IOJ AND REP NOTES ARE QUITE MIXED UP.

UNIT-1:

1. REPORTER-ROLE AND QUALITIES

A reporter plays a crucial role in gathering, investigating, and disseminating news to the
public. Responsibilities include researching and verifying information, conducting interviews,
attending events, and writing articles or producing stories for various media outlets.
Reporters need to adhere to ethical standards, maintain objectivity, and present
information accurately and fairly. They often work under tight deadlines, staying informed
about current events, and adapting to evolving news stories.

15 Qualities of a Reporter:

1. Curiosity:A relentless and insatiable desire to explore the unknown, question

assumptions, and unearth the untold stories that lurk beneath the surface. It's the driving
force that propels a reporter into the depths of an issue, seeking answers that others might
overlook.

2. Research Skills: The profound capacity to delve deep into vast oceans of information,
skillfully navigating through data to discern facts from noise. A skilled reporter employs
meticulous research methods, ensuring the foundation of their narratives is built on a solid
bedrock of verifiable and accurate information.

3. Communication Skills: A dual proficiency in both written and verbal expression, allowing a
reporter to articulate complex information in a manner that is not only comprehensive but
also accessible to a diverse audience. The art of storytelling becomes a powerful tool in their
hands.

4. Adaptability: The inherent flexibility to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of news,

responding adeptly to unforeseen challenges and dynamically adjusting their approach. It's
the ability to remain unfazed amidst chaos, ensuring that the pursuit of truth is not hindered
by external circumstances.

5. Integrity: A steadfast commitment to ethical conduct, wherein a reporter prioritizes the

truth above all else. Upholding the principles of honesty and accountability, they serve as
the unwavering guardians of journalistic integrity, fostering trust among their audience.

6. Objectivity: A disciplined approach to detach from personal biases, allowing a reporter to

present a balanced and impartial narrative. Objectivity is the cornerstone that ensures the
stories told are not colored by individual perspectives but grounded in a fair and unbiased
portrayal of events.

7. Resourcefulness:A knack for making the most out of limited resources, showcasing
ingenuity and adaptability in sourcing information and crafting stories. Resourcefulness
becomes a valuable skill in situations where access to conventional channels might be
restricted or challenging.

8. Resilience: The mental and emotional fortitude to endure tight deadlines, high-pressure
situations, and setbacks without compromising the quality of their work. Resilience
empowers a reporter to persevere in the face of adversity, emerging stronger from
challenges.

9. Collaboration:The ability to work seamlessly within diverse teams, fostering effective

partnerships with photographers, editors, and other collaborators. Collaboration enhances
the breadth and depth of stories, ensuring a comprehensive and well-rounded presentation.

10. Empathy:A deep-seated capacity to understand and relate to the experiences of others,
enabling a reporter to tell stories with a human touch. Empathy bridges the gap between
the storyteller and the audience, creating narratives that resonate on a profound emotional
level.

11. Attention to Detail:A meticulous and detail-oriented approach to fact-checking, ensuring

accuracy in reporting and avoiding errors that could compromise the credibility of the
information presented. Attention to detail is the safeguard against misinformation and
inaccuracies.

12. Courage:The unwavering courage to tackle controversial subjects, confront

uncomfortable truths, and speak truth to power. Courage empowers a reporter to go
beyond the surface, delving into the heart of critical issues that might be shrouded in
complexity or resistance.

13. Inquisitiveness:A perpetual commitment to learning and staying informed about a broad
range of topics. Inquisitiveness drives a reporter to seek continuous improvement, adapting
to the evolving landscape of knowledge and staying ahead in a rapidly changing world.

14. Time Management: The skillful organization of tasks and efficient allocation of time to
meet deadlines. Effective time management ensures that a reporter can juggle multiple
projects simultaneously without compromising the quality and thoroughness of their work.

15. Technological Proficiency:The adept use of digital tools and responsible leveraging of
social media to enhance the reach and impact of stories. Technological proficiency enables a
reporter to navigate the digital landscape effectively, ensuring their work resonates with
diverse audiences across various platforms.

