LABORATORY MANUAL

POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY (R18A0287)

IV B.Tech I – SEM (EEE)

Prepared by:

Dr.N.KAMALAMOORTHY, Associate Professor

Mr. R.SAIKIRAN, Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - - ISO 9001:2015 Certified)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade
NIRF India Ranking 2018, Accepted by MHRD, Govt. of India
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

IV B.Tech EEE I SEM L T/P/D

- / 3 / -1.5
(R18A0287) POWER SYSTEMS LAB

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To perform testing of CT, PT’s and Insulator strings.

 To determine the load flow analysis on a power system.
 To perform fault analysis on Transmission line models and Generators.
 Formation of Buses using direct inspection method.

List of Experiments

1. Formation of Admittance (Y) BUS using direct inspection method.

2. Formation of Impedance (Z) BUS using direct inspection method.
3. Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Seidal (GS) Method.
4. Load Flow Analysis using Newton’s Raphson (NR) Method
5. Load Flow Analysis using Fast Decoupled (FD) Method
6. Characteristics of IDMT over Current Relay.
7. Differential protection of 1-Φ transformer.
8. Characteristics of Micro Processor based Over Voltage/Under Voltage relay.
9. Testing of CT, PT’s and Insulator strings.
10. ABCD constants and Regulation of a 3-Φ transmission line model.
11. Power circle diagrams of a 3-Φ transmission line model.
12. LG and LL fault analysis of 3-Φ synchronous machine.
13. LLG and LLLG fault analysis of 3-Φ synchronous machine.

Note: In the above listed experiments, any ten of the experiments are required to be
conducted.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After completion of this lab, the student will be able to
 Perform various load flow techniques

 Understand Different protection methods

 Analyze the experimental data and draw the conclusions.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 1

 CONTENTS
S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE.NO MARKS SIGN

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 2

 EXP.NO: DATE:

Y BUS FORMATION USING MATLAB

AIM: To obtain the Ybus matrix for the given power system using Direct inspection method
and to verify the same using MATLAB.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Personal Computer with MATLAB software.

PROBLEM ON FORMATION OF Ybus:

Find the Ybus matrix for the given power system data using Direct inspection method

Sending end Receiving end Reactance values

in ohms

1 2 j0.15

2 3 j0.10

1 3 j0.20

1 4 j0.10

4 3 j0.15

PROGRAM FOR YBUS FORMATION USING THE GIVEN DATA:

% ***** Matlab code for Ybus formation by direct inspection

method********** %

clc;
close all;
clear all;
zdata=[1 2 0 0.15;
1 3 0 0.2;
1 4 0 0.1;
2 3 0 0.1;
3 4 0 0.15];
nl=zdata(:,1); % Sending end bus
nr=zdata(:,2); % Receiving end bus
R=zdata(:,3); % Resistance
X=zdata(:,4); % Reactance
nbr=length(zdata(:,1));
nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance
y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero
for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 3

 if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:nbus % formation of the diagonal elements
for k = 1:nbr
if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k);
else
end
end
end
Ybus

COMMANDS USED IN THE PROGRAM:

 ybus is the command used to obtain the admittance matrix for the given system data
using direct inspection method.

 zdata matrix consists of four columns in which

 1st column represent sending end

 2nd column represents receiving end

 3rd column represents resistance between the sending and receiving end
 4th column represents reactance between the sending and receiving end

Expected Output:

Actual Output:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 4

CALCULATION:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 5

CALCULATION:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 6

Result:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 7

EXP.NO: DATE:

Z BUS FORMATION USING MATLAB

AIM: To obtain the Zbus matrix for the given power system using Z bus building algorithm and
to verify the same using MATLAB.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Personal Computer with MATLAB software.

PROBLEM ON FORMATION OF Zbus:

Find the bus impedance matrix using Zbus building algorithm for the given power system
whose reactance values are as follows.

Sending end Receiving end Reactance values

in ohms

0 1 j0.05

1 2 j0.75

0 2 j0.075

2 3 j0.45

1 3 j0.3

COMMANDS USED IN THE PROGRAM:

 zbuild is the command used to obtain the impedance matrix for the given system data
using Zbus building algorithm.

 linedata matrix consists of four columns in which

 1st column represent sending end
 2nd column represents receiving end
 3rd column represents resistance between the sending and receiving end in ohms
 4th column represents reactance between the sending and receiving end in ohms

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 8

PROGRAM FOR FORMATION OF ZBUS USING THE GIVEN DATA:

clc
clear all
close all
linedata=[0 1 0 0.05
0 2 0 0.075
1 2 0 0.75
1 3 0 0.30
2 3 0 0.45];
nl = linedata(:,1); nr = linedata(:,2); R = linedata(:,3);
X = linedata(:,4);
nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
ZB = R + j*X;
Zbus = zeros(nbus, nbus);
tree=0; %%%%new
% Adding a branch from a new bus to reference bus 0
for I = 1:nbr
ntree(I) = 1;
if nl(I) == 0 | nr(I) == 0
if nl(I) == 0
n = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == 0
n = nl(I);
end
if abs(Zbus(n, n)) == 0
Zbus(n,n) = ZB(I);
tree=tree+1;%%new
end
ntree(I) = 2;

end
end

% Adding a branch from new bus to an existing bus

while tree < nbus %%% new

for n = 1:nbus
nadd = 1;
if abs(Zbus(n,n)) == 0
for I = 1:nbr
if nadd == 1;
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) == n
k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n
k = nl(I);
end
if abs(Zbus(k,k)) ~= 0
for m = 1:nbus
if m ~= n
Zbus(m,n) = Zbus(m,k);
Zbus(n,m) = Zbus(m,k);

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 9

 else, end
end
Zbus(n,n) = Zbus(k,k) + ZB(I);
tree=tree+1; %%new
nadd = 2;
ntree(I) = 2;
else
end
else
end
else
end
end
else
end
end

end %%%%%%new

% Adding a link between two old buses

for n = 1:nbus
for I = 1:nbr
if ntree(I) == 1
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) == n
k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n
k = nl(I);
end
DM = Zbus(n,n) + Zbus(k,k) + ZB(I) - 2*Zbus(n,k);
for jj = 1:nbus
AP = Zbus(jj,n) - Zbus(jj,k);
for kk = 1:nbus
AT = Zbus(n,kk) - Zbus(k, kk);
DELZ(jj,kk) = AP*AT/DM;
end
end
Zbus = Zbus - DELZ;
ntree(I) = 2;
else,
end
else,
end
end
end
Zbus

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Expected Output:

ACTUAL OUTPUT:

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CALCULATION:

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CALCULATION:

Result:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 13

EXP.NO: DATE:

GAUSS-SEIDEL LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

Aim:- To solve power flow problems by the method of Gauss-Seidel using MATLAB.

Apparatus Required:-

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1

2 Keyboard 1

3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure:-
1. Turn on your personal computer.
2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the file button and select the new Blank M-file.
4. Type the program on the new M-file for corresponding bus system.
5. After completion of the program, save and run.
6. Note down the line flow and losses.
7. Close the MATLAB tool and turnoff your pc.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 14

