (Model 2.2 in IEEE Std 1110, second-order standard model) ..............................5

Salient-pole generator (Model 2.1 in IEEE Std 1110, second-order standard model)................................5

Determine 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲 ........................................................................................................................................................6

Step 1. Gather parameters and field measurements for calculation ...........................................................7

Step 2. Determine field current base value .....................................................................................................8

Step 3. Linear regression on 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 to determine 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲 .........................................................................................9
Step 4. (Optional) VEE Curve Results Comparison with Determined 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 and 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲 ................................11
Existing generator model migration to GENQEC ..........................................................................................12

Round-rotor generator (GENROU, GENROE to GENQEC) ......................................................................12

Salient-pole generator (GENSAL, GENSAE to GENQEC)..........................................................................12
Appendix A ............................................................................................................................................................13

GENQEC model block diagram and its equivalent circuit representation...............................................13

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 White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies

Introduction
The WECC Modeling and Validation Subcommittee (MVS) approved the GENQEC synchronous
generator model on December 3, 2020, after the implementation and benchmark among the commonly
used power system analysis software (PSLF™, PSS®E, PowerWorld Simulator and DSATools™/TSAT
[1]). The GENQEC keeps the parameter compatibility with the earlier second-order generator dynamic
models such as GENROU, GENSAL, with major improvements in saturation treatment. Compared
with currently used generator model GENTPJ in North America, GENQEC model has proven dynamic
performance improvement through theoretical analysis and simulation results. The steady-state
accuracy improvement on modeled field current has been proven using field test data from over one
hundred generators with capacity ranging from 4 MVA to 835 MVA.

This white paper is intended to serve as a technical reference for those interested to validate
synchronous generator model parameters using GENQEC model. The method is based on the
improvement to generator decrement test in [2].

The GENQEC model

GENQEC model structure

GENQEC model was developed from the second-order generator equivalent circuits given in the IEEE
Standard 1110. The full derivation process of the block diagram is given in [3] [4] and provided in
Appendix A of this White Paper. The most distinctive difference of the GENQEC model from all
previous generator models is that it uses a completely new method to include saturation effect in
positive sequence generator model to achieve good accuracy. The root of the GENQEC model could be
traced to the zero-power-factor characteristics, on which the Potier Reactance is derived. A machine
dependent compensation factor, 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 , is introduced in GENQEC model. The meaning of 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 is illustrated
in Figure 1 below, and more detail of this compensation factor is explained in [5].

Table 1 compares the major difference between GENQEC and several commonly available second-
order models [6]. The improvement of GENQEC over the previous models can be seen from various
aspects of the new implementation method of magnetic saturation and generator field current
compensation.

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 White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies

1.2

Air-gap line
Xp
1
0-P.F.
Armature Voltage and Current (p.u.)

0.8
Slope=1

OCC
0.6
SCC
Slope=1
Slope=1
0.4
Slope=1-Kw

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4
Generator Field Current (A)

Fig. 1 Generator Saturation Characteristics, Potier Reactance and Kw in GENQEC Model

Table 1. Characteristic Comparison of second-order Generator Dynamic Models

Characteristic of Model GENQEC GENTPJ GENROU GENSAL

#1 Magnetic saturation impacts YES YES NO NO

all inductances
#2 Magnetic saturation impacts YES NO NO YES
Time Constants
#3 +Id (+Mvar) cause additional YES YES NO NO
increase of If
#4 -Id (-Mvar) cause extra YES NO NO NO
decreases of If
#5 D-axis and Q-axis degree of Same Different Different No Q-axis
magnetic saturation saturation

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 White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies

GENQEC model application to different types of generators

GENQEC model parameters

GENQEC model uses classical representation of the standard generator parameters. Refer to Appendix
A for parameter derivation from its 𝑋𝑋𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 -base reciprocal equivalent circuit representations.