Conclusion:
In the fast-paced realm of journalism, a reporter's qualities serve as the linchpin for
delivering stories that resonate with accuracy, depth, and societal impact. Each trait, from
curiosity to technological proficiency, contributes to the journalist's ability to not only
narrate events but to illuminate the world with truth and understanding. As guardians of
information, reporters bear the responsibility of embodying these qualities to uphold the
essence of journalism in our ever-evolving society.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF REPORTERS

Reporters gather news and information through multiple sources, verify the source for
reliability and the information for accuracy, create a report and submit it to an editor or
producer. They obtain information from their contacts, through personal interviews, press
conferences and from other news agencies. They travel to relevant locations and verify
information about events from official sources like police, public relations officials and
government agents.

A media house can hold a reporter accountable for the information and reports they deliver.
A media house may issue a corrigendum or retraction if they publish or broadcast false
reports. Apart from sending accurate reports, reporters also have other responsibilities,
including:
Taking responsibility for the information they share.

When a reporter submits an article to their editor or anchor, the responsibility is on the
reporter to verify background information. If they report a crime, they talk to police officials
and witnesses before writing a story. A reporter also has to fit the report within the word
count and finish preparation within a timeframe that an editor or producer may stipulate. If
a reporter's story could be sensitive, they may talk to an in-house legal team to check if they
can publish it.

Performing investigative reporting

Editors assign important issues that concern the public, like corruption, to one or more
reporters depending on the magnitude of the issue. The primary responsibility of
investigating all facets of the issue lies with the reporter. Reporters talk to many people who
may help them in recording evidence to support their stories. Media companies may not
publish stories if reporters cannot support them with adequate evidence. Some reporters
may also work with people or organisations as undercover reporters to get crucial evidence
for their stories.
Complying with legal and regulatory parameters.

Organisations train and instruct reporters to follow legitimate procedures to obtain

information for a story. If they are recording an interview, doing it without a person's
consent could be illegal. It's essential for reporters to remember the privacy and the rights of
individuals and institutions of which they write.

Addressing ethical responsibilities

Reporters constantly travel and investigate newsworthy items. They typically perform
unbiased reporting, presenting the perspectives of all concerned parties. Obtaining
information through ethical practices is very important to a reporter's work. Reporters
usually avoid obtaining information through coercion, blackmail or bribery.

2. COVERING OF BEATS-CRIME,COURTS,CITY REPORTING,HEALTH,EDUCATION,SPORTS:

 News beats, also known as reporting beats or coverage beats, refer to specific areas or
topics that journalists specialize in covering. Reporters are assigned beats to focus on
particular subject areas and become knowledgeable and experienced in those fields. This
beat system helps news organizations provide comprehensive coverage across various
topics. Here are some common news beats:

1. Politics and Government: Reporters covering politics and government focus on covering
elections, legislative activities, political campaigns, policy decisions, government institutions,
and the activities of political leaders and parties.

3. Business and Economy: Journalists on the business beat report on financial markets,
companies, economic trends, corporate earnings, industry analysis, entrepreneurship, and
economic policy.

3. Health and Science: Reporters covering the health and science beat report on medical
research, public health issues, healthcare policies, breakthroughs in science, advancements
in technology, and developments in the fields of biology, physics, and chemistry.

4. Education: Journalists covering the education beat report on schools, colleges,

universities, educational policies, curriculum changes, student affairs, and educational trends
and issues.

5. Environment and Sustainability: Reporters on the environment beat focus on issues

related to climate change, environmental conservation, renewable energy, pollution, natural
resources, and environmental policies and regulations.

6. Crime and Justice: Journalists covering the crime and justice beat report on criminal
activities, law enforcement, court proceedings, legal issues, crime prevention, and the
criminal justice system.

What is a Journalist’s Beat?

● Beat journalism is thematically dividing journalists based on
specific subjects and topics that they cover.
● Beat reporting, also known as specialised reporting, is a genre of
journalism focused on a particular issue, sector, organisation, or
institution over time.

● It was invented at the end of the 19th century in the United

States with the aim to increase the efficiency of journalistic work.

The Big Three:

A city newspaper that focuses exclusively on local stories will assign its
best reporters to the following three beats:
● Crime
● Civic Affairs
● Court

Crime as news: There are various types of crime news including

fires, accidents, robberies, burglaries, fraud, murders, blackmail,
kidnapping and rape.
Crime reporting is a critical facet of journalism that involves covering
criminal activities, law enforcement actions, legal proceedings, and their
impact on society. This type of reporting serves several purposes,
including informing the public, holding authorities accountable, and
contributing to discussions on crime prevention and criminal justice
reform. Here's a detailed note on crime reporting:

**1. Role and Importance:

Crime reporting plays a crucial role in keeping the public informed about
incidents that may affect their safety and well-being. It serves as a
watchdog function, holding law enforcement and the justice system
accountable for their actions and decisions.