PROGRAM:-

% Program for Gauss - Seidel Load Flow Analysis

clc;
close all;
clear all;
% From TO Resistance Reactance
linedata = [ 1 2 0.10 0.20;
1 4 0.05 0.20;
1 5 0.08 0.30;
2 3 0.05 0.25;
2 4 0.05 0.10;
2 5 0.10 0.30;
2 6 0.07 0.20;
3 5 0.12 0.26;
3 6 0.02 0.10;
4 5 0.20 0.40;
5 6 0.10 0.30];
nl=linedata(:,1); % Sending end bus
nr=linedata(:,2); % Receiving end bus
R=linedata(:,3); % Resistance
X=linedata(:,4); % Reactance
nbr=length(linedata(:,1));
nbuses = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance
y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
Ybus=zeros(nbuses,nbuses); % initialize Ybus to zero
for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements
if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:nbuses % formation of the diagonal elements
for k = 1:nbr
if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k);
else
end
end
end
% |Bus|Type| Vsp |theta |PGi |QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax |
busdata = [ 1 1 1.05 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0;
2 2 1.05 0 0.5 0 0 0 -0.5 1.0;
3 2 1.07 0 0.6 0 0 0 -0.5 1.5;
4 3 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 0.7 0 0;
5 3 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 0.7 0 0;
6 3 1.0 0 0.0 0 0.7 0.7 0 0 ];
bus = busdata(:,1); % Bus number
type = busdata(:,2); % Type of Bus 1-Slack, 2-PV, 3-PQ.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 15
V = busdata(:,3); % Initial Bus Voltages.
th = busdata(:,4); % Initial Bus Voltage Angles.
GenMW = busdata(:,5); % PGi, Real Power injected into the buses.
GenMVAR = busdata(:,6); % QGi, Reactive Power injected into the buses.
LoadMW = busdata(:,7); % PLi, Real Power Drawn from the buses.
LoadMVAR = busdata(:,8); % QLi, Reactive Power Drawn from the buses.
Qmin = busdata(:,9); % Minimum Reactive Power Limit
Qmax = busdata(:,10); % Maximum Reactive Power Limit
nbus = max(bus); % To get no. of buses
P = GenMW - LoadMW; % Pi = PGi - PLi, Real Power at the buses.
Q = GenMVAR - LoadMVAR; % Qi = QGi - QLi, Reactive Power at the buse
Vprev = V;
toler = 1; % Tolerence.
iteration = 1; % iteration starting
while (toler > 0.00001) % Start of while loop
for i = 2:nbus
sumyv = 0;
for k = 1:nbus
if i ~= k
sumyv = sumyv + Ybus(i,k)* V(k); % Vk * Yik
end
end
if type(i) == 2 % Computing Qi for PV bus
Q(i) = -imag(conj(V(i))*(sumyv + Ybus(i,i)*V(i)));
if (Q(i) > Qmax(i)) || (Q(i) < Qmin(i)) % Checking for Qi Violation.
if Q(i) < Qmin(i) % Whether violated the lower limit.
Q(i) = Qmin(i);
else % No, violated the upper limit.
Q(i) = Qmax(i);
end
type(i) = 3; % If Violated, change PV bus to PQ bus.
end
end
V(i) = (1/Ybus(i,i))*((P(i)-j*Q(i))/conj(V(i)) - sumyv); % Compute Bus Voltages.
if type(i) == 2 % For PV Buses, Voltage Magnitude remains same, but Angle changes.
r=abs(Vprev(i));
o=angle(V(i));
V(i) = r*cos(o) + j*r*sin(o); % rect = real + j*imag

end
end
iteration = iteration + 1; % Increment iteration count.
toler = max(abs(abs(V) - abs(Vprev))); % Calculate tolerance.
Vprev = V; % Vprev is required for next iteration, V(i) = pol2rect(abs(Vprev(i)), angle(V(i)));
end % End of while loop / Iteration
iteration; % Total iterations.
V; % Bus Voltages in Complex form.
Vmag = abs(V); % Final Bus Voltages.
Ang = 180/pi*angle(V); % Final Bus Voltage Angles in Degree
disp('***************************************** ')
disp(' Gauss Seidel Load-Flow Study ')
POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 16
disp('***************************************** ')
disp(' Bus Voltage Angle ')
disp(' no Volts Degree ')
ywz=[ bus(:,1) Vmag Ang ];
disp(ywz)
disp('***************************************** ')

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 17

CALCULATIONS:-

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 18

CALCULATIONS:-

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 19

CALCULATIONS:-

Result:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 20

Exp. No. Date:

NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

Aim: - To solve power flow problems by the method of NR using MATLAB.

Apparatus Required:-

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1

2 Keyboard 1

3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure:-

1. Turn on your personal computer.

2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the file button and select the new Blank M-file.
4. Type the program on the new M-file for corresponding bus system.
5. After completion of the program, save and run.
6. Note down the line flow and losses.
7. Close the MATLAB tool and turnoff your pc.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 21

PROGRAM:

% Program for Newton Raphson Load Flow Analysis

clc;
close all;
clear all;
% From To R X
% Bus Bus (pu) (pu)
linedata=[ 1 2 0.0192 0.0575
1 3 0.0452 0.1652
2 4 0.0570 0.1737
3 4 0.0132 0.0379
2 5 0.0472 0.1983
2 6 0.0581 0.1763
4 6 0.0119 0.0414
5 7 0.0460 0.1160
6 7 0.0267 0.0820
6 8 0.0120 0.0420
6 9 0.0 0.2080
6 10 0.0 0.5560
9 11 0.0 0.2080
9 10 0.0 0.1100
4 12 0.0 0.2560
12 13 0.0 0.1400
12 14 0.1231 0.2559
12 15 0.0662 0.1304
12 16 0.0945 0.1987
14 15 0.2210 0.1997
16 17 0.0824 0.1923
15 18 0.1073 0.2185
18 19 0.0639 0.1292
19 20 0.0340 0.0680
10 20 0.0936 0.2090
10 17 0.0324 0.0845
10 21 0.0348 0.0749
10 22 0.0727 0.1499
21 23 0.0116 0.0236
15 23 0.1000 0.2020
22 24 0.1150 0.1790
23 24 0.1320 0.2700
24 25 0.1885 0.3292
25 26 0.2544 0.3800
25 27 0.1093 0.2087
28 27 0.0 0.3960
27 29 0.2198 0.4153
27 30 0.3202 0.6027
29 30 0.2399 0.4533
8 28 0.0636 0.2000
6 28 0.0169 0.0599 ];
nl=linedata(:,1); % Sending end bus
nr=linedata(:,2); % Receiving end bus
R=linedata(:,3); % Resistance
X=linedata(:,4); % Reactance
nbr=length(linedata(:,1));
No_of_Bus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance
y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
Ybus=zeros(No_of_Bus,No_of_Bus); % initialize Ybus to zero
for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements
if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 22

 Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:No_of_Bus % formation of the diagonal elements
for k = 1:nbr
if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k);
else
end
end
end
% Bus Bus Vol Vol Generating Load Reactive Power limit
% no type Mag angle Pg QG Pl Ql Qmax Qmin
busdata= [ 1 1 1.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
2 2 1.043 0 40 50.0 21.7 12.7 -40 50;
3 3 1.0 0 0 0 2.4 1.2 0 0;
4 3 1.06 0 0 0 7.6 1.6 0 0;
5 2 1.01 0 0 37.0 94.2 19.0 -40 40;
6 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
7 3 1.0 0 0 0 22.8 10.9 0 0;
8 2 1.01 0 0 37.3 30.0 30.0 -10 40;
9 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
10 3 1.0 0 0 19.0 5.8 2.0 0 0;
11 2 1.082 0 0 16.2 0.0 0.0 -6 24;
12 3 1.0 0 0 0 11.2 7.5 0 0;
13 2 1.071 0 0 10.6 0.0 0.0 -6 24;
14 3 1.0 0 0 0 6.2 1.6 0 0;
15 3 1.0 0 0 0 8.2 2.5 0 0;
16 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.5 1.8 0 0;
17 3 1.0 0 0 0 9.0 5.8 0 0;
18 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.2 0.9 0 0;
19 3 1.0 0 0 0 9.5 3.4 0 0;
20 3 1.0 0 0 0 2.2 0.7 0 0;
21 3 1.0 0 0 0 17.5 11.2 0 0;
22 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
23 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.2 1.6 0 0;
24 3 1.0 0 0 4.3 8.7 6.7 0 0;
25 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
26 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.5 2.3 0 0;
27 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
28 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
29 3 1.0 0 0 0 2.4 0.9 0 0;
30 3 1.0 0 0 0 10.6 1.9 0 0
];
G=real(Ybus); % Separation of YBus
B=imag(Ybus);
BMva=100;
busNo=busdata(:,1);
type=busdata(:,2);
V=busdata(:,3);
del=busdata(:,4);
Pg=busdata(:,5)/BMva;
Qg=busdata(:,6)/BMva;
Pl=busdata(:,7)/BMva;
Ql=busdata(:,8)/BMva;
Qmin=busdata(:,9)/BMva;
Qmax=busdata(:,10)/BMva;
PV_Bus=find(type==2|type==1);
PQ_Bus=find(type==3); % type1(Slack),type2(PV_Bus Bus),type3(PQ_Bus Bus )

