LIFE PROCESSES-All the processes performed by the organisms to keep the living organism alive

on the earth and perform the job of body maintenance and to obtain energy are

called life processes.

For example: nutrition, digestion, respiration, circulation and excretion , etc.

Nutrition-nutrition is the process by which an organism takes food and utilizes it to get energy for

growth , nourishment and survival of it is called nutrition.

Nutrients-The materials which provide nutrition to living organisms are called nutrients.

carbohydrates, proteins and fats are called macro nutrients.

Micro nutrients - are those nutrients that require in very small amount minerals and vitamins are
called micro nutrients.

Modes Of Nutrition - There are two main modes of nutrition

1. Autotrophic Nutrition 2.Heterotrophic Nutrition.

1. Autotrophic Nutrition- The mode of nutrition in which an organism makes its own food
from inorganic raw materials like Co2 and H2o in surrounding by using sunlight is called
autotrophic nutrition. Green plants , blue-green algae and autotrophic bacteria follow the
autotrophic mode of nutrition.

a.Photoautotrophs - harvest energy from light to produce organic matter for ex-plant-Glucose.

b.Chemoautotrophs – a few bacteria use chemicals from their surroundings to drive energy by the
process of oxidation for example sulphur bacteria use sulphur.

2.Heterotrophic Nutrition -The mode of nutrition in which an organism depends on others for
food is called heterotrophic nutrition. it is categorised aws holozoic , saprophytic and parasitic
nutrition.

a.Holozoic –the mode of nutrition in which an organism takes complex food material of others into
body by the process of ingestion most animal follow this mode of nutrition. ex-man , cat and
amoeba etc.
b.saprophytic- the mode of nutrition in which organism obtain its food from dead and decaying
organic materials of plant and animals by secreting digestive juices on them. For example
mushroom, yeast,etc.

c.Parasitic-the mode of nutrition in which organism derives its food from the body of another
organism (i.e.host) without killing it.for example-leeches ,cuscutta,etc.

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION-

Photosynthesis-The process by which green plants make or synthesize their own food using Co 2 and H2o
in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight is also called photosynthesis.

 Raw Materials for Photosynthesis : Carbondioxide , water and sunlight.

The following events occur during this process:

(1) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

(2) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules Into hydrogen
and oxygen.

3 Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

 Site of Photosynthesis :

1.Green plastid. (Chloroplast or Kitchen of the cell)- Chloroplast contain chlorophyll.

chloroplast has two distinct areas

a.grana b. stroma.

Light reaction of photosynthesis takes place in grana.

Dark reaction of photosynthesis takes place in stroma.

Mechanism

The process of photosynthesis can be divided into two main steps

1) Light Reaction or light dependent phase :1. it is a photochemical process in which Light
energy is absorbed by chlorophyll.
2) This light energy breaks up water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen is called
photolysis of water.

3.Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

Dark Reaction OR light independent phase: 1.this reaction is not dependent on light hence it is
called dark reaction

2. This Light energy in the form of ATP and NADPH is utilised for the fixation and
conversion of co2 into simple carbohydrates(i.e. glucose).

exchange of gases in plants

stomata are tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves that are surrounded by two bean
shaped cells called guard cells. Massive amount of gaseous exchange takes place in the
leaves through these pores for the purpose of photosynthesis. exchange of gases also occurs
across the surface of stems, roots and leaves as well When the guard cells absorb water they
swell using the stomata pore to open. Massive amount of passous exchange takes place in the
leaf through these pores for the purpose of photosynthesis. This is called the opening of
stamat
When the quand cells inse water, they shrink and stomatal pores mes closed. This is called
the closing inf

stomata

Som exchange of gres acres acro this surface of the stem, rots and leaves

How is photosynthesis different in desert plants and those in temperate region?

Plants in the temperate repon the light and dark reactions take place one after the other
immediately. In case of desert plants, they all up CO at tight and prepare an interminate
compound. It is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the chlarephyll during the day

Functions of Stomata

 (i) Exchange of gases o2 and co2

 (ii) Loses large amount of water

 during transpiration and helps in up flow of water

  Nutrition in Amoeba

Amoeba has a holozoic nutrition. Thus, solid food particles are ingested which react with
enzymes and are digested. It is an omnivore.
(i) Amoeba move with the help of pseudopodia (extension of cell membrane)
(ii) Food vacule is formed
(iii) Undigested food is thrown out.

 Nutrition in Human Beings : The human digestive system comprises of alimentary

canal and associated digestive glands.

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: As shown in the flow chart, digestion begins from th
mouth.In the mouth it is broken down by salivary amylase. The food moves to the stomach
through the oesophagus which performs persistatic movement. Enzymes and various
digestion juices from liver,gall bladder and pancreas act on the chunks from the stomach in
the small intestine. In the large intestine , the remaining nutrients are absorbed and the
leftover is removed from the body through the rectum and anus.