Description
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 , Saturation function selection flag (0-Exponential; 1-Scaled quadratic; 2-Quadratic)
′
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (sec), d-axis transient rotor time constant
"
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (sec), d-axis sub-transient rotor time constant
′
𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 (sec), q-axis transient rotor time constant
"
𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 (sec), q-axis sub-transient rotor time constant
H (>0), Inertia constant
D (pu), Damping factor
𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑 , d-axis synchronous reactance
𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞 , q-axis synchronous reactance
𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑′ , d-axis transient reactance
𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞′ , q-axis transient reactance
𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑" , d-axis sub-transient reactance
𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞" , q-axis sub-transient reactance
𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙 , stator leakage reactance
S(1.0), saturation factor at 1.0 pu flux
S(1.2), saturation factor at 1.2 pu flux
𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 (0 < 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 < 0.4) , rotor field current compensation factor

Round-rotor generator (Model 2.2 in IEEE Std 1110, second-order standard model)
Rotor d-axis: Rotor field winding and one equivalent damper winding

Rotor q-axis: Two equivalent damper windings

• Use “standard” generator model parameters including all synchronous, transient

and sub-transient model parameters on d-axis and q-axis.

Salient-pole generator (Model 2.1 in IEEE Std 1110, second-order standard model)
Rotor d-axis: Rotor field winding and one equivalent damper winding

Rotor q-axis: One equivalent damper winding only

′
• Set 𝐿𝐿𝑞𝑞 = 𝐿𝐿′𝑞𝑞 ; and 𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞0 to an extremely big number such as 999. The rest of the
parameters are “standard” generator model parameters.

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 White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies

Determine 𝑲𝑲𝒘𝒘
Since GENQEC model was developed from the second-order generator equivalent circuits given in the
IEEE Standard 1110. All parameters are standard generator parameters which can be achieved by using
the testing method given in IEEE Standard 115. Only 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 in GENQEC needs special attention. This
chapter introduced a simple and practical method to obtain the compensation factor 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 for GENQEC
model.

𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 was defined as the slope difference between the linear regions of the zero-power-factor line (0-P.F.)
and the open circuit characteristics (OCC), as seen in Fig. 1. The consideration of applying the 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 factor
can be found in [5], and the GENQEC equivalent circuits are given in Appendix A. This session will
focus on determining the 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 factor in practice, from field measurement data through calculation.

From GENQEC model block diagram, in steady state when 𝜔𝜔 = 1, the 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 factor can be obtained from
the below relation when a constant, unsaturated generator synchronous inductance 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 is known.

𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 = (1 − 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 )𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − (1 + 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 )�𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞 + 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞 � − 𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 (1)

Where,

𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 : Generator d-axis synchronous inductance (also will be determined from this method)

𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 : D-axis component of generator stator current (calculated from measurements, P, Q, Vt, etc.)

𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞 : Q-axis component of generator stator current (calculated from measurements, P, Q, Vt, etc.)

𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 : Generator rotor field winding current (measured data)

𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞 : Q-axis component of generator terminal voltage (calculated from measurement, Vt, P, Q, etc.)

𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 : Stator winding resistance (from OEM)

𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 : Stator winding leakage inductance (from OEM)

𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 : A factor representing the degree of magnetic saturation at a given operating point, calculated based
on OCC, between the air-gap flux and the stator-rotor combined magneto-motive-force.

Linear regression is used to eliminate the random measurement error which may exist in the field data.
It is suggested to use not less than 15 points of online measurement data including terminal voltage 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 ,
active power P, reactive power Q, and field current 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 , for using this method to calculate 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 .