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 23

No_of_PQ_Bus=length(PQ_Bus);
No_of_PV_Bus=length(PV_Bus);
Active_Power_specified=Pg-Pl;
Reactive_Power_specified=Qg-Ql; % Net Power flow through different node
Iter=1;Tol=1; % Iterantion And tolerance
while Tol>1e-5
P=zeros(No_of_Bus,1);
Q=zeros(No_of_Bus,1);
for i=1:No_of_Bus
for j=1:No_of_Bus
P(i)=P(i)+V(i)*V(j)*(G(i,j)*cos(del(i)-del(j))+B(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j)));
Q(i)=Q(i)+V(i)*V(j)*(G(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j))-B(i,j)*cos(del(i)-del(j)));
end
end
% Verification of limit violation for reactive power
if Iter>2 && Iter<=7
for n=2:No_of_Bus
if type(n)==2;
QG=Q(n)+Ql(n);
if QG > Qmax(n)
V(n)=V(n)-0.01;
elseif QG < Qmin(n)
V(n)=V(n)+0.01;
end
end
end
end
dPa=Active_Power_specified-P;
dQa=Reactive_Power_specified-Q;
dP=dPa(2:No_of_Bus);
k=1;
dQ=zeros(No_of_PQ_Bus,1);
for i=1:No_of_Bus
if type(i)==3
dQ(k,1)=dQa(i);
k=k+1;
end
end
M=[dP;dQ];% delta Matrix
%% Formation Fo Jacobian Matrix[J1 J2;J3 J4]
%% Formation Of J1
J1=zeros(No_of_Bus-1,No_of_Bus-1);
for i=1:No_of_Bus-1
m=i+1;
for j=1:No_of_Bus-1;
n=j+1;
if m==n
for n=1:No_of_Bus
J1(i,j)=J1(i,j)+V(m)*V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-
del(n))+B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J1(i,j)=J1(i,j)-V(m)^2*B(m,m);
else
J1(i,j)=V(m)*V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))-
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end
%% Formation Of J2
J2=zeros(No_of_Bus-1,No_of_PQ_Bus);
for i=1:No_of_Bus-1
m=i+1;
POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 24
 for j=1:No_of_PQ_Bus
n=PQ_Bus(j);
if m==n
for n=1:No_of_Bus
J2(i,j)=J2(i,j)+V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-
del(n))+B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J2(i,j)=J2(i,j)+V(m)*G(m,m);
else
J2(i,j)=V(m)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n))+B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
end
end
%% Formation Of J3
J3=zeros(No_of_PQ_Bus,No_of_Bus-1);
for i=1:No_of_PQ_Bus
m=PQ_Bus(i);
for j=1:No_of_Bus-1
n=j+1;
if m==n
for n=1:No_of_Bus
J3(i,j)=J3(i,j)+V(m)*V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-
del(n))+B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J3(i,j)=J3(i,j)-V(m)^2*G(m,m);
else
J3(i,j)=V(m)*V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n))-
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end
%% Formation Of J4
J4=zeros(No_of_PQ_Bus,No_of_PQ_Bus);
for i=1:No_of_PQ_Bus
m=PQ_Bus(i);
for j=1:No_of_PQ_Bus
n=PQ_Bus(j);
if m==n
for n=1:No_of_Bus
J4(i,j)=J4(i,j)+V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))-
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J4(i,j)=J4(i,j)-V(m)*B(m,m);
else
J4(i,j)=V(m)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))-B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
end
end
J=[J1 J2;J3 J4]; % Jacobian Matrix
X=inv(J)*M;
dTh=X(1:No_of_Bus-1); % Change in angle
dV=X(No_of_Bus:end); % change in volatge mag
del(2:No_of_Bus)=del(2:No_of_Bus)+dTh; % Voltage angle update
% voltage mag update
k=1;
for n=2:No_of_Bus
if type(n)==3
V(n)=V(n)+dV(k);
k=k+1;
end

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 25

 end
Iter=Iter+1;
Tol=max(abs(M));
end
Q=zeros(No_of_Bus,1);
for i=1:No_of_Bus
for j=1:No_of_Bus
P(i)=P(i)+V(i)*V(j)*(G(i,j)*cos(del(i)-
del(j))+B(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j)));
Q(i)=Q(i)+V(i)*V(j)*(G(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j))-
B(i,j)*cos(del(i)-del(j)));
end
end
for i=1:No_of_Bus
del(i)=180*del(i)/pi; % Converion radian to degree
end

disp('***************************************** ')
disp(' Newton Raphson Load-Flow Study ')
disp('***************************************** ')
disp(' Bus Voltage Angle ')
disp(' no Volts Degree ')
ywz=[ busNo(:,1) V del ];
disp(ywz)
disp('***************************************** ')

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 26

CALCULATIONS:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 27

CALCULATIONS:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 28

CALCULATIONS:

Result:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 29

 Exp. No. Date:

FAST DECOUPLED LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING MATLAB

Aim:- To solve power flow problems by the method of fast decoupled using MATLAB.

Apparatus Required:-

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Personal Computer 1

2 Keyboard 1

3 Mouse 1

4 MATLAB Software 1

Procedure:-
1. Turn on your personal computer.
2. Click on the MATLAB icon of your personal computer.
3. Click the file button and select the new Blank M-file.
4. Type the program on the new M-file for corresponding bus system.
5. After completion of the program, save and run.
6. Note down the line flow and losses.
7. Close the MATLAB tool and turnoff your pc.

PROGRAM:

% Program for Fast decoupled Load Flow Analysis

clc;
close all;
clear all;

% from to Resistance Reactance%

line = [1 4 0.0 0.0576;
4 5 0.017 0.092;
5 6 0.039 0.17;
3 6 0.0 0.0586;
6 7 0.0119 0.1008;
7 8 0.0085 0.072;
8 2 0.0 0.0625;
8 9 0.032 0.161;
9 4 0.01 0.085];
nl=line(:,1); % Sending end bus

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 30

nr=line(:,2); % Receiving end bus
R=line(:,3); % Resistance
X=line(:,4); % Reactance
nbr=length(line(:,1));
nbuses = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance
y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
Ybus=zeros(nbuses,nbuses); % initialize Ybus to zero
for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements
if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:nbuses % formation of the diagonal elements
for k = 1:nbr
if nl(k) == n | nr(k) == n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k);
else
end
end
end
b = -imag(Ybus);
% |Bus| Vsp |theta |PGi |QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax |type
bus = [ 1 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 1;
2 1.02533 0.00 1.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 2;
3 1.02536 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 2;
4 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 3;
5 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.30 0.00
0.00 3;
6 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 3;
7 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.35 0.00
0.00 3;
8 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 3;
9 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.50 0.00
0.00 3];

%formation of b' matrtix

b1=zeros(nbuses-1,nbuses-1);
for i = 1:nbuses-1
for j = 1:nbuses-1
b1(i,j) =b(i+1,j+1);
end
end
b1;

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 31

%formation of b" matrtix
%assuming all the load buses are at last
b2=zeros(nbuses-3,nbuses-3);
for i = 1:nbuses-3
for j = 1:nbuses-3
b2(i,j) =b(i+3,j+3);
end
end
b2;
v = bus(:,2);
del = bus(:,3);
Pg = bus(:,4);
Qg = bus(:,5);
Pd = bus(:,6);
Qd = bus(:,7);
Pspec = Pg-Pd;
Qspec = Qg-Qd;
iter = 1;
slack = 1;
tolerance = .01;
flag=1;
while flag==1;

m = real(Ybus);
n = imag(Ybus);
P = zeros(nbuses,1);
Q = zeros(nbuses,1);
iter= iter+1;

for i=1:nbuses %finding bus real and reactive power

for j=1:nbuses
P(i) = P(i)+ (v(i)*v(j)*(m(i,j)*cos(del(i)-
del(j))+n(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j))));
Q(i) = Q(i)+ (v(i)*v(j)*(m(i,j)*sin(del(i)-del(j))-
n(i,j)*cos(del(i)-del(j))));
end
end

P
Q
%finding del P by v
for i=1:(nbuses-1)
if(i<slack)
delP(i,1)= Pspec(i)-P(i);
else
delP(i,1)=(Pspec(i+1)-P(i+1));

end
delPbyv(i,1)=delP(i,1)/v(i,1);
end

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 32

 %finding del Q by v
c=0;
for i=1:nbuses
if bus(i,10)==3
c=c+1;
delQ(c,1)= (Qspec(i)-Q(i));
delQbyv(c,1)= delQ(c,1)/v(i,1);
end
end

if max(abs(delP))>tolerance | max(abs(delQ))>tolerance
flag=1; % tolerance check
else
flag=0;
end

%calc correction vector

deldel = inv(b1)*delPbyv;
delv = inv(b2)*delQbyv;

%updating values
for i=1:(nbuses-1)
del(i+1,1)= del(i+1,1)+deldel(i,1);
end

c=0;
for i=1:nbuses
if bus(i,10)==3
c=c+1;
v(i,1)=v(i,1)+delv(c,1);
end
end

iter
v
del
end
disp('***************************************** ')
disp(' Fast decoupled Load-Flow Study ')
disp('***************************************** ')
disp(' Bus Voltage Angle ')
disp(' no Volts Degree ')
ywz=[ bus(:,1) v del ];
disp(ywz)
disp('***************************************** ')

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 33

CALCULATIONS:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 34

CALCULATIONS:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 35

CALCULATIONS:

Result:-

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 36

 Exp. No. Date:

FAULT ANALYSIS – I

Aim: - To find the fault currents and fault voltages when a single line to ground (L-G)
fault and line to line (L-L) faults occurred on unloaded alternator.