**2. Elements of Crime Reporting:

● Breaking News: Crime reporters are often the first on the scene to
cover breaking news related to criminal activities. This requires
quick thinking, effective communication skills, and the ability to
provide accurate information in a timely manner.
● Investigative Reporting: Beyond immediate events, crime reporters
engage in investigative journalism to uncover deeper issues,
corruption, or flaws within the criminal justice system. This involves
extensive research, interviews, and analysis.
● Courtroom Coverage: Crime reporters attend court proceedings to
provide detailed coverage of trials and legal developments. They
must understand legal procedures, terminology, and convey
complex information to the public.

**3. Challenges in Crime Reporting:

● Sensitivity: Crime reporters must balance the need for information

with sensitivity towards victims and their families. Handling
traumatic events requires empathy and ethical considerations to
avoid causing further harm.
● Accuracy vs. Speed: Balancing the need for speed with the
requirement for accuracy is a constant challenge. In the rush to
 report breaking news, ensuring the information is correct is
paramount.
● Ethical Dilemmas: Crime reporters often face ethical dilemmas, such
as respecting the presumption of innocence, avoiding the
sensationalization of crime, and deciding when to disclose
information that may impact ongoing investigations.

**4. Impact on Communities:

● Crime reporting has a direct impact on public perception,

community safety, and policy discussions. Responsible reporting can
contribute to informed discussions on crime prevention, community
policing, and criminal justice reform.
● It can also shed light on systemic issues, disparities, and challenges
within the criminal justice system, prompting societal reflections
and calls for change.

**5. Technological Advances:

● Advancements in technology have transformed crime reporting,

providing new tools for journalists. Social media, live streaming, and
data analysis contribute to more comprehensive and real-time
reporting.

Key Responsibilities

Reporting Breaking News:

Crime reporters often need to respond quickly to breaking news,

covering crime scenes, and providing real-time updates. This
requires the ability to gather accurate information under pressure
while ensuring sensitivity to the victims and their families.

Building Relationships with Law Enforcement:

Developing sources within law enforcement agencies is essential for

crime reporters. Building trust with police officers, detectives, and
other officials can lead to exclusive information and insights into
ongoing investigations.

Balancing Sensationalism and Sensitivity:

Crime reporting can be sensationalized, and journalists must strike a

balance between grabbing the audience's attention and respecting
the privacy and dignity of victims and their families. Ethical
 considerations are crucial in avoiding the exploitation of tragedy for
the sake of headlines.

In conclusion, crime reporting is a dynamic and challenging field within

journalism. It requires a combination of investigative skills, ethical
considerations, and a commitment to serving the public interest. As
technology and society continue to evolve, crime reporters play a vital
role in shaping public discourse on crime and justice.

7. Sports: Sports reporters cover professional and amateur sports events, teams, athletes,
sports-related controversies, game analysis, sports business, and sports culture.

INTRODUCTION
A sports beat refers to a specific area or topic within the field of sports journalism that a
journalist or media outlet covers extensively. For example, someone might be assigned the
"basketball beat" or the "football beat," meaning they focus primarily on reporting, analyzing,
and writing about events and news related to that particular sport.

AREAS OF COVERAGE
Areas of coverage in a sports beat refer to specific aspects or categories within the realm of
sports that a journalist or media outlet focuses on.

1) Games and Matches: Sports beat coverage includes in-depth analysis of games and
matches. This involves previews, live play-by-play updates, post-game analysis, score
reporting, highlight reels, player interviews, injury updates, controversies, fan reactions, team
dynamics, statistics, historical context, upsets, global competitions, and individual player
spotlights, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of sporting events.

2)Player Profiles: Sports beat coverage includes detailed player profiles, offering insights
into athletes' backgrounds, achievements, challenges, and personal stories. Journalists
delve into the lives and careers of players, providing fans with a comprehensive
understanding of the individuals behind the sports performances and contributing to a richer
narrative within the sporting world.