Respiration

It is a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the
intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic
substances.
(i) Gaseous exchange : Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of carbondioxide.
(ii) Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the CellularRespiration
  Breakdown of Glucose by various pathways

 Respiration

 Human Respiratory System : Passage of air through the respiratory system.

 Mechanism of Breathing

 Exchange of Gases between alveolus, blood and tissues.

 Terrestrial Organism – use atmospheric oxygen for respiration

 Aquatic Organisms – use oxygen dissolved in water.
 Respiration in Plants : Respiration in plants is simpler than the respiration in
animals. Gaseous exchange occur through

1. Stomata in leaves
2. Lenticels in stems
3. General surface of the roots.
Transportation

1. Human beings like other multicellular organism need regular supply of food, oxygen
etc., This function is performed by circulatory system or Transport system.
2. The circulatory system in human beings consists of :

Section view of the Human Heart

 Double Circulation : Blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of
the body.
o Pulmonary circulation : blood moves from the heart to the hugs and back the
heart.
o Systemic circulation :blood moves from the heart to rest of the body and back
to the heart.

 Lymph – a yellowish fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries into the
intercellular spaces. Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in
transportation and destroying germs.

 Transportation in Plants : There are two main conducting tissues in a plant.

(a) Xylem (b) Phloem.

 Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water in the form of vapours.
 Role of Transpiration
1. Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating PULL.
2. Helps in temperature regulation in Plant.
 Translocation : Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different part of the
plant is called Translocation.
 Excretion in human beings : The process of the removal of the harmful metabolic
wastes from the body is called excretion. Excretory system of human beings includes :

1. A pair of kidney
2. A Urinary Bladder
 3. A pair of Ureter
4. A Urethera

 Process of Excretion
Renal artery bring in blood containing waste substances to the kidneys.
Kidney filters blood.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder
where it is stored until it is released through the urethera.

 Function of Kidney : It is remove waste product from the blood i.e., urea which is
produced in the liver.
 Nephron : Each kidney has a large number of filtration units called nephrons.
Nephron is the structural and functional unit of Kidney.

 Mechanism of Urine Formation : The Urine formation involves three steps:

 Glomerular Filtration : Blood is filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman Capsule
of the nephron. This filtrate passes through the tubules of the nephron.

 Tubular re-absorption : Now, useful substances from the filtrate Like ,

glucose, amino acids etc. are reabsorbed by the capillaries surrounding the nephron
into the blood.
 Secretion : Urea, extra water and salts are secreted into the tubule which open up into
the collecting duct & then into the ureter.
 Haemodialysis: The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It is meant for
Kidney failure patient.

Excretion in Plants

1. Oxygen released during photosynthesis.

2. by transpiration
3. Wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant.
4. Waste products stored as gums, resin in old Xylem
5. Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them.
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Hose are gases exchanged in plants?

There are tiny pores present on the surface of the leaf that are surrounded by bru beun shaped cells
called guard cells These pores are called stomata

When the guard cells absorb water they swell using the stomata pore to open. Massive amount of
passous exchange takes place in the leaf through these pores for the purpose of photosynthesis.
This is called the opening of stamat

When the quand cells inse water, they shrink and stomatal pores mes closed. This is called the
closing inf

stomata

Som exchange of gres acres acro this surface of the stem, rots and leaves

How is photosynthesis different in desert plants and those in temperate region?

Plants in the temperate repon the light and dark reactions take place one after the other
immediately. In case of desert plants, they all up CO at tight and prepare an interminate compound.
It is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the chlarephyll during the day

Nutrition in Amoeba
The process by which amoeba obtains as food is called phagocytosis. It can be divided into four
steps-

1. Ingestion

Amoena engulfs the food by forming finger like projections called pudopodia around it. When the
food is completely encircled, die membrane at the tips of pseudopodia dissolves and the food is
captured in the call in a bag like structure called food vacuule

Food parce

2. Digestion

The digestive enzyme released in the cytoplasm unter the food vacuole and digest the food inside it

3. Assimilation

The digested food diffuses into the cytoplasm and is tied there

4. Egestion

The undigested food remaining innisle the food acute are murved to the in

surface of the call is thrown out of the body

Human Digestive system

Digestion is a physiochemical process in which complex substances break down into simpler
substances. Main function of digestion is obtaining energy from food.

The human digestive system consists of nearly 29.5 feet (9m ) long alimentary canal
extending from mouth to anus and associated glands.

Alimentary Canal

1.oral cavity or buccal cavity 2.Oesophagus 3.Stomach 4.Small Intestine 5.Large Intestine
6.Anus.

Digestive Glands

1.Salivary Glands 2.Gestric Gland 3.Liver 4.Pancreas 5.Intestinal Glands.

The role of them in digestion are as follows.

I..Buccal cavity or oral Cavity - mouth opens into a chamber is called oral cavity .it has a
tongue and different types of teeth.