Name Plate Details:-

S.no Parameter Alternator Motor

1 Rated voltage 415v 220v

2 Rated current 7A 27.2 A

3 Speed 1500 RPM 1500 RPM

4 Rating 5KVA 7.5HP

Apparatus Required:-

S.N0 Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
MC (0-5)A 1
2. Voltmeter MI (0-150)V 3
MI (0-150)V 3
3. Rheostat WWC 360Ω/1.2A 1
4. Connecting wires -- --- As per required

Precautions:-
1. Avoid the loose connections.
2. Note down the readings without parallax error.
3. Keep the field rheostat in maximum resistance position.
4. Keep the variac of the static exciter in minimum voltage output position.

Procedure:-
(a) LG Fault:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that the filed rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position and DPST
switch inoff position.
3. Switch on the supply and close the DPST Switch and then by varying field rheostat,
runthe motor at rated speed.
4. By varying the static exciter apply rated current (Fault current) of an alternator.
5. Note down the fault currents and voltmeter readings.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 37

 Circuit diagram for L-G Fault:-

Circuit diagram for L-L Fault:-

Procedure: - LL Fault:-
1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that the filed rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position and DPST switch inoff
position.
3. Switch on the supply and close the DPST Switch and then by varying field rheostat, runthe
motor at rated speed.
4. By varying the static exciter apply rated current (Fault current) of an alternator.
5. Note down the fault currents and voltmeter readings.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 38

 Tabular Column:-
(a) LG Fault:-

VRN (V) VYN (V) VBN (V) IR (A) VRY (V) VYB (V) VBR (V) IF (A)

(b) LL Fault:-

VRN (V) VYN (V) VBN (V) IR (A) VRY (V) VYB (V) VBR (V) IF (A)

CALCULATION:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 39

CALCULATION:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 40

CALCULATION:

Result:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 41

 Exp. No. Date:

FAULT ANALYSIS – II

Aim: - To find the fault currents and fault voltages when a double line to ground (LLG) fault
and Triple line to ground (LLLG) faults occurred on unloaded alternator.

Name Plate Details:-

S.no Parameter Alternator Motor
1 Rated voltage 415v 220v
2 Rated current 7A 27.2 A
3 speed 1500 RPM 1500 RPM
4 Rating 5KVA 7.5HP

Apparatus Required:-

S.n0 Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1. Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
MC (0-5)A 1
2. Voltmeter MI (0-150)V 3
MI (0-150)V 3
3. Rheostat WWC 360Ω/1.2A 1
4. Connecting wires -- --- As per required

Circuit diagram for LLG Fault:-

Procedure:-
(a) LLG Fault:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that the filed rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position and DPST switch in
off position.
3. Switch on the supply and close the DPST Switch and then by varying field rheostat, run the
motor at rated speed.
4. By varying the static exciter apply rated current (Fault current) of an alternator.
5. Note down the fault currents and voltmeter readings.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 42

Circuit diagram for LLLG Fault:-

Procedure:-
(b) LLLG Fault:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that the filed rheostat is kept in minimum resistance position and DPST switch in
off position.
3. Switch on the supply and close the DPST Switch and then by varying field rheostat, run the
motor at rated speed.
4. By varying the static exciter apply rated current (Fault current) of an alternator.
5. Note down the fault currents and voltmeter readings.

Tabular Column:-
(c) LLG Fault:-

VRN (V) VYN (V) VBN (V) IR (A) VRY (V) VYB (V) VBR (V) IF (A)

(d) LLLG Fault:-

VRN (V) VYN (V) VBN (V) IR (A) VRY (V) VYB (V) VBR (V) IF (A)

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 43

Precautions:-
1. Avoid the loose connections.
2. Note down the readings without parallax error.
3. Keep the field rheostat in maximum resistance position.
4. Keep the variac of the static exciter in minimum voltage output position.

CALCULATION:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 44

CALCULATION:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 45

CALCULATION:

Result:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 46

 Exp. No. Date:

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDMT OVER CURRENT RELAY

Aim:To study the performance of an IDMT overcurrent relay and plot the graph between
time and plug setting multiplier

Apparatus:

1. Over current relay

2. 3 - ɸ Auto Transformer 415/470V,10A 1 No’s
3. Current Transformer 10/1A 1 No’s
4. 3 - ɸ contactor 3 pole, 10 A 1 No’s
5. Rheostat 100 Ω/5A 1 No’s
6. Digital timer
7. Connecting wires

Front panel:

Theory:

The overcurrent relay works on the induction principle. An induction type over-current
relay giving inverse-time operation with a definite minimum time characteristic consists
essentially of an ac energy meter mechanism with slight modification to give required
characteristics. The relay has two electro-magnets. The upper electromagnet has-two windings,
one of these is primary and is connected to the secondary of a CT in the line to be protected and
is tapped at intervals.

The tapings are connected to a plug setting bridge by which the number of turns in use
can be adjusted, thereby giving the desired current setting. The plug bridge is usually arranged

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 47

to give seven sections of tapings to give over-current range from 50% to 200% in steps of
25%.The values assigned to each tap are expressed in terms of percentage of full-load rating of
CT with which the relay is associated and represents the value above which the disc
commences to rotate and finally closes the trip circuit. Thus pick-up current equals the rated
secondary current of CT multiplied by current setting.

Adjustment of current setting is made by inserting a pin between the spring loaded jaws
of the bridge socket at the tap value required. When the pin is withdrawn for the purpose of
changing the setting value while the relay in service, the relay automatically adopts higher
setting, thus the CT's secondary is not open-circuited.
The second winding is energized by induction from the primary, and is connected in
series with the winding on the lower magnet. By this arrangement, leakage fluxes of upper and
lower electro-magnets are sufficiently displaced in space and phase to set up a rotational torque
on the aluminium disc suspended between the two magnets, as in the shaded pole induction disc
motor. This torque is controlled by the spiral spring and also sometimes by a permanent magnet
brake on the disc. The torque is given by the expression
T = K1 I2rms - K2
Where, Irms is the current through the coil and K2 is the restraining torque of the spring.
The disc spindle carries a moving contact which bridges two fixed contacts (trip circuit
contacts) when the disc has rotated through a pre-set angle. The angle can be set to any value
between 0° and 360° and thereby giving desired time setting. This adjustment is known as
time-setting multiplier. Time multiplier setting is generally in the form of an adjustable back-
stop which decides the arc length through which the disc travels, by reducing the length of
travel, the operating time is reduced. The time setting multiplier is calibrated from 0 to 1 in
steps of 0.05. These figures do not represent the actual operating times but are multipliers to be
used to convert the time known from the relay name plate curve (time-PSM curve) into the
actual operating time.

Since the time required to rotate the disc through a pre-set angle depends upon the
torque which varies as the current in the primary circuit, therefore, more the torque lesser will
be the time required. So the relay has inverse-time characteristic.

In more recent designs the definite minimum time characteristic is obtained by

saturating iron in the upper electro-magnet so that there is practically no increase in flux after
the current has reached a certain value and any further increase in current will not affect the
relay operation.

The ratio of reset to pick-up is inherently high in induction relays because their
operation does not involve any change in the air gap. It lies between 95% and 100%.

The operating time of over current relays tends to become asymptotic to a definite
minimum value with increase in the value of actuating quantity. This is inherent in
electromagnet relays due to saturation of magnetic circuit. So by varying the point of
saturation different characteristics are obtained.
POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 48
Relay Settings:

Introduction:
Self powere device, displays 3 - ɸ Currentduring health conditions. Also, monitors
phase failuresPhase unbalance,phase reversal,over current in a 3 - ɸ4 wire system.
Parameters
in current
R–V
Y–V
B–V
RY – V
YB – V
RB – V
R–A
Y–A
B–A

Keys and Operation:

MENU/ENTER/HOLD/SCROLL KEY
RUN MODE: used to select scroll/hold the parameters.
PROGRAM MODE: Used to enter into program mode.
: Used to select next parameters.
INC KEY
PROGRAM MODE: Used to increase the values.
DEC KEY
PROGRAM MODE: Used to decrease the values.
MANUAL/ESC KEY
RUN MODE: When fault recovery happens this key shall be
used to load ON/OFF manually.
PROGRAM MODE: It is used to view the previous
parameters.

RUN Mode:
1. On power application, relay will be in NC condition for approximately 10 sec.
2. During health condition, all the voltage parameters shall be displayed with
instantaneous values. Relay and relay LED will be in ON or OFF condition depending
upon the relay ‘y’ or relay ‘n’ settings.
3. During fault condition, type of fault shall be displayed with relay OFF or ON status
depending on relay ’y’ or ‘n’ setting.