3) Team Updates: In sports beat coverage, team updates are crucial, tracking dynamic
aspects such as transfers, injuries, and overall developments within sports teams.
Journalists deliver timely and relevant information, keeping fans abreast of changes that
influence team dynamics and performance, contributing to a comprehensive understanding
of the sporting landscape.
4) Injuries and Health Updates: Sports beat coverage includes meticulous reporting on
injuries and health updates, providing insights into athletes' well-being. Journalists offer
details on the nature, severity, and recovery processes, enabling fans to understand the
impact on player performance and team dynamics. This coverage ensures a comprehensive
view of the athletes' physical condition within the sporting context.

5)Off-field Stories: Sports beat coverage extends beyond the field, exploring off-field stories
like controversies, disciplinary actions, and legal matters involving athletes or sports
organizations. Journalists provide context, shedding light on the personal, social, and
professional aspects that shape the broader narrative of the sports world, captivating fans
with a holistic perspective.

6) Policy and Governance: Sports beat coverage delves into policy and governance,
examining the political aspects within sports organizations. Journalists report on decision-
making processes, governance structures, and international relations in sports. This
coverage provides insight into the rules, regulations, and leadership shaping the sporting
landscape, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the sports industry.

7) Fan Engagement: Reporting on fan experiences, reactions, and engagement with sports
events.Fan engagement is the process of interacting with fans before, during and after
events to encourage their active participation, using a variety of channels and methods, with
a view to creating and strengthening an emotional, lasting bond.For example, in the sports
industry, fans will often follow an athlete during their career. They'll purchase merchandise
and watch games online or on TV. They'll attend events and follow them on social media.

8) Technology and Innovation: Covering advancements in sports technology, equipment,

and training methods.Sports technology refers to technologies that are developed to
optimize human interaction and athletic performance within the world of sportsThis could be
anything from technical attempts to improve athlete training and performance to systems that
help referees make more precise calls out on the field.Ultimately, technological
advancements in sports are meant to push the sports tech industry further into optimization.

9) Major Sports Leagues: Covering professional leagues like the NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, and
MLS.The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North
America composed of 30 teams. It is one of the major professional sports leagues in the
United States and Canada and is considered the premier professional basketball league in
the world.Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball league. One of the major
professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, MLB comprises 30 teams,
divided equally between the National League (NL) and the American League (AL).

10) Individual Sports: Reporting on events and athletes in sports such as tennis, golf, boxing,
MMA, and auto racing.Individual sports are also known as solo sports. These are sports that
one competes in by oneself. Individual sports are characterized by the fact that participants
do not have teammates to rely on to achieve the main objective.

11) College Sports: Following collegiate athletics, including NCAA football and basketball, as
well as other sports at the collegiate levelCollege sports or college athletics encompasses
non-professional, collegiate and university-level competitive sports and games..
12) High School Sports: Covering local high school athletics, including football, basketball,
baseball, soccer, and more.High school sports presents a competitive challenge on and off
the field; student athletes typically practice every day while juggling homework for school at
the same time. This challenge helps to build students’ characters and work ethics on and off
the field.

13) International Competitions: Reporting on events like the Olympics, World Cup, World
Championships, and other global sporting events.
Reporting on events like the Olympics, World Cup, and World Championships involves
providing in-depth coverage of various sports on a global scale. For instance, analyzing the
historic achievements of athletes like Usain Bolt in track and field at the Olympics or the
intense rivalries and memorable moments in the FIFA World Cup adds depth to the
reporting.

14) Emerging Sports: Covering new or less mainstream sports gaining popularity, such as
esports, extreme sports, and niche competitions.
Covering esports involves reporting on the competitive scenes of video games like League
of Legends or Counter-Strike: Global Offensive.

15) Sports Business: Reporting on the business side of sports, including contracts,
sponsorships, team ownership, and financial aspects of the industry. Reporting on the
business side could involve discussions on the lucrative Indian Premier League (IPL) and its
impact on cricket economics. Examining sponsorships and endorsements of Indian athletes,
such as Virat Kohli's association with brands like Puma and MRF, sheds light on the local
sports business landscape.

16) Legal and Regulatory Issues: Covering legal matters in sports, such as player contracts,
labor disputes, doping scandals, and regulatory changes. Covering legal matters in Indian
sports might include cases like the spot-fixing scandal in the IPL, providing insights into
match-fixing controversies. Analyzing regulatory changes, such as the implementation of the
National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA), showcases efforts to maintain fair play and integrity in
Indian sports.

17) Health and Fitness: Reporting on topics related to sports science, athlete training, injury
prevention, nutrition, and wellness.
Reporting on sports science in India could involve discussions on advancements in cricket
training techniques, reflecting the emphasis on player development.

