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BASIC CONCEPTS OF IT
DEFINE THE TERM COMPUTER.

Is an electronic machine, operating under the control of instructions

stored in its own memory that can accept data, manipulate the data
according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for
future use?

USES OF COMPUTERS

a. Word Processing - Word Processing software automatically corrects spelling

and grammar mistakes. If the content of a document repeats you don’t have to type
it each time. You can use the copy and paste features. You can printout documents
and make several copies. It is easier to read a word-processed document than a
handwritten one. You can add images to your document.
b. Internet - It is a network of almost all the computers in the world. You can
browse through much more information than you could do in a library. That is
because computers can store enormous amounts of information. You also have very
fast and convenient access to information. Through E-Mail you can communicate with
a person sitting thousands of miles away in seconds. There is chat software that
enables one to chat with another person on a real-time basis. Video conferencing
tools are becoming readily available to the common man.
c. Digital video or audio composition – Audio or video composition and
editing have been made much easier by computers. It no longer costs thousands of
dollars of equipment to compose music or make a film. Graphics engineers can use
computers to generate short or full-length films or even to create three-dimensional
models. Anybody owning a computer can now enter the field of media production.
Special effects in science fiction and action movies are created using computers.
d. Desktop publishing - With desktop publishing, you can create page layouts
for entire books on your personal computer.
e. Computers in Medicine - You can diagnose diseases. You can learn the
cures. Software is used in magnetic resonance imaging to examine the internal
organs of the human body. Software is used for performing surgery. Computers are
used to store patient data.
f. Mathematical Calculations - Thanks to computers, which have computing
speeds of over a million calculations per second we can perform the biggest of
mathematical calculations.
g. Banks - All financial transactions are done by computer software. They
provide security, speed and convenience.
h. Travel - One can book air tickets or railway tickets and make hotel
reservations online.
i. Telecommunications - Software is widely used here. Also all mobile phones
have software embedded in them.

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j. Defense - There is software embedded in almost every weapon. Software is

used for controlling the flight and targeting in ballistic missiles. Software is used to
control access to atomic bombs.
k. E-Learning – Instead of a book it is easier to learn from E-learning software.
l. Gambling-You can gamble online instead of going to a casino.
m. Examinations-You can give online exams and get instant results. You can
check your examination results online.
n. Computers in Business - Shops and supermarkets use software, which
calculate the bills. Taxes can be calculated and paid online. Accounting is done using
computers. One can predict future trends of business using artificial intelligence
software. Software is used in major stock markets. One can do trading online. There
are fully automated factories running on software.
o. Certificates - Different types of certificates can be generated. It is very easy
to create and change layouts.
p. ATM machines - The computer software authenticates the user and
dispenses cash.
q. Marriage - There are matrimonial sites through which one can search for a
suitable groom or bride.
r. News-There are many websites through which you can read the latest or old
news.
s. Classmates-There are many alumni websites through which you can regain
contact with your classmates.
t. Robotics - Robots are controlled by software.
u. Washing Machines - They operate using software.
v. Microwave Oven - They are operated by software.
w. Planning and Scheduling - Software can be used to store contact
information, generating plans, scheduling appointments and deadlines.
x. Plagiarism - Software can examine content for plagiarism.
y. Greeting Cards - You can send and receive greetings pertaining to different
occasions.
z. Sports – Software is used for making umpiring decisions. There are simulation
software using which a sportsperson can practice his skills. Computers are also to
identify flaws in technique.
aa. Aeroplanes – Pilots train on software, which simulates flying.
bb. Weather analysis – Supercomputers are used to analyze and predict
weather.

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

Computer hardware components include input devices, output devices, a system unit,
storage devices, and communications devices.

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 Display Device (Monitor or LCD

screen)

 System Unit

 Floppy disk drive

 CD ROM drive

 Hard disk drive

 Keyboard

 Mouse

a. An input device is any hardware component that allows a user to enter data
and instructions into a computer. Six commonly used input devices are the keyboard,
mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC camera.
b. An output device is any hardware component that can convey information to
a user. Three commonly used output devices are a printer, a monitor, and speakers.

c. The system unit is a box-like case made from metal or plastic that protects
the internal electronic components of the computer from damage. The system unit
contains the central processing unit and memory. The central processing unit
(CPU) is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic instructions
that operate the computer. Memory is a temporary holding place for data and
instructions.

d. A storage device records and retrieves data to and from a storage medium.
Six common storage devices are a floppy disk drive, a Zip ® drive, a hard disk drive, a
CD-ROM drive, a CD-RW drive, a DVD-ROM drive, and a DVD+RW drive.
e. A communications device enables computer users to communicate and
exchange items such as data, instructions, and information with another computer. A
modem is a communications device that enables computers to communicate usually
via telephone lines or cable.