AUTO Mode: (6 & 7 terminals – short)

1. Once the fault is recovered, unit automatically comes back to parameter display mode as
mentioned above.

MANUAL Mode: (6 & 7 terminals – open)

1. Once the fault is recovered, manual key to be pressed to bring back display mode as
mentioned above.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 49

 2. If faults are rectifiers before set trip delay timing of relay, display will continue to show
fault status. Relay status remain unaltered. Press manual key to show the
3. parameter display. Press MENU/ENER key for 35 seconds to HOLD/SCROLL display.

When fault occurs unit displays the following:

PARAMETERS TOP BOTTOM
DISPLAY DISPLAY
Over Current Error OCrt
Under Current Error UCrt
Phase Unbalance Phs UbAL
Phase Reversal Phs rEU
R Phase fail Fail P–r
Y Phase fail Fail P–y
B Phase fail Fail P-b

PROGRAM Mode: (Short 5 & 6 for programming)

PROGRAMMING FACTORY
PARAMETERS RANGE SETTINGS
S. NO DISPLAY
CODE
1) “nUOL” Nominal voltages:415V 415
2) “CT - P” CT Primary range:5 to 2500 A 005
3) “nCrt” Nominal Current Range: 0.5 to 500V 005.0
4) “Ocrt” Over Current Range:105 - 800% 120
5) “Ucrt” Under Current Range:20 – 95% 20
6) “PUbl” Phase Unbalance Range: P 1 – 20% 20
7) “IrdY” Inrush delay Range: 1- 60sec 01
8) “tdOC” Trip delay Over Current range: 1 – 250sec 005
9) “tdUC” Trip delay Under Current range: 1 – 250sec 005
10) “tdUb” Trip delay Un-balance range: 1 – 250sec 005
11) bYPS “OCt Bypass Over Current n
Y/n”
12) bYPS “UCt Bypass Under Current n
Y/n”
13) bYPS “UBL Bypass Phase Unbalance n
Y/n”
14) CntL rLY ’n’ Relay and status LED OFF in health V
condition
rLY ’Y’ Relay and status LED ON in health
condition

Note: C.T primary must be set at 50/5 A. If a different C.T is used then the settings must be
changed accordingly.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 50

PHASE UNBALANCE CONDITION:

To set unbalance condition for 20%,

 Set 20 in unit (PUbL=20 as shown in the table).
 If RY=350 V, YB=450 V, RB=319 V in the load, fault is created in the unit, upper
displays show “Phs” and lower shows “UbAL”.

Calculations are as follows:

Set nVOL=415V, PUBL=20% in the unit.
Vry=350V, Vyb=450V, Vbr=319V, Vavg=373V
Vry-Vavg=23V, Vyb-Vavg=77V, Vb-Vavg=54V
Phase Unbalance= (maximum deviation / Vavg)*100
= (77/373)*100 = 20%

Wiring Diagram:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 51

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Disc must be stationary before applying fault current.
2.TSM setting must be changed with due care.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure and decide the equipment rating based on the
Relay setting.
2. Set the relay setting and increase the current by autotransformer and resistance
arrangement to a particular current keeping TPST switch in ON position.
3. Now Switch OFF the TPST switch to permit the load current to flow through the relay
operating coil; record the time of operation of the Relay, till the contactor trips with the
help of a stop watch.
4. Repeat the same procedure for different values of time and ratio of current.
5. Calculate the current ratio for each reading and plot a graph between time of operation and
current.

Observations:

Current
% NCRT through Time of
Fault Current
S. no. (Normal contactor operation
Current) (amps) (sec)

1.

2.

3.

4.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 52

CALCULATIONS:
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕
In terms of percentage % = 𝑵𝑪𝑹𝑻 (𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Graphs:

RESULT:

The characteristics of IDMT over current relay are observed and drawn on the graph

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Why CT is required in this experiment?

2. Can we design the experiment without Current Injection Unit?
3. What is TSM & PSM and why different TSM & PSM?
4. Identify different terminals of the relay and explain their use. Write them in your record.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 53

 Exp.No.: Date:

CHARACTERISTICS OF OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

Aim: To study the performance of electromechanical over voltage relay and microprocessor
over voltage relays and to plot the graph between time vs. plug setting multiplier

Apparatus required:
1. Over voltage relays
2. 3 - ɸ Auto Transformer
3. Connecting wires

Front Panel Details:

1. Microprocessor Relay 415V, 50Hz, 3 - ɸ, AC
2. Contactor, MCB
3. Voltmeter & Ammeter

Front Panel:

Theory:
a) Microprocessor based relays:

The advances in VLSI technology and software techniques in 1970 are led to the
development of microprocessor based relays. Electromechanical relays had no significant
drawback in their protection functions, but the additional features offered by the
microprocessor technologies encouraged the evolution of relays. The advantages of these relays
include.
 Power consumption is less, hence burden on CTs and PTs reduced.
 Quick response, long life, shock proof, fewer problems of maintenance, high reliability
and a high degree of accuracy. Quick reset action – a high reset value and absence of

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 54

 overshoot can be easily achieved because of the absence of mechanical inertia and
thermal storage.
 There is no effect of gravity on operation of static relays and therefore they can be
installed in vessels, aircrafts etc.
 Ease of providing amplification enables greater sensitivity
 Use of printed circuits avoids wiring errors and facilitates rationalization of batch
production
 The basic building blocks of semiconductor circuitry permit a greater degree of
sophistication in the shaping of operating characteristics, enabling the practical
realization of relays with threshold characteristics more closely approaching the ideal
requirements
 By combining various functional circuits, several conventional relays can be substituted
by a single static relay.
 Microprocessor based relays are very compact. They are assisted by power line carrier
can be employed for remote back – up and network monitoring,and can be designed for
repeated operations.
 The risk of unwanted tripping is less with static relays. These relays are quite suitable
for earth quake prone areas, ships, vehicles, locomotives, aeroplanes etc.
 Microprocessor based relays are provided with integrated features for self – monitoring,
easy testing and servicing. Defective module can be replaced easily.

Functioning:
The out of instrument transformers are applied to analog input subsystem to the relay.
This subsystem electrically isolates the relay from the power system reduces the level of the
input voltages, converts currents to equivalent voltages and removes high frequency
components from the input signals using analog filters. The outputs of the analogue input
subsystem are applied to the analog interface which includes amplifiers, multiplexes and
analogue to digital converters.

Relay Settings:

Introduction:
Self power device, displays 3 - ɸ Voltage during health conditions. Also,monitors phase
failuresPhase unbalance,phase reversal,over voltage & under voltage in a 3 - ɸ4 wire system.

Parameters
in current
R–V
Y–V
B–V
RY – V
YB – V
RB – V
R–A
Y–A
B–A

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 55

Keys and Operation:

MENU/ENTER/HOLD/SCROLL KEY
RUN MODE: used to select scroll/hold the parameters.
PROGRAM MODE: Used to enter into program mode.
: Used to select next parameters.
INC KEY
PROGRAM MODE: Used to increase the values.
DEC KEY
PROGRAM MODE: Used to decrease the values.
MANUAL/ESC KEY
RUN MODE: When fault recovery happens this key shall be
used to load ON/OFF manually.
PROGRAM MODE: It is used to view the previous
parameters.

RUN Mode:
1. On power application, relay will be in NC condition for approximately 10 sec.
2. During health condition, all the voltage parameters shall be displayed with
instantaneous values. Relay and relay LED will be in ON or OFF condition depending
upon the relay ‘y’ or relay ‘n’ settings.
3. During fault condition, type of fault shall be displayed with relay OFF or ON status
depending on relay ’y’ or ‘n’ setting.

AUTO Mode: (6 & 7 terminals – short)

1. Once the fault is recovered, unit automatically comes back to parameter display mode as
mentioned above.

MANUAL Mode: (6 & 7 terminals – open)

1. Once the fault is recovered, manual key to be pressed to bring back display mode as
mentioned above.
2. If faults are rectifiers before set trip delay timing of relay, display will continue to show
fault status. Relay status remain unaltered. Press manual key to show the parameter
display. Press MENU/ENER key for 35 seconds to HOLD/SCROLL display.

When fault occurs unit displays the following:

PARAMETERS TOP BOTTOM

DISPLAY DISPLAY
Over Voltage Error OUOL
Under Voltage Error UUOL
Phase Unbalance Phs UbAL
Phase Reversal Phs rEU
R Phase fail Fail P–r
Y Phase fail Fail P–y
B Phase fail Fail P-b

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 56

PHASE UNBALANCE CONDITION:

To set unbalance condition for 20%,

 Set 20 in unit (PUbL=20 as shown in the table).
 If RY=350 V, YB=450 V, RB=319 V in the load, fault is created in the unit, upper
displays show “Phs” and lower shows “UbAL”.