18) Social and Cultural Impact: Exploring the broader societal impact of sports, including
issues related to race, gender, politics, and activism within the sports world. Reporting on
gender issues might include the achievements of Indian women athletes like PV Sindhu in
badminton or the success of the Indian women's cricket team. Additionally, examining the
political and cultural significance of major events like the Commonwealth Games hosted in
India in 2010 adds a local context to global sporting spectacles.

In conclusion, the diverse landscape of sports journalism, spanning international

competitions, emerging sports, sports business, legal and regulatory issues, health and
fitness, as well as social and cultural impact, underscores the rich tapestry that defines this
journalistic beat. Sports journalists, akin to skilled storytellers, navigate through triumphs,
controversies, and transformative moments, capturing the essence of athleticism and its
profound influence on society.

This comprehensive coverage not only satisfies the hunger for thrilling sports narratives but
also amplifies the broader societal conversations interwoven with these events. As the lens
of sports journalism continues to evolve, its role extends beyond match results to explore the
intricate connections between sports and the human experience, reflecting the values,
challenges, and aspirations that resonate across diverse audiences worldwide. In embracing
this multifaceted approach, sports journalism stands as a dynamic force in shaping the
narratives that bind individuals to the universal language of sports.

Challenges of sports Journalism

In India, many people think that Sports Journalism tends to focus only on cricket, much to
the detriment of other sports.

This assumption is not entirely true, and what they forget to keep in mind is the fact that
media, like any other industry, works on the principle of Demand and Supply.

The editors and reporters provide the content that the audiences want, and the advertisers
are willing to sponsor.

Even if the media houses want to give coverage to other sports, they will have to do it at
their own costs, since the advertisers will only sponsor the sports which garner the highest
TRPs and are therefore most profitable to them. Hence, more often than not, it is the
sponsors and advertisers who decide which sport should get what amount of coverage.
Going against their wishes can prove to be very costly for the media houses – both literally,
and metaphorically.

The “experts”

Since the last twenty years or so, the field of sports journalism is slowly being invaded and
taken over by the so called “experts” or recently retired sportspersons. Since these ex-
players have a celebrity value, news organizations are more than willing to hire them at the
cost of full time sports journalists.

Again, the logic here is profit maximization. More people would read the newspaper if a
column is written by an ex-cricketer rather than a reporter.
Political Clouts in Sports Federations

There are many instances when leading media houses have taken on the corruption and
mismanagement in Indian sports bodies and federations, but many times they are bound by
certain restrictions.

Every sports federation in India has a coterie of the rich and powerful. They are run by
politicians and businessmen, when in true essence they should be headed by
sportspersons. It is harmful for any business to take on such a powerful clique.

The other problem with these bodies is that their meetings are not open to the press. This
means that only a few journalists get the inside information from those members who are on
good terms with them, and the rest of the reporters write reports on mere speculations and
hearsay. This leads to confusion and even contradictions, when the official press releases
are out.