Teeth-Teeth Crush the food and convert into smaller particles.

Tongue-it is a muscular organ that helps in the movement of food into the cavity and mixing
the food with saliva.

Salivary Glands-Salivary glands secretes saliva in to the mouth cavity approx 1-1.5 litre per
day .it contains salivary Amylase or ptyalin enzyme that convert starch into maltose sugar. it
also contains Lysozyme that kills germs.

II.Oesophagus- it is nearly 25 cm long muscular tube that connected mouth to stomach ,

known as food pipe .the oesophagus passes soft masticated food bolus and liquid from
mouth to stomach by periodic contraction called peristalsis movement .

Note-Epiglottis – it is the flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food does
not enter to the wind pipe.

III.Stomach- it is a ‘J’ Shaped muscular hollow organ which expand when food enter it.
It has gastric glands that secrete gastric juice

HCL-1.it makes the medium acidic by which pepsin enzyme is activated to spilt up protein .
1

2.it kills the harmful bacteria present in the food and helps in microbial digestion.

3.it is also essential for absorption of vitamin B12 into stomach.

Mucus-the mucus protects the stomach wall from acidic quality of the gastric juice.

IV. Small Intestine-it is a 5- 6 m long coiled tube extending from stomach to the large
intestine .it has three parts 1.duodenum 2.jejunum and 3.ileum.when stomach releases the
partly digested food into it .it receives the secretion of liver (Bile Juice) and pancreas
(pancreatic juice) their role as follows.

Bile Juice-It makes the food alkaline and also breaks down large fat globules into smaller
one so that the enzyme increase the action this process is called emulsification of fat.

Pancreatic Juice-it has digestive enzymes in short we say ‘LAT’

Lipase - Which breaks down fats.

Amylase-which digest carbohydrates.

Trypsin - Which digest proteins.

The wall of the small intestine also secrets some intestinal juices that complete the
digestion process

Protein to Amino Acid .

Carbohydrates to glucose.

Fats into Fatty Acids or glycerol.

Villi-The inner wall of small intestine has numerous finger like projections called villi .
which increase the surface area of the inner lining of the intestine .they are also richly
supplied with blood vessels or capillaries so that the digested food is easily absorbed into
the blood.
Large Intestine-it is 1.5 m long ,tube like organ that is connected to small intestine at one
end and the anus at the other end. it has four main parts caecum, colon, rectum and and anal
canal. Salt and water are absorbed from residue of food mass by the help of villi and
undigested food is thrown out of the body by anus.

Note-1.opening and closing of stomach, small intestine and anus is controlled by

sphincter muscles.

2.food is remained in stomach for 3-4 hours .

Excreation in animals- The process of expelling non –gaseous nitrogenous wastes like
ammonia ,urea, uric acid along with excess of water ,salts and pigments out of body ,is called
excreation.

Animals and group Main nitrogenous waste Excretory organs

1.Earthworm Ammonia or urea Nephridia
2.Insects Uric acid Malpighian tubules
3.tadpole ammonia kidney
4.Frog Urea kidney
5.king crabs ammonia Coxal glands

Type of animals on the basis on Excretory products-

1.Ammonotelic-Animals excrete their nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia(NH3).

Examples- Protozoans (ex-Amoeba), aquatic amphibians.

2.Uricotelic- Animals excrete their nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid(C5H4N4O3).

Examples-birds, reptiles(ex-lizard, snake ).

3.Ureotelic- Animals excrete their nitrogenous waste in the form of urea(H2N-CO-NH2).

Examples-adult amphibians(ex-frog),Mammals.

EXCRETORY OR URINARY SYSTEM OF HUMAN

Excretory system of man is formed of following parts:

1.Kidneys 2.Ureters 3.Urinary bladders 4.Urethra.

1.Kidney-the main excretory organ of our body are kidneys.

Position –location laterally either sides of vertebral column.

Colour - Dark Red.

Shape-Bean shaped.

Weight-150-170gm.

Size-10cm length,5cm breadth,3cm thickness.

2.Ureters-Two tubes arise from each kidney and carry urine to the bladder.

3.Urinary bladder-this is a muscular sac- like structure where urine is stored until it is
thrown out.

4.Urethra-this is a short muscular tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the
outside of the body.
 . STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NEPHRON

NEPHRON( about 1 million each kidney)-it is a basic structural and functional unit of
kidney. It has two parts

1.Bowman’s Capsule 2.Nephronic tubule.

1. Bowman’s Capsule-it is a cup-shaped structure which is doubled-walled, in the hollow of

which is a network of capillaries called the glomerulus.

2.Nephronic Tube-it is long and coiled. it has three parts

a.PCT-(proximal convoluted tubule)-it is the main site of selective reabsorption of sodium,

glucose, amino acids etc.

b.loop of henle- by loop of henle water and Nacl can be reabsorb.

c.DCT-most of water reabsorbed through the wall of DCT.