A pair of characteristic saturation factors, i.e., S1.0 & S1.2, used to represent the generator open-circuit
saturation characteristics, is needed. The saturation function type needs to be specified by setting the
SatFlag in the GENQEC model parameter. Due to the sensitivity of the rotor angle measurement to the
mechanical reference signal on the rotor shaft (especially for salient-pole machines), it is recommended
to use generator’s q-axis synchronous inductance, 𝐿𝐿𝑞𝑞 , to calculate generator internal rotor angle when
using this method. (The generator q-axis synchronous inductance can be validated using measurement

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 White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies

results with larger rotor angles where the measured values are less-susceptive to the mechanical
reference.) Generator stator winding leakage inductance 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 (and resistance 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 , if known), are also
needed in the calculation.

The unsaturated 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 in equation (1) is a constant per its definition, so the linear function at the left-hand
side of equation (1) with reference to 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 should be reflected in the values calculated for all the
measurement points on the right-hand of equation (1). In other words, the calculated values of the
right-hand side of equation (1) shall conform to a distribution along a linear line in a plot with 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 on X-
axis. The only undetermined variable 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 in equation (1) can be chosen in equation (1) such that we can
use linear regression with all the online measurement points on the right-hand side of equation (1) to
form a most-suitable linear line.

More detailed explanation about this method is illustrated with example steps below.

Step 1. Gather parameters and field measurements for calculation

First step is to gathering generator information needed for calculating 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 . That includes the data from
manufacture and field measurement. Those data are listed as an example in table 2 and 3 below.

Table 2. 83.5 MVA Salient-pole Generator Parameters

Sbase(MVA) Vt base (kV) 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝐿𝑞𝑞 𝑆𝑆1.0 𝑆𝑆1.2 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎

83.5 13.8 0.15 0.7 0.19 0.55 0.004

Table 3. 83.5 MVA Salient-pole Online Measurement Data

Active Reactive Terminal Field Active Reactive Terminal Field

No. Power Power Voltage Current Power Power Voltage Current
No.
(MW) (Mvar) (kV) (A) (MW) (Mvar) (kV) (A)

1 -0.44 -38.62 13.26 255 34 40.02 -19.49 13.55 495

2 -0.45 -32.44 13.40 305 35 40.48 -15.29 13.59 529
3 -0.57 -29.61 13.47 330 36 40.11 -10.74 13.63 560
4 -0.49 -25.25 13.50 361 37 40.11 -4.92 13.67 604
5 -0.61 -20.91 13.54 395 38 40.21 -0.53 13.7 650
6 -0.73 -13.58 13.50 442 39 40.09 5.52 13.76 699
7 -0.75 -12.12 13.61 465 40 40.23 9.98 13.78 744
8 -0.78 -4.75 13.67 526 41 40.29 14.4 13.82 784
9 -0.67 -0.2 13.71 565 42 40.08 20.49 13.87 844
10 -0.82 5.75 13.75 621 43 40.1 26.58 13.92 908
11 -0.91 10.22 13.79 664 44 40.29 31.27 13.95 961
12 -1 14.7 13.83 712 45 40.24 42.19 14.04 1090

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13 -0.96 19.26 13.86 758 45 59.74 -20.71 13.53 585

14 -1.07 25.11 13.94 825 47 59.55 -14.4 13.58 625
15 -0.83 29.89 14.03 887 48 60.04 -9.97 13.63 655
16 -0.89 33.89 14.10 938 49 60.22 -5.44 13.65 689
17 20.38 -36.5 13.40 315 50 59.67 0.4 13.71 740
18 20.67 -28.73 13.47 365 51 59.83 4.82 13.75 777
19 20.82 -24.36 13.51 399 52 59.21 9.4 13.79 818
20 20.71 -21.52 13.53 419 53 59.7 15.28 13.82 874
21 20.64 -15.82 13.58 464 54 60.1 21.36 13.87 933
22 20.67 -9.87 13.63 511 55 60.05 24.38 13.89 962
23 20.54 -5.59 13.67 543 56 59.71 31.57 13.96 1036
24 20.39 1.11 13.72 600 57 60.05 33.55 13.97 1060
25 20.35 5.55 13.75 644 58 80.13 -9.12 13.62 774
26 20.3 10.04 13.79 688 59 80.09 -6.04 13.64 794
27 20.32 14.49 13.82 732 60 80.1 -0.3 13.69 841
28 20.55 22.04 13.89 810 61 80.07 5.71 13.74 891
29 20.41 26.63 13.90 859 62 80.07 10.04 13.77 929
30 20.38 32.73 13.97 929 63 79.97 14.63 13.81 971
21 20.32 40.76 14.03 1029 64 80.02 20.63 13.86 1028
32 40.02 -27.26 13.49 444 65 80.08 21.71 13.87 1037
33 40.05 -25.33 13.50 459