COMPONENTS IN DETAILS

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a. System Unit: The case that contains the motherboard,

the expansion cards, the microprocessor and other circuitry. It
sometimes is called a “Desktop Case” if it sits directly on your
desk, or it is sometimes located on the floor next to your feet
as a “Tower Case.”

b. Monitor - a device that displays text and graphics

generated by a computer. Monitors used for desktop
computers use a cathode tube while most notebooks use a
different technology called liquid crystal display. (LCD).

c. Keyboard—A set of keys for computer input, which

resembles a typewriter keyboard, but with a few extra keys for
computer commands and usually a numeric keypad added.

d. Mouse - A pointing device that is used to move a cursor

on the computer screen, and make various operations possible
such as typing drawing, editing text and graphics, opening and
closing files, and giving other commands.
e. Floppy Disk Drive - A device that magnetically
stores/records information on a floppy disk. Commonly
known as the A: Drive.

f. CD Rom Drive - A drive that reads CD-ROMs and audio

CDs. It may be installed in the computer or removable. It is
sometimes referred to as the D: Drive. You will need a
recordable CD-ROM drive to burn or copy a CD-ROM. You must
have a DVD Drive to read a DVD.

g. Hard Disk Drive - The main device that a computer

uses to store information. Hard disks are rigid aluminum or
glass disks about 3.5” in diameter in a personal computer.
Normally known as the C: Drive.

h. Memory - The working space used by the computer to

hold the program that is currently running, along with the data
it needs to run programs and process data. The main memory
is built from RAM (Random Access Memory) chips. The amount
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j. CPU (Central Processing Unit) –Indicates how

quickly the computer will perform (such as 500 MHz).
If you want your computer to process information and run
really fast, then consider the processor speed as one of
your primary objectives. The Pentium IV Processor and the
Celeron are examples.

k. Motherboard - It is the large electrical circuit board

found within the system unit where all parts are mounted.

l. Card - This is an additional device that can be mounted

on the motherboard such as a sound card, network card or
graphic card for elaborate video games.

m. Port - A socket at the back of a computer used to plug in external devices

such as a modem, mouse, scanner or printer.

n. Com Port - A serial Communications Port. Usually COM1 and COM2 (for
external modems)

o. Serial Port - Round ports on the computer used to connect the computer to
external devices. (Mouse and keyboard)

p. Parallel Port - A socket on a computer for transmitting data in parallel,

which means more than one bit at a time. It is used to connect your printer.

q. USB Port - It is the most versatile port on your

computer. USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. Some examples
of devices that plug into the USB port are monitors, speakers,
scanners, printers and digital cameras. Your thumb drives will
use the USB port, and some mice and keyboards also use the
USB port.

r. Floppy Disk—a removable, portable magnetic disk on

which data can be stored. Also called diskettes, floppies are
flexible plastic. You know the computer is accessing data on a
floppy diskette because the floppy disk drive light will be on. Do
not remove your floppy from the drive while the light is on,
because you could lose your data. The current size is 3.5,” while
the 5.25” are obsolete.
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s. CD-Rom - Compact Disk read-only

Memory An optical disk that is physically the
same as an audio CD but contains computer
data. Storage capacity is about 700 megabytes

t. CD-R - This is a recordable once only compact disk.

You will need a CD drive that can burn (or copy) data from
one source to a blank CD-R. They can only be burned once.
.They are used for archiving data. Some software programs
will allow you to burn multi-sessions (such as Nero).

u. CD-RW - This is a recordable and writeable compact

disk. You will need a special CD drive that can burn (or copy)
data from one source to a blank CD-RW. They can be burned
more than once, but it will require a special drive to burn more
than once on a single CD.

w. DVD Disks - are disk that will hold 4.7-17 gigabytes of

data. DVD drives must be used to read or even burn (or copy)
a DVD.

x. Flash Drives - portable drives that utilize a USB port to

connect with a computer. They can store up to 1 GB of data
depending on the drive you purchase. Oftentimes, it will be the
E: Drive on your computer. These are also sometimes called
Thumb Drives or Jump Drives.

