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Development of Smart Waste Bin for Solid Waste Management

Article in International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning · December 2021

DOI: 10.18280/ijsdp.160805

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 International Journal of Sustainable Development and
Planning
Vol. 16, No. 8, December, 2021, pp. 1449-1454
Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/ijsdp

Development of Smart Waste Bin for Solid Waste Management

Sunday A. Afolalu1, Ayodeji A. Noiki2, Omolayo M. Ikumapayi1*, Adebayo T. Ogundipe3, Olamilekan R. Oloyede1
1
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti 360101, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Ogun State Institute of Technology, Igbesa 112212, Nigeria
3
Directorate of information Communication Technology, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti 360101, Nigeria

Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160805 ABSTRACT

Received: 20 May 2021 Growing urbanisation in developing countries, population growth, and changes in human
Accepted: 1 September 2021 activities and consumption patterns have resulted in significant amounts of trash that must be
appropriately disposed of, treated, and managed to provide a sustainable environment and a
Keywords: reasonable standard of life for the growing population. The aim of the paper is to design a
microcontroller, sensor, servo motor, smart dustbin for proper disposal of waste without any human intervention by providing a
smart, waste management smart technology for waste system monitoring, reducing human time, effort, and intervention.
This paper presents a smart waste bin integrated with a microcontroller-based Arduino board
which is interfaced with ultrasonic sensors, MQ-2 sensor, servo motor, LCD and GSM modem.
The Arduino microcontroller is programmed using Arduino C which measures the height of
the dust bin using the ultrasonic sensor. Once the waste gets to the pre-set level, the
microcontroller activates the GSM modem to send a message to a designated number. The
status of the waste in the bin is transferred to the designated line and display on the LCD
whenever it exceeds the pre-set value. The replacement of the traditional waste bin with smart
waste bin help in efficient management of waste by assuring that filled waste bin are emptied
when the pre-set value is exceeded. This also help in reducing time involve in checking the
status of the waste bin and number of trips embarked by the waste collection vehicle and total
expenditure associated with collection is minimized. It eventually helps to maintain cleanliness
in our environment. Therefore, the system makes the waste collection more efficient.

1. INTRODUCTION framework that link to management of waste which includes

regulations on waste recycling [3]. The current global
Recently, the population rise and the significant increase in technological advancement, industrial revolution, and
human activities cum production and consumption pattern has urbanization call for sustainable development policies and
result to increase in generation of waste. Management of solid plans. Huge investment has been made by several nations of
waste is a requirement in achieving a developed nation status, the world towards the establishment of smart cities. The
the nexus between effective solid waste management system, present waste management schemes are not sufficing to
healthy environment, and quality living is very important. In control the significant increasing waste level. The
many cities of the world, waste bins placed in public places are conventional waste management practices, where cleaners are
filled beyond their capacity and these portend ineffectiveness charged with the responsibilities to empty the waste bins at a
[1]. Effective solid waste management is one of the specified period of the day, this approach has a lot of demerits
requirements in achieving the status of a developed nation. In [4]. Findings from numerous researches have shown that
the coming decade, foreign investment attraction to a nation collection and transfer of solid waste mechanism provided for
will largely be influenced by healthy and clean environment, citizens takes over two-thirds budgetary provision in
more so, a large percentage of the world’s population will be developing nations and less than two-thirds in developed
residing in the cities. These aids development of smart cities nations for example unclassified waste pose a challenge to
perceptions geared towards decent urban living utilising reduce, reuse and recovery which will ultimately require
innovative know-hows [2]. Management of solid waste is a human personnel for sorting out waste into various categories.
vital process in any nation, it cut across every facets of the This diminishes the budgetary allocation and decreases the
country for example standard of living, economy, healthcare, resources to be expended on other aspect of waste
education, and pattern of living. Effective management of management such as recycling of waste. Also, ineffective, and
solid waste aims at minimising the adverse effects on the inefficient collection techniques result to detrimental and
above-mentioned areas. Due to the rapid population growth, a unsavoury conditions that constitutes environmental hazards
large portion of the generated waste are dumped by the to the immediate communities. These perils can be in form of
roadsides and water bodies, thereby causing environmental spill-over waste bins and foul smell, these overfilled waste
hazards. Waste collection and segregation has been a great bins serve as breeding place for mosquitoes and other insects,
challenge to effective waste management due to lack of legal thus increasing the spread of diseases [5, 6].