Calculations are as follows:

Set nVOL=415V, PUBL=20% in the unit.
Vry=350V, Vyb=450V, Vbr=319V, Vavg=373V
Vry-Vavg=23V, Vyb-Vavg=77V, Vb-Vavg=54V
Phase Unbalance= (maximum deviation / Vavg)*100
= (77/373)*100 = 20%

PROGRAM Mode: (Short 5 & 6 for programming)

PROGRAMMING FACTORY
PARAMETERS RANGE SETTINGS
S. NO DISPLAY
CODE
15) “nUOL” Nominal voltages:415V 415
16) “OUOL” Over Voltage Range: 5 to 100V 030
17) “UUOL” Under Voltage Range: 5 to 100V 030
18) “Ucrt” Under Current Range:20 – 95% 20
19) “PUbl” Phase Unbalance Range: P 1 – 20% 20
20) “IrdY” Inrush delay Range: 1- 60sec 01
21) “tdOU” Trip delay Over Voltage range: 1 – 250sec 005
22) “tdUU” Trip delay Under Voltage range: 1 – 250sec 005
23) “tdUC” Trip delay Under Current range: 1 – 250sec 005
24) “tdUb” Trip delay Un-balance range: 1 – 250sec 005
25) bYPS “OUL Bypass Over Voltage n
Y/n”
26) bYPS “UUL Bypass Under Voltage n
Y/n”
27) bYPS “UCt Y/n” Bypass Under Current n
28) bYPS “UBL Bypass Phase Unbalance n
Y/n”
29) CntL rLY ’n’ Relay and status LED OFF in health V
condition
rLY ’Y’ Relay and status LED ON in health
condition

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 57

WiringDiagram:

Procedure:

Microprocessor over Voltage Relay:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram given.

2. Set voltage of the relay at a fixed value.
3. The fault voltage in relay coil is adjusted to desired value by varying the 3 - ɸ
autotransformer
4. Whenever the fault voltage is set, the relay coil trips the circuit and note down the
corresponding operating time of the relay using digital timer.
5. Note down the fault voltage, operating time of the relay
6. Repeat the experiment for different values of set voltage and time setting multiplier

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Observations: Micro processor over voltage relay:

S.No. Operating Time (sec) Set Voltage (V) Fault Voltage (V)

Definite Time (10sec)

S.No. Operating Time (sec) Set Voltage (V) Fault Voltage (V)

Model Graphs:

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 CALCULATIONS:

Setting of Fault voltage Level: Vs = 1-(0.05+∑a) Vn,

Where,
Vs = Pick up setting in volts Vn = PT rating 110V
a = weight of the switch in ON position
Note: In Under voltage mode, continuing with above example, the pick up setting
becomes
Vs=(1-0.30) =70% of Vn. For 110 volts Vn, the pick up voltage becomes 77 volts. If
Vn=415, then pick up voltage becomes 290.5 volts. Where voltages below this set
value, relay picks up and trips according to selected trip time characteristics.

The trip time will depend upon:

a) Trip time characteristic selected and magnitude of fault in case of
Inverse Trip Time Characteristics.
b) Define Time in case of Definite Time Characteristics.

Time Multiplier Settling:

This feature offers various operations of Trip Time for a selected Trip Time
Characteristic. The Time Multiplication Factor can be set from 0.1 to 1.6 in steps of
0.1 using the last block of four DIP switches. This means in case of Inverse Trip
Time Characteristics. Relay offers 16 parallel curves corresponding to each Time
Multiplier Setting and in case of Definite Trip Time mode, the trip time can be set
100 msec to 160 secs.
Trip time T is given by formula

T = K (0.1+∑t) where
T = Trip time in seconds.
K = Constant depending on Trip Time
Characteristic selected Normal Inverse (3.5 secs) in
OV mode when fault is 2Vs
Normal Inverse (5.7 secs) in UV mode when fault is 0.5Vs.
1.0 Definite Time (1.0 sec)
10.0 Definite Time (10 sec)
100.0 Definite Time (100 sec)
t=weight of the switches in ON position

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 CALCULATIONS:

Result: The performances of microprocessor over voltage relays are studied and the graph
between operating time and voltage is drawn.

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Exp. No.: Date:

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF 1 – PHASE TRANSFORMER

Aim: To protect the transformer from any internal faults in between primary and secondary
by detecting the primary and secondary currents, using the differential protection relays.

Apparatus Required:
1) An Isolation transformer 500VA, 230V/230V
2) Differential protection unit
3) 1 - ɸ Variac 10A, 230V/270V
4) Rheostat 100 ohms /5A

Theory:
In distribution transformers, if any fault occurs in oil, can be detected by Buchholz
relay and the transformer will be protected by Buchholz relay trip mechanism. But this relay
will not protect if any fault occurs within the transformer windings. Hence to protect the
transformer from fault currents in primary & secondary windings, the differential protection
relay to be used.
The current coil in the relay will sense the fault currents and will activate the trip
circuit of the relay and disconnect the load from transformer when fault currents are
detected
The CTs` used in primary & secondary as per the circuit shown below, are
connected to the respected relays of primary & secondary in series when fault currents
occur than the relay gets activated and trip the load.

Description:
Generally “Differential protection” is provided in the electrical power transformer
rated more than 5 MVA. The differential relays normally respond to those faults which
occur inside the differential protection zone of the transformer.

The differential relay actually detects the primary and secondary faults, if any, and
in turn trip the load connected to the transformer. The primary current Ip and secondary
current Is is set in the relay through set mechanism and if any faults occurs in the
transformer, these currents will increase the set value, then the trip mechanism will activate
and trips the relay.

Principal of Operation:

Principle of differential protection scheme is one simple technique. The differential

relay actually compares primary & secondary currents of the power transformer, if any
unbalance is found in between primary and secondary currents the relay will actuate and in
turn trip the primary and Secondary breakers (here we have used potential free contacts of
relays).Hence the transformer will be protected from any fault currents .

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Front Panel Details:

1. Voltmeter : Digital Voltmeter AC 300V to read output Voltage

2. Ammeter : Digital AC Ammeter 10A to read output Secondary current
3. MCB : Input ON/OFF
4. Input Terminals : To connect AC Voltage from variac to unit
5. Transformer Terminals : 500VA Transformer to be connected from outside to these
terminals (primary &secondary respectively)
6. CT-P & CT-S Terminals : To connect CT-P, to input of the transformer in series to
the input line,
To connect CT-S to output of the transformer in series to the
O/P line
7. Output : Load shall be connected across the output terminals

Front Panel Lay Out:

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Wiring diagram:

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Wiring Procedure:

1. Connect 1-Phase ,230/270VVariac to input of the control unit at L&N terminals

2. Connect MCB output terminals to transformer terminals through CT-P in series.
3. (L to CT-P 1 end and CT-P 2 to transformer line terminal and neutral to transformer
neutral.
4. Connect voltmeter across primary of transformer
5. Connect transformer secondary line to CTS1 terminal & neutral to neutral
6. Connect load across the output
7. Switch on the variac & MCB of control unit
8. Increase supply voltage up to 230V
9. Increase the load up to, since it is more than set value and gets disconnected. Secondary
trip lamp indicators
10. Connect load across primary current is more than rated current, primary gets
disconnected and primary trip lamp indicates.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in fig.
2. Select the transformation ratio 2:1 and the C.T. ratios of 2:1 and 4:1Set PSM of
the relay equal to 0.5.
3. Apply rated voltage 230V to primary by varying the variac.
4. Without applying fault, note down different meter readings.
5. By applying load observe whether the relay is operating or not.
6. Now close the switch so as to create an internal fault.
7. Note the various ammeter readings when relay operates.
8. Create primary fault at different loads and note the various meter readings.

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 9. Now create a secondary fault and observe whether the relay operates or not, note
the various meter readings.

READINGS AND TABULAR FORM:

For Primary Fault

I Primary ISecondary I relay I fault Relay operates
S.No
/doesn’t operate

For Secondary Fault

I Primary I secondary I relay I fault Relay operates
S.No
/doesn’t operate

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RESULT:
The Differential protection of single phase transformer was demonstrated When the
balanced currents are flowing through transformer, load is in active condition. If any faults
occurs across primary & secondary winding the particular windings gets disconnected and
verified.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. Why identical CTs are required in this scheme.