WHAT ARE PERIPHERAL DEVICES?

In addition to the basic Mouse, Monitor, Keyboard and Central Processing Unit, a peripheral
device is any additional device that is connected to the computer. Some examples are
printers, external speakers, joysticks, microphones, modems, network cards, scanners and
digital cameras. The peripheral devices will often require special software to be installed
called, “drivers.” They are usually included with the purchased peripheral device.

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a. Printers produce a paper reproduction of the information

processed by the computer. Ink jet printers spray ink while laser
printers use toner cartridges like a photocopy machine to produce
superior quality.

b. Scanners allow you to copy or transfer photos, pictures, even

some objects to a file on your computer

c. Digital cameras allow you to take photographs and store

them digitally on your computer. These images can be saved to
an external storage disk so that you can transfer them to another
computer.

Know the terms, DATA and INFORMATION when used in computing.

a. Data is a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures, and symbols.

b. Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.

Know the meaning of the terms, Hardware and Software.

a. Hardware is the electric, electronic, and mechanical equipment that makes

up a computer. OR the physical components of your computer such as the system
unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor etc

b. Software is the series of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform
tasks. For instance, when you type in words via the keyboard, the software is
responsible for displaying the correct Letters, in the correct place on the screen.

Know the meaning of the terms, operating systems software and application
software

There are two categories of computer software: system software and application software.

a. System software consists of the programs that control the operations of a

computer and its devices. Two types of system software are the operating system
and utility programs.

(1) An operating system (OS) coordinates all activities among hardware

devices and contains instructions that allow you to run application software.

(2) A utility program performs specific tasks, usually related to

managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. You interact with software
through its user interface.

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b. Application software consists of programs that perform specific tasks for

users. Popular application software includes

(1) Word processing software

(2) Spreadsheet software
(3) Database software
(4) Presentation graphics software

Application software can be

(a) Packaged software (copyrighted software that meets the

needs of a variety of users).
(b) Custom software (tailor-made software developed at a user’s
request), freeware (copyrighted software provided at no cost).
(c) public-domain software (software donated for public use with
no copyright restrictions), or
(d) Shareware (copyrighted software distributed free for a trial
period).

EXPLAIN HOW THE CPU USES THE FOUR STEPS OF A MACHINE CYCLE TO PROCESS
DATA

The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, significantly impacts overall
computing power and manages most of a computer’s operations. The CPU contains the
control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit.

a. The control unit directs and coordinates most of the operations in the
computer. For every instruction, the control unit repeats a set of four basic
operations called the machine cycle:

(1) Fetching the instruction or data item from memory,

(2) Decoding the instruction into commands the computer understands,

(3) Executing the commands, and, if necessary,

(4) Storing, or writing the result to memory.

b. The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs the execution part of the machine
cycle. Specifically, the ALU carries out three operations:

(1) Arithmetic operations – performing calculations, which include

addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division

(2) Comparison operations – comparing data items to determine if the

first item is greater than, equal to, or less than the other item

(3) Logical operations – working with conditions and logical operators

such as AND, OR, and NOT

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MEMORY

Memory, which is composed of one or more chips on the motherboard, is a temporary

holding place for data and instructions during processing. The contents of volatile
memory, such as RAM, are lost when the power to the computer is turned off. The contents
of nonvolatile memory, such as ROM, are not lost when power is removed from the
computer.

TYPES OF MEMORY

a. ROM (Read only memory) special type of memory

chips that loads software that can be read but not written
to. Rom stores programs which instruct the computer on
what to when power is switched on, for example, checking
whether the hardware components like the keyboard and
monitor are connected properly. Other types of ROM on
chips include:

(1) PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

(2) EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory)

(3) EEPROM (Electronically Erasable

Programmable Read Only Memory)

b. RAM (Random Access memory) is the main working

memory used by the computer. When the operating system loads
from disk when you first switch on the computer, it’s copied into
RAM. It is a very unstable medium for data storage, because once
power is switched off all its contents will disappear. Uses of RAM
include?
(1) Storage of a copy of the main software program that controls the
general operation of a computer, (the operating system)

(2) Temporary storage of a copy of an application program for

interpretation and execution by the CPU

(3) Temporary storage of data items that have been input from the
keyboard or other input device until when instructions call for the data to be
transferred into the CPU for processing.