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW Arduino to a Wi-Fi network and allows the Arduino to send
and receive alert signals. Only a single bin was implemented
Ghorpade-Aher et al. [7] developed a system of two major in this way. This solution, on the other hand, can be used for a
components that are the waste bin and garbage collecting truck, number of bins, each with its own identity, while
on command when the bin is full; it acts like a robot. On the simultaneously including the IoT principle via SQL
rim of the bin and at the base of the robot facing forward are technology and a login portal for authorised individuals.
ultrasonic sensors. As a microcontroller, a Raspberry Pi zero Alsayaydeh et al. [15] created a smart dustbin that used an App
W was used, and waste level and weight were measured using to control a buzzer, LED, fan, Wi-Fi module, and ultrasonic
sensors to verify that the waste bin did not overflow. The waste sensors. When the ultrasonic sensor senses approaching items,
container follows a predetermined path to a specific location, the motor opens the lid. Blynk Apps will show the current
where garbage collection trucks will empty its contents once it waste level. When the amount of waste reaches a pre-
is full. A Smart Home dustbin with radio frequency determined threshold, a reminder will be sent to the person in
identification (RFID) technology and a door opening control, alerting them that the bin will soon be full. Once the
mechanism is also envisaged [8]. It is positioned at a specific bin reaches its maximum capacity, a notification will be issued
height above ground level, allowing for interaction between via the Blynk Apps to empty the garbage bin, and a buzzer will
the trashcan and the home dustbin via RFID. When the waste sound. However, the system cannot message beyond the
reaches its maximum level, an ultrasonic sensor will alert you. distance of 100 m.
When the moving trash (Binbot) is interfaced with, the door Raaju et al. [16] developed a smart waste bin which assesses
opening mechanism is activated, and the waste is disposed of. the waste level status of the bin via a sensor network, an
The Internet of Things IoT is implanted in the moving trashcan android application developed with necessary info related to
using ultrasonic sensor, infrared sensor, and RFID transmitter. the several levels of waste dustbins which is in different areas.
The flying rubbish follows a predetermined path owing to a Notifications are being sent to truck drivers once it is filled.
line following mechanism [9, 10]. This system is made possible with the help of ZigBee, with
A flame sensor, raspberry pi, ultrasonic sensor, load cell, sensors and modules. Also, it is powered by a solar panel,
humidity sensor, GSM module, Wi-Fi, and LCD were used to which is renewable energy. However, the monitoring can be
develop integrated garbage level monitoring system for the done using WANET, which more efficient than ZigBee. Also,
trashcan [11]. With the use of sensors and wireless due to coverage, the cost of each node can be decreased using
communication capabilities, the suggested system ensures alternatives techniques. Prakash and Jayalakshmi [17]
real-time monitoring of trash levels, hence boosting the waste developed a smart waste management system that was used as
management system's efficiency. Another technique presented an outdoor testbed. The system includes meshwork and cycle
by Tambekar et al. [12], is to utilise sensors and a GSM characteristics that allow bin suppliers to assess whether a
module to monitor garbage collection and disposal specific site need an extra bin to be placed nearby, or the
inefficiencies and anomalies. Ultrasonic sensors were installed removal or relocation of current bins, based on data obtained
at various fill levels in the bin, allowing the device to operate from the waste bin. This always makes it easier for the
continuously even in harsh conditions. A text message was cleaning crews to plan ahead. It is, however, installed as an
sent to the waste management authorities using the GSM outdoor testbed, which restricts its use.
module. This paper discusses a smart means of handling garbage via
In Manikandan et al. [13], the proposed system form by IoT protocol for the transmission of waste bin status wirelessly
using an IR sensor, rain sensor, gas sensor, and and as well generate e-mail notification to the designated
microcontroller. The bin interfaced with Microcontroller authority that the waste bin is filled and required to be swapped.
PIC16F877A based IR sensor, rain sensor, gas sensor. The IR This system utilizes the Ultrasonic sensor to show waste level,
sensor indicates the level of waste in the bi; the rain sensor is and proximity sensors detect objects in front of the bin. Also,
an electrical conductor when the water drops on the sensor. It LCD has been integrated to show the current situation of the
passes current, and it senses. Then the lid will automatically bin. However, segregation of waste was not considered in this
close. The gas sensor detects foul gas and relates to the research work [18]. Siddique et al. [19] proposed a system
microcontroller. When the waste level reaches the pre-set whereby dustbins are incorporated with microcontroller built
value, the signal will be sent to the waste truck drivers for systems having an Ultrasonic sensor for detecting waste level
prompt action to be taken. Bhatt et al. [14] developed a useful and Wi-Fi module to link to the internet. An Android
model of an automatic dustbin for the eradication of overflow application was developed to show the real-time status of the
waste bin. This model was made using Arduino bin Also; shortest direction will be specified on the map.
microcontroller integrated with an IR sensor and servo motor Furthermore, the waste amount sensing system was not taken
for the opening of the bin lid and ultrasonic sensors for into consideration.
detecting waste level by measuring distance based on the time Gaddam et al. [20] investigated a smart system for waste
taken between the transmission and the reception phase. Also, management via IoT that used an ultrasonic sensor to assess
ESP8266 a Wi-Fi module that is completely loaded with the waste level and also used a Raspberry Pi for data processing.
TCP/IP stack, thus allows the micro-controller to link to The Raspberry Pi's Wi-Fi module was used to relay sensor data
numerous Wi-Fi networks. It is capable of both hosting an to the cloud. Furthermore, whenever the garbage reaches a
offloading application from any microprocessor. However, certain level, the App uses Google Maps to display the bin and
fire outbreak and rainfall were not considered in the its location. The current position of the truck driver is also
development of the model. displayed, as well as the shortest trip utilising GPS. However,
The "Smart Garbage Management System" is the title of this the power supply limits the functionality of the system. In this
study. Jajoo et al. [6] presents an observational study of a paper, a device was developed, to help in the separation of
garbage bin using an Arduino Uno R3 controller, an ultrasonic metallic and non-metallic waste into different bins, two
sensor, and a Wi-Fi Model ESP8266, which connects the modules were developed one for separation of metallic