Step 2. Determine field current base value

Before the measured field current can be converted to per unit, a field current base value is needed.
Typically, the field current base value is obtained from open-circuit saturation test results when the
measured terminal voltage is plotted against the field current. In the absence of the good open-circuit
test data, the field current base value can be determined as below:

Reorganizing equation (1), noting that 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 , where 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 is the measured field
current in amperes and 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 is the field current base in amperes, we have:
1−𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 (1+𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 )�𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞 +𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞 �+𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 +𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
= 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
(2)

The right-hand side of Equation (2) is calculated from measurement data for each operating point and
plotted against 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 . The 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 on the left-hand side of (2) is also one factor to be determined in this
expression, and it is independent from 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 in the right-hand expression. The most important observation
from (2) is that 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 can be determined with 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 =0 when the left-hand side of (2) becomes 1/𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 .
Using polynomial trend plot based on the calculated values of the right-hand expression of (2) against
𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 , let 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 =0, the field current base value obtained from the online measurements for this unit is 492.5A.

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Step 3. Linear regression on 𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅 to determine 𝑲𝑲𝒘𝒘

Linear regression method is applied to the calculated values of the right-hand side of equation (1) with
reference to 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 . Since 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 is also undetermined, the criterion used is to decide the most-straight line of
(𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 ) by adjusting 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 .

Fig. 2 shows the calculated 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 as a function of 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 when 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 is set to zero, where linear and second-
order polynomial trend lines are plotted. Fig. 3 shows the calculated 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 when 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 is set to a value of
0.4, also with linear and second-order polynomial trend lines plotted. It can be observed that the
polynomial trendline curves upwards with 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 =0 but downwards with 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 =0.4. Based on the
involvement of 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 in equation (1), it is reasonable to expect that between 0 and 0.4 there exists a 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤
value which could make the polynomial trendline closely overlays with the linear one. By gradually
adjusting 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 value, it is found that 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 = 0.2235 gives the best match between the second-order
polynomial and linear trendlines, as can be seen in Fig. 4. The two trend lines are virtually overlapping
each other. The trendline equations in Fig. 4 also provide the ideal 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 value with the chosen 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 .
Statistically with all the measurement points considered, this 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 =0.982 with 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 =0.2235 will have the
best modeling results with least error.

Once this pair of 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 and 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 having the least linear regression error on 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 is found, the corresponding
differences (or errors) of the modeled field current for each measurement points are also known from
the calculation.

Fig. 2. Online measurements calculated 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 with 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 = 0

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Fig. 3. Online measurements calculated 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 with 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 = 0.4

Fig. 4. Online measurements calculated 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 with 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 = 0.2235

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Step 4. (Optional) VEE Curve Results Comparison with Determined 𝑳𝑳𝒅𝒅 and 𝑲𝑲𝒘𝒘
Previous three steps illustrated a whole process of obtaining 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 ,as well as 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 . The step 4 using VEE
curve can be used as an option to double check the 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 value. The Fig 5 and Fig 6 below are the VEE
curve plots using 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 achieved from step 3 for the same generator in the example.