2. How would you take CT inbalances into account.
3. What do you understand by internal fault.

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Exp. No.: Date:

A. CT TESTING BY USING MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

AIM: To test a given Current Transformer (CT) by using Resistance and Mutual Inductance.

APPARATUS:
a) Rheostat 50 ohms/ 2 amps…. 01 no
b) Galvanometer AC………. 01 no
c) Ammeters digital, 2 A…. 02 no`s
d) Built-in CT’S, current sources & mutual Inductance.

THEORY:

The current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in series with lines
carrying the current to be measured and hence, the primary current I dependent upon the load
connected to the system and is not determined by the load connected to the secondary winding
of the current transformer. Te primary winding consists of a few turns only so, there is no
appreciable voltage drop across it. The secondary winding of the current transformer has more
number of turns, the exact number being determined b the turn’s ratio. The ammeter is
connected directly across the secondary winding terminals. Thus, a current transformer operates
its secondary winding nearly under short circuit conditions.
S and X are standard and are unknown transformers respectively, the primary winding is
connected in series and supplied with current from a suitable source. The secondary windings
are also connected in series, with such polarity that both tend to send current in the same
direction, and any desired impedance loads such as Zs and Zx complete the circuit. A suitable
detector D is then connected so as to bridge across between the transformers.
It is evident that the current Δτ through the detectors is necessarily equal to the vector
differences in the secondary current IS AND Ik of the transformers. Consequently, if the
magnitude and phase are measured, the difference in performance of the two transformers can
be computed.

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as per the diagram given below.
2) Switch on the supply and increase the voltage to primary winding of PT by varying the
auto transformer, and note down the readings.
3) Adjust the rheostat (r) such that the galvanometer reads zero (null deflector), then again
note down the readings.
4) Bring back the auto transformer to its initial position and switch of the supply.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Front panel:
For both C.T & P.T

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PRECAUTIONS:

 All connections should be tight and right as per the given circuit diagram.
 Proper range of meters should be selected.
 Un-insulated parts shouldn’t be touched.
 Ammeter should always be connected in series, and volt meter in parallel with the
circuit.
 Before switching ON the circuit, check whether the position of pointer in the meters is
at zero or not, if not then bring them to zero.
 Checks for parallax error, if it exists then remove it.

TABULAR COLUMN:

CT CT
S.No C.T Range
Primary Current (A) Secondary Current (A)
1

RESULT: Current Transformer (CT) is tested by using the given resistance and Mutual
Inductance.

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 B. PT TESTING BY USING MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

AIM: To test a given Potential Transformer by using Mutual Inductance.

APPARATUS:
1) Potential Transformer, 230 V /230 V - 01 No
2) Galvanometer, AC - 01 No
3) Built-in Mutual Inductance - 01 No
4) Built-in 1-phaseVariac, 230/270 V, AC, 2 amps - 01 No
5) Rheostat, 50 ohms/2 amps - 01 No
6) Digital Voltmeter, AC, 300 V - 01 No
7) Digital Ammeters, AC, 2 amps - 02 No`s
8) Rheostat, 150 ohms/2amps - 01 No

THEORY:
The transformer used for voltage measurement in a given circuit are called potential
transformers or P.T’s. Potential transformers are used to operate voltmeters, the potential coils
of watt meters and relays from high voltage lines. The P.T’s are as similar to power
transformers except loading and is quite small.
Effect of power factor:
The transformation ratio of the PT is increased if secondary burden is inductive in
nature. The power factor reduces if secondary burden increases and power factor increases if
burden is reduced and it can be observed by connecting an adjustable inductive load across the
P.T.
Comparison method:
This method is similar to Silsbee’s deflection comparison method for current
transformers. The ratio and phase angle errors of a test transformer are determined in the terms
of a standard transformer having a same ratio. The two transformers primaries are joined
together in parallel. The load is to be connected in the secondary of the test transformer
The two wattmeter’s voltage coils are to be connected across the standard transformer and
current coils are connected in series and supply to be taken from phase shifting transformer.
The voltmeters are to be connected across both the transformers and ammeter to be connected
across the secondary of the test transformer.

Test method:
1) Supply to be given to the transformers from Variac.
2) Apply 230V AC to the P.T
3) Supply to be given to the phase shifting transformer
4) Adjust the rheostat such that wattmeter w reads zero.

Calculations of ratio:
w11 is the reading of the wattmeter W1
w22 is the reading of the wattmeter W2
Ratio of transformers Rt / Rs = Vt / Vs = Vt*I / Vs*I = w11 / (w11-w12)
Ratio of the transformer under test Rt= Rs( 1+ w12 / w11)

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.
2. Switch on the supply and increase the current in the primary winding by varying the
current source.
3. Note down the ammeter readings in un-balanced condition.
4. Now adjust the rheostat (Zs) such that Galvanometer reads zero.
5. Then note down the readings, and bring back the current source to minimum position
and switch off.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Front panel:
For both C.T & P.T

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PRECAUTIONS:
 All connections should be tight and right as per the given circuit diagram.
 Proper range of meters should be selected.
 Un-insulated parts shouldn’t be touched.
 Ammeter should always be connected in series, and volt meter in parallel with the
circuit.
 Before switching ON the circuit, check whether the position of pointer in the meters is
at zero or not, if not then bring them to zero.
 Checks for parallax error, if it exists then remove it.

TABULAR COLUMN:

PT PT
S.No P.T Range
Primary Voltage (V) Secondary Voltage (V)
1

RESULT: The given Potential Transformer (PT) is tested by using Mutual Inductance.

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 C. TESTING OF INSULATOR STRING

Aim: To test the HT Insulator String dielectric strength of the given 11 KV Insulator.

Front panel details:

 The unit front panel consists of a on / off switch for High Voltage source to on /off.
 Red and Banana terminals for input supply from Main CT, PT control panel.
 HT supply on Indication.
 HT trip indication is to indicate the HT trip, when Insulation breaks down above 11 KV.
 HV Digital voltmeter to show the supplied voltage across insulator in Kilo Volts.

Front panel:

Procedure for Testing:

The ht insulator is rated for 11kv, and is placed in a ms box on a hylem sheet. A
transformer designed for 11 kv is supply to insulator string. The 11 kv supply is connected to
bus bar insulator fixed inside the box, which is to be tested. The secondary 0 volts winding of
transformer is connected to the bus bar insulator through insulator string.
Switch on the insulator string unit to get the power to the transformer and to the digital
voltmeter.
The Variac in main control unit of ct, pt control panel is to be varied till it crosses the
break down voltage of the insulator string. This could be more than 12 KV. When the voltage
applied across the string insulator crosses more than 12 KV, then the breaking voltage applies
and it trips. Switch off the unit and make sure that the Variac is kept in zero position.
High voltage is supplied to the unit while testing. Please do not put hand inside the unit
while testing. It is dangerous. Before opening top cover for any reason, switch off both main
unit and insulator string unit for safety.

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RESULT: The given 11kV Insulator is tested.

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 Exp.No: Date:

A. POWER CIRCLE DIAGRAMS OF A 3-Φ TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL

AIM:
To draw the power circle diagrams of a 3-φ transmission line model.

APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Quantity

1. 3 Phase Transmission Line Model kit -- 01
2. 3 phase Variac (0-420)V 01
3. Wattmeters 10A/600V,UPF 04
4. Connecting wires. --- As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection as per the Circuit Diagram.

2. Switch ON the supply and adjust rated voltage, note down voltage, Current and power at
sending end and receiving end at no load.
3. Vary the load in steps and note down the voltage, Current and power at sending end and
receiving end at different loads of (A) Resistive load (B) inductive load (C) capacitive.
4. Draw the receiving end current vector at different loads and add the tips of the vector for
current locus

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TABULAR FORM: FOR RESISTIVE LOAD

S.NO Vs IS Ws Vr Ir Wr %Regulation %Efficiency

CALCULATIONS:

% Efficiency = (W receiving / W sending) * 100

% Voltage Regulation = [(VNL-VFL)/VFL]*100
Where VNL = Voltage at receiving end at no load.
VFL = Voltage at receiving end at particular load.

Receiving end power factor COSɸR =

[WR/(√3*VR*IR)] Receiving end current
vector IR=IR angle of(ɸR)

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 RESULT:
The power circle diagram of a 3-φ transmission line model was obtained and drawn.

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Exp.No: Date:

B. POWER CIRCLE DIAGRAMS OF A 3-Φ TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL

Aim: To draw Power Circle Diagrams of a 3-ϕ Transmission Line model by conducting OC &
SC Test using ABCD constants.

