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georgerikuasa
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NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY,
DINDIGUL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GI-8013-ADVANCED SURVEYING-III-CIVIL

PRESENTED BY,
MRS.S.PREMASUNDARI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
1
UNIT IV GPS SURVEYING-9 hours
Basic concepts
Space, Control and User segments
Satellite configuration
Signal structure
Orbit determination and representation
Antispoofing and selective availability
hand held and
geodetic receivers
Field work procedure
Data processing Applications.
UNIT-4-GPS SURVEYING
CONTENTS
• HISTORY.
• WHAT IS GPS?
• GPS ELEMENTS.
• HOW IT WORKS?
• GPS SIGNALS & FREQUENCIES.
• SOURCES OF GPS SIGNAL ERRORS.
• HOW TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF GPS.
• LIMITATIONS.
• APPLICATIONS(VEHICLE TRACKING).
• FUTURE OF GPS.
• CONCLUSION.
HISTORY:
• Navigating by stars (requires clear nights and careful measurements)
most widely used for centuries

• The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous
navigation systems.

• GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense and was
originally run with 24 satellites.

• It became fully operational in 1995. “Bradford Parkinson”, “Roger L. Easton”, and


“Ivan A. Getting” are credited with inventing it.
Current Satellite NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
1- Global Positioning 2- Global Navigation
System (GPS) Satellite System
– USA (GLONASS)
• First Experimental – Russia
Launch Feb, 1978
• First Operational
Launch 1989 and
• Operational Capability in Feb,
1993
Future Satellite Navigation Systems
• Galileo • QZSS( Quasi-Zenith Satellite System)
– European Union – Japan
– New services like SAR (Search and Rescue) – Basically, communication satellite but also transmit
– Higher Accuracy for Civil Community GPS like signals for navigation
– Tentative Plan of Launch : 2005 – 2006 • Communication
• Broadcasting
– Availability of Service : 2008?
• Navigation
WHAT IS GPS?
• GPS means

• A space-based satellite navigation system


provides location and time information in all weather.

• Maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone


with a GPS receiver.
OVERVEIW Official logo for
NAVSTAR GPS

• Official name : “Navigational Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning


System” (NAVSTAR GPS)

• Consists of 30+ GPS satellites in medium Earth orbit (2000km - 35,000 km).

• Made up of two dozen satellites working in harmony are known as a satellite


constellation

• Mainly used for navigation, map-making and surveying.


GPS ELEMENTS.

Three segments

1. Space segment. Space Segment Control Segment


2. Control segment.
3. User segment.

User Segment
SPACE SEGMENT
•GPS satellites fly in circular orbits at an altitude of 20,200 km and with a
period of 12 hours.

• Powered by solar cells.

• The satellites continuously orient themselves to point their solar panels toward the sun and their
antenna toward the earth.

• Orbital planes are centered on the Earth.

• Orbits are designed so that, at least, six satellites are always within line of sight from any location
on the planet.
Three Segments of the GPS
Space Segment

User Segment

Control Segment

Ground
Antennas
Master Station Monitor Stations
GPS Satellite Vehicle
Space segment
GPS Satellite Vehicle
CONTROL SEGMENT
• The CS consists of 3 entities:

• Master Control System


• Monitor Stations
• Ground Antennas
Control Segment

US Space Command

Cape Canaveral
Hawaii
Kwajalein Atoll

Diego Garcia
Ascension
Is.

Master Control Station Monitor Station Ground Antenna


GPS Ground Control Stations
Ground control segment
GPS Ground Control Stations
Ground control segment
MASTER CONTROL STATION

The master control station, located at Falcon Air Force Base in Colorado
Springs,

Responsible for overall management of the remote monitoring and


transmission sites.

Check-up is performed twice a day, by each of 6 stations, as the satellites


complete their journeys around the earth.

 Can reposition satellites to maintain an optimal GPS constellation.


MONITOR STATIONS
Falcon Air Force Base in Colorado,
• Checks the exact altitude, position, speed, and overall
health of the orbiting satellites.
Cape Canaveral,
• The control segment ensures that the GPS satellite orbits
and clocks remain within acceptable limits. Florida,

• A station can track up to 11 satellites at a time. Hawaii,

• This "check-up" is performed twice a day, by each Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean,
station.
Diego Garcia Atoll in the Indian Ocean,

Kwajalein Island in the South Pacific Ocean.


GROUND ANTENNAS

• Ground antennas monitor and track the satellites from horizon to


horizon.

• They also transmit correction information to individual satellites.

• Communicate with the GPS satellites for command and control


purposes.
USER SEGMENT.

• GPS receivers are generally composed of

1. an antenna( tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites),


2. receiver-processors, and
3. highly-stable clock( commonly a crystal oscillator).

• They can also include a display for showing location and speed information to the user.

• A receiver is often described by its number of channels ( this signifies how many satellites it can
monitor simultaneously).

• As of recent, receivers usually have between twelve and twenty channels.


Components of the System
Components of the System
User segment
How does GPS work?
How does GPS work?
How does GPS work?
How does GPS work?
 .
Advantage of GPS surveys
• Three Dimensional
• Site Intervisibility Not Needed
• Weather Independent
• Day or Night Operation • Common Reference System
• Rapid Data Processing with Quality Control
• High Precision
• Less Labor Intensive/Cost Effective
• Very Few Skilled Personnel Needed
LIMITATIONS
• GPS can provide worldwide, three-dimensional positions, 24 hours a day, in
any type of weather.

• But, There must be a relatively clear "line of sight" between the GPS
antenna and four or more satellites.

• Hence it becomes too difficult to ensure reliable positioning. These


difficulties are particularly prevalent in urban areas.

• The GPS signal may bounce off nearby objects causing another problem
called multi path interference.
APPLICATIONS
Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations
to make maps and determine property
boundaries.

Telematics: GPS technology integrated with


computers and mobile communications
technology in automotive navigation systems.
VEHICLE TRACKING.
Monitor-track-spy
How it works
APPLICATIONS- MILITARY

• GPS integrated into fighters, tankers, helicopters, ships, submarines,


tanks, jeeps, and soldiers' equipment.

• Target tracking.

• Search and rescue.


CONCLUSION.

• GPS, a satellite based navigation system, thus can be used to determine the position of
an object on earth.

• Its application field is vast and new applications will continue to be created as the
technology evolves.

• GPS can also interfaced with other similar projects such EU’s GALILEO to account for
unpredictable applications.

• Thus, the GPS constellation, like manmade stars in the sky, can be used for guiding and
navigation.

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