Fig. 5. Measured and modeled field current comparison with reference to reactive power

Fig. 6. Measured and modeled field current comparison with reference to stator current

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Existing generator model migration to GENQEC

Generator models based on the second-order equivalent circuits can be simply converted to GENQEC
once the Kw is determined. These second-order equivalent-circuit based models include GENROU,
GENROE, GENSAL and GENSAE. It is not recommended to perform direct parameter mapping from
GENTPJ to GENQEC, because of the possible modification of GENTPJ to the model parameters when
converted from the earlier models.

In the parameter conversion, the parameters in GENQEC are mapped one-to-one directly from the
earlier second-order generator models, except those parameters explicitly marked below.

Round-rotor generator (GENROU, GENROE to GENQEC)

GENQEC
′
SatFlag 𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 "
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ′
𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 "
𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 H D 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑′ 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞′ 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑" 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞" 𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙 S(1.0) S(1.2) 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤

0 (GENROE)
1 GENROE
(GENROU)

GENROU/GENROE
′
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 "
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ′
𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 "
𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 H D 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑′ 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞′ 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑" = 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞" 𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙 S(1.0) S(1.2) Find 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤

Salient-pole generator (GENSAL, GENSAE to GENQEC)

GENQEC
′
SatFlag 𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 "
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ′
𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 "
𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 H D 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑′ 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞′ 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑" 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞" 𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙 S(1.0) S(1.2) 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤

9999
0 (GENSAE)

1 (GENSAL)
GENSAL/GENSAE Find 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤
′
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 "
𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 "
𝑇𝑇𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 H D 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑′ 𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑" = 𝑋𝑋𝑞𝑞" 𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙 S(1.0) S(1.2)

(For GE PSLF™ program, the quadratic saturation model in GENROU and GENSAL may need to use
SatFlag = 2 when converting to GENQEC. Using SatFlag=2 will still keep the same compatibility level
between the Siemens/PTI PSS®E and GE PSLF using the previous models.)

12
 White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies

Appendix A

GENQEC model block diagram and its equivalent circuit representation

leakages is for the benefit of using the classical
representation of the generator “standard”
Nomenclature
parameters, as can be seen from the derivation
𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 : D-axis component of generator stator current process given below.
𝑖𝑖𝑞𝑞 : Q-axis component of generator stator current
𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞 : Q-axis component of generator stator voltage
𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 : Generator rotor field winding current
𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 : Generator rotor field winding voltage
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 : Generator stator winding resistance
𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 : Generator direct-axis synchronous inductance,
(𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 )
𝐿𝐿𝑞𝑞 : Generator quadrature-axis synchronous
inductance
𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎 : A factor representing the degree of magnetic Fig. A-1 GENQEC D-axis equivalent circuit
saturation at a given operating point, reflected
in the generator’s open-circuit saturation From Fig. A-1 equivalent circuit represented
characteristics using the 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 –base reciprocal per unit system,
𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 : A factor in the GENQEC model to we can obtain below equations:
compensate 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 for the field winding leakage
variation associated with 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 −𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (1−𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 )𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿 𝑖𝑖
𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 : Stator winding leakage inductance 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 = (1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )
+ (1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1𝑑𝑑
+ (1+𝑆𝑆 )
(A-1)
𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 : Stator to rotor winding d-axis mutual −𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (1−𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 )𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿 𝑖𝑖
inductance 𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = (1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )
+ (1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1𝑑𝑑
+ (1+𝑆𝑆 )
(A-2)
𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 : Rotor field winding leakage inductance
−𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (1−𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 )𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿11𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 : Rotor d-axis damper winding leakage 𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 = (1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )
+ (1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )
+ (1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )
(A-3)
inductance
𝑅𝑅1𝑑𝑑 : Rotor d-axis damper winding resistance 𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (A-4)
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 : Rotor field winding resistance 0 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1𝑑𝑑 + 𝑅𝑅1𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 (A-5)
𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 : Stator winding d-axis total flux
𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 : Rotor d-axis damper winding total flux To convert to the commonly used per unit
𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 : Rotor field winding total flux system in power system stability studies, we use
𝐿𝐿11𝑑𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 : Rotor d-axis damper winding base values denoted with an overbar accent,
inductance which have below relations with the 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 –base
𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 : Rotor field winding self- reciprocal per unit system:
inductance
𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 = 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 (A-6)
GENQEC D-axis Saturation
𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 = 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 (A-7)
GENQEC model considers the magnetic
𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 = 𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 (A-8)
saturation primarily on the mutual inductance
between the generator rotor and stator 𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 = 𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 (A-9)
windings, as shown in Fig. A-1. The inclusion
𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (A-10)
of magnetic saturation on rotor windings’