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material and the later module for real-time monitoring of waste 3. METHOD
bin to the waste management authority via an app which
defines an efficient path and displays it to the user [21]. The system is in three modules, the first module which
Teja et al. [22] developed a Keen dustbin employed the use detects a person standing in front of waste bin, by an ultrasonic
ultrasonic sensors for garbage level monitoring and sending sensor triggering the servo motor the opening of the waste bin
alerts to the client informing the status of the bin via a GSM lid for waste to be deposited inside the bin, the lid remains
modem. An LCD is incorporated to display the waste bin open for 5seconds after the detected objected has been
status per time. Also, a buzzer is added to the framework to removed. The top of the waste bin closes back till the
beep whenever the level of trash received traverses the set ultrasonic sensor detects another object. Second, this module
limit. However, the weight of the waste collected and the checks the waste level inside the bin; whether it is half-filled
collection time were not taken into account [23, 24]. Using an or filled by using an ultrasonic sensor, the sensor transmits
Arduino board coupled to a Wi-Fi module and an ultrasonic sound waves when waste is deposited in the bin.
sensor, Chattopadhyay et al. [25] developed a smart sensing Corresponding waves are received based on the object
system to every single bin within the campus area. When the distance. The Arduino board has been programmed in a
bin is less than 5cm unfilled, the sensor is oriented towards the manner that when the bin is half-filled, messages will be sent
face of the bin, and the bin condition is reported as full. A to a designated GSM number. Simultaneously the status of the
Website was also created to display the status bin; the state of bin will be displayed on the LCD in a text format. The message
the bin will be viewed on a regular basis and the sweepers will will be sent, and the status also will be displayed when the
be notified accordingly. waste bin is filled. Third, this module is designed in such a
Baihaqi et al. [26] investigated time management in waste manner that odour/foul smell and smoke will be detected by
collection in the city by the use of a smart bin in this study. an MQ2 gas sensor when an odour is detected, messages will
Data from Padang City was used to simulate time and route. A be sent to the designated GSM line, and the LCD will display
solar panel, an infrared sensor for bin lid opening and shutting, it. The schematic diagram of the flowchart for the system is
a GSM module for delivering messages to the person in charge, depicted in Figure 1 while the Schematic diagram of the smart
and an ultrasonic sensor for detecting bin load are all included sensing system is presented in Figure 2.
in the proposed smart bin. This paper describes a project that
uses an IoT-based bin to track dustbins and complaint waste
management systems. A mobile app was created to track the
location of garbage cans and to detect overflowing trash in a
specific residential neighbourhood. Complaints are sent to the
authorities via this mobile app. The waste truck's response
time, on the other hand, was not considered [27]. In this study,
the authors developed a scalable technology for use in cities
that can accomplish and implement fill level estimation of
waste collected but with minimum power consumption
utilizing cheap embedded components. Ultrasonic sensors are
used for sensing, providing information that is deciphered for
estimating waste fill-level based on extensive simulations in
MATLAB and physical experiments. The core of this system
lies in Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Information
retrieval and sensor control were achieved via RFID tags [28].
In this work, a low power consumption smart bin was
developed by Utomo et al. [29] consist of small powered
embedded components ranging from ultrasonic range finder
for measuring of waste level, microcontroller. The power
consumption of the device was minimised via a developed
algorithm and network protocol. The developed system was
implemented and evaluated to validate the system feasibility.
Furthermore, based on the estimated results, the system has
low power consumption characteristics, although the waste
data collected fluctuates. Rajathi et al. [30] presented a robotic
trashcan that moves along a lined path with the assistance of Figure 1. Flowchart of the system
two infrared sensors at the robot's base looking forward. It has
an obstacle sensor on the side that detects black and sounds a
buzzer, signalling a standstill for a period of time for trash to 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
be dumped. In addition, an ultrasonic sensor is installed on the
bin's rim to detect the garbage level. The Wi-Fi module The developed smart waste bin (see Figure 3) was tested for
updates the web page with the state of the bin, showing functionality of the various units and a framework was
whether it is full or empty. An Arduino integrated developed to evaluate its performance using three test cases
development environment loaded onto a microcontroller is using an adult, a teenager, and a child, varying the object
used to programme the robotic bin. distance between 12cm and 3cm. Table 1. Shows the servo
time response. The comparative analysis of the time response
result for a child, a teenager, and an adult is presented in Figure
4.