AWARDS IN SPORTS BEATS

1. The Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award, also known as the Khel Ratna: It stands
as India’s prestigious sports recognition, honoring athletes who have brought
immense glory to the nation through their exceptional performances in diverse
sporting disciplines. Bestowed by the Indian government through the Department of
Sport, is an annual recognition presented to outstanding athletes who have
demonstrated exceptional performance in their respective sports over a four-year
period. This prestigious award, administered by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and
Sports, carries a substantial cash prize of Rs 25 lakh. It stands as the pinnacle of
achievement in the realm of sports, a coveted honor that every athlete aspires to
attain during their career.
2. The Arjuna Award:The Arjuna Award is a prestigious recognition bestowed upon
athletes in India by the Government of India. Instituted in 1961, it is named after
Arjuna, a revered character from the Hindu epic Mahabharata, known for his
exceptional skill in archery. The award aims to honor athletes who have displayed
outstanding performance and brought glory to the nation in their respective
sports.Eligibility for the Arjuna Award is open to athletes from all recognized sports
disciplines. To qualify, athletes must have consistently excelled at the international
level for the past four years, demonstrating exceptional skill, consistency, and
sportsmanship.
3. The Dronacharya Award: The Dronacharya Award is a prestigious recognition in
Indian sports, named after the legendary guru Dronacharya from the Mahabharata.
Established in 1985 by the Government of India, it honors coaches who have made
significant contributions to the success of athletes at national and international levels.
The award ceremony takes place annually on National Sports Day, August 29th.
4. The Major Dhyan Chand Award:The Major Dhyan Chand Award is named after the
legendary Indian hockey player Major Dhyan Chand, who is widely regarded as one
of the greatest field hockey players of all time. Instituted in 2002 by the Government
of India, this award recognizes outstanding lifetime achievements in sports. It is
conferred upon athletes who have contributed significantly to the promotion of sports
even after their retirement from active play. The Major Dhyan Chand Award is one of
 the highest honors for lifetime achievement in sports in India, celebrating excellence,
dedication, and sportsmanship.
5. Olympic Medals: The Olympic Games, held every four years, feature competitions in
various sports, and athletes compete to win gold, silver, and bronze medals. These
medals are awarded to the top three athletes or teams in each event, representing
their achievement and excellence on the world stage.
6. FIFA Ballon d'Or: The FIFA Ballon d'Or is an annual football award presented by
FIFA. It has been awarded since 2010, combining the former FIFA World Player of
the Year award and the Ballon d'Or, which was previously presented by France
Football magazine. It is awarded to the male player who has performed the best over
the previous year, as voted on by international journalists and national team coaches
and captains.
7. BBC Sports Personality of the Year: It is an annual awards ceremony that recognizes
and celebrates the achievements of British sports personalities. This award includes
three categories, Sports Personality of the Year, Team of the Year, and Coach of the
Year. One distinctive feature of SPOTY is that the winners are determined by a
public vote. Viewers and sports fans across the UK can vote for their favorite athletes
and teams. It covers a wide range of sports from football to tennis, rugby, cycling,
etc.
8. Laureus World Sports Award: First held in 2000, the annual event honours the
greatest and most inspirational sporting triumphs of the year and showcases the
work of Laureus Sport for Good. Shortlists for seven categories (Sportswoman,
Sportsman, Team, Breakthrough, Comeback, Action and Sport for Good) are created
by votes from more than 1,000 sports media from over 70 countries. The Laureus
World Sports Academy (a unique group of sporting legends) votes for the winners in
each shortlisted category. Broadcast around the world, the Awards also provides a
global platform for supporting Laureus Sport for Good, by showcasing the incredible
work done to transform young lives around the world.

8. Entertainment and Culture: Reporters on the entertainment beat cover movies, music,
television, theater, celebrity news, cultural events, art exhibitions, and trends in popular
culture.
9. Technology: Journalists covering the technology beat report on advancements in
technology, gadgets, internet trends, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and the impact of
technology on society and industries.

10. Local News: Local news reporters cover news and events specific to a particular region
or community. They focus on local government, community issues, events, local businesses,
and neighborhood developments.
These are just a few examples of news beats, and there can be many other specialized beats
depending on the focus and scope of the news organization. Reporters may cover multiple
beats throughout their careers or specialize in a specific area of expertise.

3. COVERING SPEECHES,MEETINGS AND PRESS CONFERENCE

Introduction: Speech
A speech is a formal address or presentation typically delivered by a single speaker to an
audience. It can be done via different forms of media. Speakers are usually invited and
sometimes paid to address an audience.
It is a structured and prepared communication designed to convey a specific message,
share information, or persuade the audience. Speeches are often delivered on special
occasions, events, or as part of a public speaking engagement
When covering a speech, journalists not only report on what was said, but also analyze
the context, implications, potential impact, and newsworthiness of the speech.
The basics of covering and reporting on significant speeches are key journalism skills,
requiring both transmission of the speaker's key messages as well as contextualization
and evaluation of the speech.