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𝐿𝐿 ′
𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (A-11) 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑠𝑠𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (A-20)
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝐿𝐿 Eq. (A-5) can be re-written using Eqs. (A-8) and

𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (A-12)
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (A-9),
Using (A-6), (A-7), (A-9) and (A-10), Eq. (A-1) 0 = 𝑠𝑠 𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 + 𝑅𝑅1𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 (A-21)
can be re-written as:
The relations given in Eqs. (A-13), (A-16), (A-17),
(1 + 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 = −𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 − 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 + (1 − 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 )𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + (A-20) and (A-21) can be expressed using the
𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 (A-13) classical representation of the standard
generator model parameters, with mathematical
Apply (A-7), (A-9), (A-10) and (A-11) to (A-2),
derivations shown below.
we have:
𝐿𝐿 2 Subtract Eq. (A-17) from Eq. (A-16), we have:
(1 + 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 + (1 − 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 )𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +
𝐿𝐿 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
(1 + 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )(𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 ) = (𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 − 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 )𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 − (𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 − 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 +
𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2
𝑖𝑖
𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1𝑑𝑑
(A-14) 𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 )𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 (A-22)
𝑠𝑠 𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑
In generator’s second-order model, the classical From Eq. (A-21), 𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 = − . Define the
𝑅𝑅1𝑑𝑑
representation of d-axis transient inductance
generator d-axis open-circuit sub-transient time
𝑑𝑑 (a standard parameter) is defined as: 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 in
𝐿𝐿′
" 𝐿𝐿′
𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 +𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑
parallel with 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 , then added to the stator constant 𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑅𝑅1𝑑𝑑
, the above equation
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
leakage 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 ; i.e., 𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎+𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 . Consider the becomes:
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

definition of 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 and 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 , below relation exists: (1 + 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )(𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 ) = (𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 − 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 )𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
"
𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿 2 (A-23)
𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 − 𝐿𝐿′
𝑑𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
(A-15)
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 When the generator d-axis sub-transient
Eq. (A-14) can be re-written as: inductance 𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 is defined using its classical
𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑
′ representation, 𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 . It
(1 + 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = (1 − 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 )𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + �𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 − 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 ��𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 − 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
"
𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 � (A-16) 1 𝐿𝐿′
𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑
can be proven that = 2 .
𝐿𝐿′
𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 +𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 �𝐿𝐿′
𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 �
Using (A-7) to (A-10), Eq. (A-3) can be re-written
Accordingly, from Eq. (A-21),
as:
" "
𝑠𝑠𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿′
𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 "
(1 + 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 = −𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 + (1 − 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 )𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 = − =− 2 𝑠𝑠𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 (A-24)
𝐿𝐿′
𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 +𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 �𝐿𝐿′
𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 �
𝐿𝐿11𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖1𝑑𝑑 (A-17)
"
Note that the above parameters of 𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑′
, 𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 , 𝐿𝐿′
𝑑𝑑
Apply (A-10), (A-11) and (A-12) to Eq. (A-4), "
and 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑 are all defined according to the classical
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑠𝑠 𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝐼𝐼 (A-18) representation of the standard parameters of
𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
second-order generator model described in
After simplification, Chapter 4 of Prabha Kundur’s Power System
𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 Stability and Control [7].
𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑠𝑠 𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (A-19)
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
From Fig. A-1, the 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 –base reciprocal per unit
Generator’s d-axis open-circuit transient time system representation, we can see,
′ 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
constant is defined as 𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = according to (𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 −𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 )(1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 ) (𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 −𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 )(1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 ) 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑 )
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑
+ 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
= 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 + 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
its classical representation. We have:
(A-25)