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 Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the smart sensing system

Table 1. Time response result

Object Distance(cm) Time Response(sec) Time Response(sec) Time Response(sec)

Child Teenager Adult
12.5 30 40 45
15 45 60 0
20 0 0 0
25 0 0 0
30 0 0 0
35 0 0 0

4.1 Test for object detection and waste bin lid opening

The smart waste bin in incorporated with an ultrasonic

sensor for object detection at a range of 12.5cm, an object was
placed in front of the sensor at a range above the pre-set value
of 12.5cm. The waste bin lid did not open while the object was
placed at 12.5cm, the sensor triggers the servo motor and the
lid of the bin open as shown in Figure 5.
An ultrasonic sensor is fitted to the lid of the developed
smart waste bin facing downward, it has two pins (trigger and
echo). the trigger transmits the sound wave towards the bottom
of the smart waste bin while the echo receives the sound wave.
The waste level status is being monitored, the status is being
Figure 3. The developed smart waste bin displayed via the LCD, “The smart waste bin is half-filled”,
also at the pre-set maximum value. It was displayed on the
LCD” The smart waste bin is filled”.

Figure 4. Comparative analysis of the time response result Figure 5. (a) Waste bin lid open test (b) Waste level
for a child, a teenager, and an adult detection test

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4.2 Test for SMS has a better servo time response for a child, and it is efficient
and effective in monitoring waste. However, there is a need
Through the GSM module integrated with the smart waste for further improvement. Future research work can be carried
bin and registered subscriber identity module (SIM). When the out to implement the following suggestions:
smart waste bin level is detected both at the half-filled/filled ●A periodical replacement of the 7.4V LIPO battery to
level messages were sent to a designated GSM line. Also, prolong the system usage.
when an odour was detected in the bin a message was sent to ●A buzzer can be incorporated into the system to alert the
the designated GSM number. This indicates that the GSM user when a foul smell is detected.
module is functional as indicated in Figure 6.
The MQ2 gas sensor fitted inside the smart waste bin is able
to detect alcohol, smoke, methane and carbon dioxide. Since, ACKNOWLEDGMENT
80% of gases produced from landfill are methane and carbon
dioxide. It was tested by igniting a lighter to produce carbon We acknowledge the financial support offered by Afe
dioxide, and it was detected. A message was displayed on the Babalola University, Ado Ekiti in the actualization of this
LCD “Odour detected” as indicated in Figure 7. research work for publication.

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