(4) Temporary storage of information that has been produced as a result

of processing form the CPU until when instructions call for the information to
be either used again in other processing or to be transferred to output
devices, e.g. the screen, printer or storage devices.

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c. CACHE MEMORY - Data that is being accessed

frequently by the processor is usually stored in this type of extra
high-speed access memory. The role of cache memory is
therefore to provide a space for temporary storage of frequently
accessed data.

BASIC UNITS OF DATA STORAGE

Computer memory is measured in terms of Binary digits (BITS), which are the lowest units of
measurement. To make a single character in a computer, a group of up to eight bits will be
needed. Therefore, one character is equivalent to eight bits. And eight bits are equivalent to
one byte.

a. Bit - this is 1 or 0 level storage.

b. Byte – a byte consists of eight bits.

c. Kilobytes – a kilobyte (KB) consists of 1024 bytes.

d. Megabytes – consist of 1024 kilobytes.

e. Gigabytes – consists of 1024 megabytes.

Know the definitions of INTERNET, LAN, WAN, WWW, INTRANET, EXTRANET and
the advantages of group working and sharing of resources over the network.

a. A COMPUTER NETWORK
This is an interconnection of two or more computers that allows the sharing of
information and other resources.
b. W.W.W (World Wide Web)
The www is a collection of websites or documents which allows computer users to
locate and view multi-media documents i.e. documents with text, graphics,
animations, audios and videos on almost any subject.

c. INTERNET

The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses,

government offices, educational institutions, and individuals. Data is transferred over
the Internet using servers, which are computers that manage network resources
and provide centralized storage areas, and clients, which are computers that can
access the contents of the storage areas. The data travels over communications
lines. Each computer or device on a communications line has a numeric address
called an IP (Internet protocol) address, the text version of which is called a
domain name. Every time you specify a domain name, a DNS (domain name
system) server translates the domain name into its associated IP address, so data
can route to the correct computer.

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To access internet you need:

(1) Computer
(2) Web Browser (i.e., Opera, Internet Explorer, Fire Fox)

(3) Modem

(4) ISP (Someone who provides your internet)

(5) Cables

d. LOCAL AREA NETWORK

A communications network connecting various hardware devices together within a

building by means of a continuous cable or an in-house voice-data telephone system

e. WIDE AREA NETWORK

A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network, usually used for
connecting computers, that spans a wide geographical area. WANs can be used to
connect cities, states, or even countries.

f. INTRANET
A privately maintained computer network that can be accessed only by authorized
persons, especially members or employees of the organization that owns it.

g. EXTRANET

An extension of an institution's intranet, especially over the World Wide Web,

enabling communication between the institution and people it deals with, often by
providing limited access to its intranet.

h. WORKGROUP COMPUTING
The idea of a workgroup is that groups of people working together can share their
resources with each other. People within the workgroup can share information on the
hard disks as well as sharing printers, modems and scanners. Many programs are
also designed to be used within workgroup templates. For instance your organization
might want to use a standard header sheet, If template for this header sheet is held
on a single computer but available to the other entire computer, then this has the
advantage that when you need to make a change to the header you only have to
change one file, rather than change the files on each.

UNDERSTAND THE TERMS PSDN, SATELLITES, FAX, TELEX, and MODEM AND BAUD
(measured in bps – bits per second)

a. PSDN-(Public switched data network) is simply the technical name for the
telephone system in use today.

b. Satellites - communications make it possible for you make a telephone call

or access the internet from almost anywhere on the planet.

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c. Fax- a fax machine allows you to transmit printed material over the telephone
system. The sending fax machine scans the page and converts the information into
sound. The receiving fax converts the sound back into an image of the page for
printing.

d. Telex – Telex is an old system used for sending typed messages via the telex
network, which has largely been replaced by the fax and email system.

e. Modem - modem stands for “MODulate/DEModulate”, the modem sends

information from your computer across the telephone system. The modem at the
other end of the phone line, converts the signals back into a format that can be used
by the receiving computer.

f. Baud rate – The baud rate tells you how fast a modem can send/receive
data. Most modern modems have a maximum baud rate of 56kilbits per second
(Kb/sec)

COMPUTER VIRUSES

a. VIRUS - Is a computer program specifically designed to replicate from system

to system performing the undesirable function it was designed to do? Each virus code
works independently of the “mother” virus.

b. WORM - Is a computer program that sits in the computer’s memory, rewrites

itself continuously into memory until when the system runs out of memory and
crashes? It defers from a virus in that the “reproduced segments keep
communicating with the “mother” code to function.