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It can also be written as GENQEC dynamic model can be completely

𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖 1 1 1 𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖 represented either using its equivalent circuits
𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑
+ 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
= 1+𝑆𝑆 + 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � + + � = 1+𝑆𝑆 + in Figs. A-1 and A-3, or using the block diagram
𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑

𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �
1
� (A-26) in Fig. A-2 (with network interfaces added.)
𝐿𝐿”𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙

Also from Fig. A-1, 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 . Substitute

𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 into (A-26),
�𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 �𝜓𝜓1𝑑𝑑 �𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 �𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 �𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 �𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑
+ = 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 +
𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑
(A-27)
The relation below can be easily obtained:
𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑
𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑
= 𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙
(A-28)
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 +𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 +𝐿𝐿1𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

In addition, the second term on the left-hand

side of Eq. (A-27) can be changed to commonly-
used per-unit system:
𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿" −𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐿𝐿𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙
(A-29)
Substitute Eqs. (A-28) and (A-29) into Eq. (A-
27), also noting 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 = 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 and 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 = 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 , Figure A-2: GENQEC Model Block Diagram
𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿" −𝐿𝐿 �𝐿𝐿"𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 �
𝜓𝜓
𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 1𝑑𝑑
+ 𝐿𝐿′𝑑𝑑 −𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝜓𝜓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝜓𝜓𝑑𝑑 + 𝐿𝐿𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 + 1+𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑
𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑙𝑙
(A-30)
We can use Eqs. (A-16), (A-20), (A-23), (A-24)
and (A-30) to construct a block diagram, shown
in the top half of Fig. A-2, the complete GENQEC
model block diagram. The overbar notation is
dropped, considering only the commonly used Fig. A-3 GENQEC Q-axis equivalent circuit
per unit system exists in stability analysis. References:
GRNQEC model structure is similar to the
previous GENROU/GENSAE model except the [1] Mohamed Elkhatib, Xiaokang Xu, Song Wang and
Quincy Y. Wang, “Implementation and Benchmarking
implementation of the magnetic saturation and of a New Generator Dynamic Model for Power
field current compensation factor 𝐾𝐾𝑤𝑤 . System Stability Analysis,” presented and in Proc. of
the IEEE PES General Meeting, 25-29 July
GENQEC Q-axis Saturation 2021,Washington, DC.

From Fig. A-3 GENQEC q-axis equivalent [2] Quincy Wang, Song Wang, “Practical Improvements
to Generator Parameter Validation using Stator-
circuit, following the same derivation process Decrement Test”, IEEE Transactions on Energy
(omitted here), we can obtain the lower half of Conversion, Digital Object Identifier:
the block diagram shown in Fig. A-2. 10.1109/TEC.2021.3094822

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 White Paper on GENQEC Model in Power System Studies

[3] Quincy Wang (2020, September). GENQEC

Generator Dynamic Model Specification. [Online].
https://www.wecc.org/
[4] Quincy Wang, Renke Huang, Song Wang, Ruisheng
Diao, Yilu Liu, “Dynamic Performance of a High
Accuracy Generator Dynamic Model for Stability
Analysis”, 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid
Technology (ISGT) Asia, May 21-24, 2019, Chengdu,
P. R. China
[5] Quincy Wang, Song Wang, “A New High Accuracy
Generator Dynamic Model”, IEEE PES Asia-Pacific
Power and Energy Engineering Conference
(APPEEC) 2018, October 7-10, 2018, Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia
[6] James Weber, “Comparison of Mathematic Models of
GENQEC and GENOPZ”, MVS April 2021 meeting.
[Online]. https://www.wecc.org/
[7] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.

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