Apparatus:
1) Transmission line model 3-Ф, 500kV, 1000 MW, 250km long 1 No.
2) Voltmeter 0 – 600V, MI 2 No.
3) Ammeter 0- 10A, MI 2 No.
4) Auto transformer 3-Φ, 230V/ 0-270V, 10A, 50Hz 1 No.
5) UPF Wattmeter 150/300V, ½ A 1 No.

Front panel details:

1. Voltmeter 600V A.C 1 No’s
2. Ammeter 10 A A.C 1 No’s
3. Transmission Line Model Kit

Front Panel:

Theory:
The expressions for complex number receiving and sending end powers are

The units for SR and SS, are MVA (three-phase) with voltages in KV line.

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 80

 As per the above equations, SR and SS, are each composed of two phasor components-
one a constant phasor and the other a phasor of fixed magnitude but variable angle. The loci for
SR and SS, would, therefore, be circles drawn from the tip of constant phasors as centers.

It follows from Eq. (1) that the centre of receiving-end circle is located at the tip of the phasor.

in polar coordinates or in terms of rectangular coordinates, Horizontal coordinate of the centre

Vertical coordinate of the centre

The radius of the receiving-end circle is

The receiving – end circle diagram is drawn as shown in the figure 1. The centre is
located by drawing OCR at an angle (β – α) in the positive direction from the negative MW-
axis.
From the centre CR the receiving – end circle is drawn with the radius given in equation (6).
The operating point M is located on the circle by means of the received real power PR.
The corresponding QR can be immediately read from the circle diagram. The torque
angle δ can be read in accordance with the positive direction indicated from the reference line.

For constant lVRl, the centre CR remains fixed and concentric circles result for varying lVSl.
However, for the case of constant lVSl and varying lVRl the centres of circles move along the
line OCR, and have radii in accordance to lVSl lVR1/1B1.

Similarly, it follows from Eq. (2) that the centre of the sending-end circle is located at the
tip of the phasor

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in the polar coordinates or in terms of rectangular coordinates.

Horizontal coordinate of the centre

Vertical coordinate of the centre

The radius of the sending-end circle is

The sending-end circle diagram is shown in Fig. 2. The centre is located by drawing
OCS, at angle (β - α) from the positive MW-axis. From the centre the sending-end circle is
drawn with a radius 1VS1 1VR1/1B1 (same as in the case of receiving-end). The operating
point N is located by measuring the torque angle δ (as read from the receiving-end circle
diagram) in the direction indicated from the reference line.

 For constant 1VS1 the centre CS remains fixed and concentric circles result for
varying1VR1.
 However, if 1VR1 is fixed and 1VS1 varies, the centers of the circles move along the
line OCS and have radii in accordance to 1VR11VS1/1B1.
 For the case of a short line with a series impedance 1Z1∟θ, the simplified circle
diagrams can be easily drawn by recognizing
o 1A1 = 1D1 = 1, α =0
o 1B1 = 1Z1, β = θ.
 The corresponding receiving – and sending –end circle diagrams have been drawn in
Fig.3 and Fig.4.

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Procedure:

Open Circuit test:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit shown in fig.2.

2. Keeping the single phase autotransformer output at zero volts, switch ON AC power supply
on sending end side by closing DPST switch.
3. Now slowly vary the autotransformer till the voltmeter on sending end side reads 230V.
4. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
5. Bring the autotransformer to zero voltage position and switch OFF the DPST switch.

Circuit Diagram:

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Wiring diagram:

Determination of B and D parameters by conducting short circuit test:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit shown in fig.3.

2. Keeping the single phase autotransformer output at zero volts, switch ON AC power supply
on sending end side by closing DPST switch.
3. Now slowly vary the autotransformer till the ammeter on sending end side reads 5AV.
4. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
5. Bring the autotransformer to zero voltage position and switch OFF the DPST switch.
Circuit Diagram:

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Wiring diagram:

Observations:

*Note that all parameters A, B, C, D and the measured quantities Zoc and Zsc are complex
Numbers.

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CALCULATIONS

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CALCULATIONS

Result:

The Calculated values of A, B, C, D Parameters are:

A=………; B=……..Ω; C=……mho; D = …...…;

Construct the receiving end and sending end circle diagrams as per the procedure described in
the theory.

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Exp.No.: Date:

ABCD CONSTANTS OF A 3- PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL

Aim: To obtain ABCD parameters of a long transmission line model by performing open
circuit and short circuit test on both sending and receiving end.

Apparatus:

1. Built-in Transmission line model 3-Ф, 500kV, 1000 MW, 250km long 01 No

2. Built-in Voltmeter 0-600V , MI 02 No

3. Built-in Ammeter 0-10A , MI 02 No

4. Auto Transformer 1-Φ, 230V/ 0-270V, 10A, 50Hz 01No

Front panel Details:

1. Voltmeter 600V A.C 2

2. Ammeter 10A A.C 2
3. Transmission Line Model

Front panel:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 88

THEORY:

Transmission line parameters include series resistance and inductance and shunt capacitance.
The line models are classified by their length as below:

1. Short line approximation for lines that are less than 80 km long.
2. Medium line approximation for lines whose lengths are between 80 km to 250 km.
3. Long line model for lines that are longer than 250 km.

If a transmission line is erected, the constants are measured by conducting the OC & SC tests
at the two ends of the line. In a four terminal passive network the voltage and current on the
receiving end and sending end are related by the following pair of equations:
Vs = AVr + BIr Is = CVr + DIr
ABCD parameters are used for relating the sending end voltage and current to the receiving
end voltage and currents.

Consider the power system shown in Fig. 1. In this the sending and receiving end voltages are
denoted by VS and VR respectively. Also the currents are IS and IR entering and leaving the
network respectively. The sending end voltage and current are then defined in terms of the
ABCD parameters as

where A, B, C, D are called the constants of the network. The transmission line is also a
four terminal network
From equation A= Vs / Vr (Ir=0)
This means A is the voltage impressed at the sending end per volt at the receiving end
when receiving end is open. It is dimensionless.
B= Vs/Ir (Vr=0)
B is the voltage impressed at the sending end to have one ampere at the short circuited
receiving end. This is known as transfer impedance in network theory.
C= Is /Vr (Ir=0)
C is the current in amperes into the sending end per volt on the open-circuited receiving
end.It has the dimension of admittance.
D= Is/Ir (Vr=0)
D is the current at the sending end for one ampere of current at the short circuited receiving
end. The constants A, B, C and D are related for a passive network as follows:
AD – BC = 1
The ABCD constants can be used for calculation of regulation of the line as follows: Then
determine sending end voltage using relation
Vs = AVr + BIr
To determine Vr ′ the no load voltage at the receiving end, is made use of V r′ = Vs/A,
when Ir = 0
% Regulation = [(Vr ′-Vr)/ Vr]*100.
% Regulation = [((Vs/A)-Vr)/ Vr]*100.

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From the above equations, we see that

This implies that A is the ratio of sending end voltage to the open circuit receiving end
voltage. This quantity is dimension less. Similarly,

i.e., B, given in Ohm, is the ratio of sending end voltage and short circuit receiving end
current. In a similar way we can also define C & D as

The parameter D is dimension less.

Two port representation of a transmission network.

Procedure:

Determination of A and C parameters by conducting open circuit test:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit shown in fig.2.

2. Keeping the single phase autotransformer output at zero volts, switch ON AC
power supply on sending end side by closing DPST switch.
3. Now slowly vary the autotransformer till the voltmeter on sending end side reads
230V.
4. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
5. Bring the autotransformer to zero voltage position and switch OFF the DPST.
6.

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Circuit Diagram (Overall):

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 91

WIRING DIAGRAM:

Determination of B and D parameters by conducting short circuit test:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit shown in fig

2. Keeping the single/ three phase autotransformer output at zero volts, switch ON AC
power supply on sending end side by closing DPST switch.
3. Now slowly vary the autotransformer till the ammeter on sending end side reads 5AV.
4. Note down the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
5. Bring the autotransformer to zero voltage position and switch OFF the DPST switch.

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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WIRING DIAGRAM:

TABULAR FORM:

% Voltage
S.NO TYPE VS IS VR IR
regulation

1 Open circuit

2 Short circuit

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 94

The Calculated values of A, B, C, D Parameters are:

A=………; B=……..Ω; C=……mho; D = …...…;

CALCULATIONS:

A= Vs / Vr (Ir=0)
B= Vs/Ir (Vr=0)
C= Is /Vr (Ir=0)
D= Is/Ir (Vr=0)

%Voltage Regulation = [((Vs/A)-Vr)/ Vr]*100.

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 CALCULATIONS:

POWER SYSTEMS LAB Page 96

RESULT:
ABCD constants and voltage regulation of a 3 phase transmission line were
determined.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What are A,B,C,D constants?
2. Prove AD-BC = 1

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