COMMON VIRUSES

a. TROJAN - Is a virus that hides itself inside another legitimate program. When
the program is used, the virus is released and can begin its work of replication and
annoyance or damage.

b. TIME BOMB - Is a virus which lies dormant until a certain date or time or for a
period of time. At this date or time, the virus suddenly becomes active and carries
out whatever task it is programmed to do. This can include the deletion of everything
on the hard drive.

c. LOGIC BOMBS - Is similar to a time bomb, except that instead of becoming

active at a certain time, it becomes active when a particular activity happens. For
example, instead of formatting a diskette, the virus causes the hard drive to be
formatted.

d. MACRO-VIRUSES - make use of a special customization feature in

applications called macros. Macros allow you to create mini-programs to carry out
certain tasks in your applications.

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SOURCES OF VIRUSES

a. Computer virus infection originates from programmers who are employed by

an organization to develop a virus that will be used to attack and destroy the main
data of a certain company for the purpose of winning in an industrial competition.

b. computer viruses originates from programmers who creates them and send
them through the Internet to other large organizations then they program an anti-
virus for the same virus and then sell the anti-virus to the organizations with the aim
of making money.

WAYS A VIRUS CAN BE TRANSMITTED ONTO A COMPUTER

Viruses are spread in a number of ways:

a. Downloads from the Internet.

b. Pirated software.
c. Exchange of diskettes.
d. In attachments to emails and in emails themselves.
e. In documents. Macro-virus, described above, can be hidden in ordinary
documents, spreadsheets and presentations.

THE ADVANTAGES OF A VIRUS-SCANNING APPLICATION

a. Anti-virus software scans files for pieces of code, called signatures, which it
recognizes as part of a virus. A signature is a distinctive series of commands which
are only found in the virus concerned. Scanning therefore involves analyzing
programming code in search of signatures embedded in legitimate programs.

b. Updating anti-virus software mostly involves updating the signatures file. This
should be done on as frequent as basis as possible. This is even more the case when
you receive files regularly from outside sources. The actual anti-virus program itself
will be updated from time to time. These updates will include additional features and
improved methods of scanning.

c. It is important to keep in mind that no anti-virus software is perfect. It is only

as good as the techniques it uses for detecting viruses and the currency of the
signature file. There is always the chance that a virus will go undetected. However, a
good anti-virus system installed on your system is essential and will usually detect
most viruses.

d. Updating the anti-viruses software and scanning the contents of a computer

on a regular basis will provide you with a good measure of protection should your
computer become infected. Good anti-virus software can also block viruses from
entering the system.

MEASURES YOU CAN TAKE TO PROTECT YOUR COMPUTER FROM VIRUSES

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a. Install good anti-virus software and update it on a regular basis, for example
at least once a month but preferably once a week. But always remember, anti-virus
software is not perfect. It cannot be the only measure you take.
b. Scan all diskettes before reading them.
c. Enable the auto-protection feature on the anti-virus software to scan emails.
d. Be wary of emails from unknown sources, particularly if they contain
attachments. Some very careful users delete emails they are unsure of without
opening them.
e. Use an Internet Service Provider that scans emails before delivery.
f. Do not download software from unknown Internet sites.
g. Be careful of using diskettes from unknown sources.
h. Do not install pirated software.

Disinfecting’ Files - When a virus is detected, the software will attempt to remove the
virus. This is called cleaning or disinfecting. Disinfecting involves removing the code of
the virus from the file it is attached to. It sometimes happens that the system can detect the
virus but not get rid of it. In this case, you will usually be given the option of deleting or
quarantining the infected file. When a file is quarantined, it is made unusable and so
unable to spread the virus. A future update of the software may be able to remove the virus.
If it can the quarantine is removed.

HOW TO CARE FOR YOUR DISKS AND COMPUTER?

Disks

a. Remember to never place your disks near a magnetic field. It can actually
erase your files.

b. Keep your disks away from direct sunlight or intense heat from being left in a
hot vehicle.

c. Always back up or make a copy of your very old disks in case they physically
wear out over time.

d. Remember that floppy disks are only temporary storage, so make sure you
have an extra copy of an important file.

e. CDR (Recordable Compact Disk) is the best way to save many files other than
your hard drive.

Computer

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a. When you purchase a computer, make sure you get a high quality, grounded
power strip that will offer you surge protection.

b. Always unplug your computer and internet connection during an electrical

storm.

c. Keep your computer in a cool environment. It can overheat.

d. Liquids spilled on your computer; keyboard or mouse can cause electrical

problems.

Monitor

Keep your monitor screen clean with a soft cloth or use a product specially designed
to clean a monitor. Always turn off the monitor prior to cleaning and do not use any
detergents or chemicals.

Keyboard

You may use a soft cloth dampened with rubbing alcohol to clean your keyboard. Try
to refrain from eating food while using your computer, since small pieces could
become lodged in the keyboard.

Be aware of Health and Safety precautions when using a computer

a. Make sure that cables are safely secured; you should always use the
power cables that were supplied with your computer or cables of similar quality.
Make sure that the cables are safely secured at the back of the desk and that you
have power points located near the desk.

b. Make sure that power points are not overloaded.

c. Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI), this is a condition caused by constant use of
the keyboard or mouse. Take regular breaks to help avoid this type of injury.

d. Glare from screens, you should take regular breaks to avoid constantly
staring at the screen and straining your eyes.
e. Bad posture, when sitting at your computer you should have a monitor at
eye level that can be adjusted to suit you.

HOW DO I USE THE MOUSE?

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a. The primary mouse button is typically the left mouse button and the
secondary mouse button is typically the right mouse button. This can be reversed for
left-handed individuals through the control panel.

b. Point means you move the mouse across a flat surface until the mouse
pointer rests on the item of choice on the desktop.

c. Click means you press and release the primary mouse button. You must point
to an item before you click.

d. Right-click means you press and release the secondary mouse button. You
will point to an object on the screen prior to right-clicking. Whenever you right-click
an object, a context-sensitive, or shortcut, menu will display. The use of shortcut
menus speeds up your work and adds flexibility to your interface with the computer

Primary Mouse button (Left Secondary mouse button (Right click

click button) button)

e. Double-click means you quickly press and release the primary mouse button
twice without moving the mouse. You must point to an item before you double-click.
If you have problems double-clicking, click once on the item (it should be highlighted)
now pressing the Enter button. This will accomplish a double-click.

f. Drag means you point to an item, hold down the primary mouse, move the
item to the desired location on the screen, and then release the mouse button. You
can move any open window to another location on the desktop by pointing to the title
bar of the window and dragging the window.

g. Right-drag means you point to an item, hold down the secondary (right)
mouse button, move the item to the desired location, and then release the mouse
button. It will usually prompt you for the next step such as “move or copy object

Here”.

WHAT ARE SOME POPULAR KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS?

Keyboard Key(s) Function

a. Ctrl + C - Copy Selected Item

b. Ctrl + V - Paste Selected Item

c. Ctrl + X - Cut Selected Item

d. Home - This will take you to the beginning of the current line.

e. Ctrl + Home - This will take you to the beginning of your document, page or
section.

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f. Tab - This will take you to the next field (or cell) to the right

g. Shift + Tab - This will take you back to the previous field (or cell ) to the left

h. End -This will take you to the end of the current line.

j. Ctrl + End - This will take you to the end of the document, page or section.

k. Escape Key - Use this key to cancel a command or to quit

l. F1 - In most Microsoft programs, this will pull up the Help Window.

m. One click + Enter Key -Acts as a double-click

n. Moves one object or character to the right

o. Moves one object or character to the left

p. Moves one object or line up

q. Moves one object or line down

r. Ctrl + click - Selects non-contiguous objects

s. Shift + click - Selects contiguous objects

t. Ctrl + Alt+ Delete -This is a way to log-off, shut down or access your task
manager

u. Alt +F4 key - Use these two keystrokes to exit a frozen program

w. Ctrl + A - Selects All

x. Ctrl + B - Makes selected text bold

y. Alt +Tab - Switches to the next window/program

z. Ctrl + F4 - Closes a window

aa. Alt + F4 - Closes a program

bb. F1 - Activates a Help window

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