Covering Speeches,
It is broadly classified into 3 phases
Phase 1: Pre-Event Preparation:
Events are usually announced in advance and often have time for thorough preparation.
Preparing for the speech story:
• Not every speech will demand a great deal of research. Many speeches will be dry and
routine. The person giving the speech will be some influential person or someone who
holds authority. At other times, you might get an assignment on short notice and be
forced to find background information after hearing the speech. In either case, never
take the speaker or the topic for granted. Not getting enough background on the
speaker and the speech almost leads to failure to write a comprehensive speech story.
• If you haven’t covered the speaker before, the first step is to research and identify the
person correctly. Get their middle name, their name initials, and the background
information of that person so you don’t mix them with someone else who has a similar
or same name.
• You may need to understand the topic and research the topic thoroughly so that you
have a deep insight into the topic and can ask the questions relevant to the topic.
• Next, check your organization’s (news station’s) library to see if the reporters had
interviewed the person previously and what they had to say about the speaker. If you
have access to the national database of newspaper and magazine stories refer to it and
use it.
 • If the speech is important enough, you might want to contact the speaker beforehand
for a brief interview. You might go ahead of time to interview the speaker after the
speech. You might have questions or points to clarify.
• Not every speech demands this much effort. But even the most routine speech
assignments require preparation. Doing a good job demands that you read the news and
know what is going on. You must keep up with current events.
• If you don’t regularly listen to or read the news, subscribe to a feed from one of the
major news organizations or like any of the big news organizations to get news from
them.
It is important to confirm each detail, place, time, etc, and ensure that we have all the
permission and permits to attend the same.
To set the stage for effective real-time reporting, arriving early is important. This allows
you to secure a prime position and provides time for equipment setup and testing.
Verify the functionality of your recording devices, cameras, and any other tools crucial
for your coverage

Choosing your position at the venue is a critical aspect of successful real-time reporting.
Choose the position with a clear line of sight and audibility. Depending on your role –
whether a photographer, videographer, or journalist – consider how your position
impacts the quality of your coverage.

Phase 2: During the Speech:

Preparing to cover an event is only the beginning. Knowing what to do when you get
there is equally important.
You must cover the entire event, Be at the venue well before the speech begins to
ensure you have ample time to set up your equipment and secure a good vantage. All
the aspects should be well covered- the content of the speech, the number of people
involved; and the possible consequences of what was said or the actions taken.
As the speaker takes the stage, your focus should shift to active listening. Capturing the
essence of the speech involves not just noting the words spoken but understanding the
key messages, anecdotes, and any statements that resonate. Your ability to discern the
nuances of the speaker's tone and emotion contributes to the depth of your real-time
coverage. A story about a speech often requires direct quotes. For example, if a speaker
gives you supporting evidence for an argument, you would be unfair if you didn’t quote
them. Quotes can be misleading if you carelessly or deliberately juxtapose them.
Combining quotes with no indication that something was said in between them can lead
to inaccuracies and to charge of unfairness.
The art of note-taking becomes paramount during real-time reporting. Armed with a
notepad or recording device, record notable quotes, key points, and any visual aids or
presentations used by the speaker. Effective note-taking ensures accuracy in your
reporting and provides a foundation for your subsequent analysis.
social media engagement can be an important aspect in various cases as Leveraging
social media during the speech allows for immediate audience engagement. Live-
tweeting, sharing quotes, and posting highlights on platforms like Twitter can provide
real-time updates to your audience. Use event-specific hashtags to maximize visibility
and foster interaction.
Beyond the podium, the audience becomes a canvas of reactions that enrich your
coverage. Observing audience responses – whether applause, laughter, or moments of
silence – adds a layer of authenticity to your reporting. If time permits, consider
engaging with attendees for their immediate reactions and perspectives.
Real-time reporting demands adaptability, especially in the face of unexpected events.
Technical glitches, interruptions, or deviations from the prepared speech can occur.
Being prepared to adjust your approach at the moment ensures your coverage remains
agile and responsive.
Describing the ambiance is a skill that elevates your real-time reporting. Conveying the
overall atmosphere – whether formal, casual, tense, or celebratory – allows your
audience to vicariously experience the event. Your ability to encapsulate the mood
contributes to the immersive nature of your coverage.
An audio recording does not capture a speaker’s facial expressions and gestures. These
are sometimes more important than the words themselves. Simply reporting the words
of a speaker does not indicate the volume and tone of voice, inflections, pauses,
emphases and reactions to and from those in attendance, you mightn’t that a speaker
deliberately winked while reading a sentence. Or you might notice unmistakable
sarcasm in the speaker’s voice. Regardless of who the speaker is or where the speech is
taking place, you should always note the speaker’s background. A person’s words must
often be measured against that individual’s background. The speaker’s personal history.
In events featuring a question-and-answer session, your participation becomes a
valuable asset. Pose questions that seek clarification and provide additional context or
delve deeper into the key themes of the speech. Actively engaging in the Q&A session
adds a participatory element to your reporting.
Medium should be kept in mind during the process
—--------------

Phase 3: Structuring and Writing Your Story

• Writing leads for these events is not very different from writing any other story. Leads
are important aspects in reporting these events.
• You must be careful not to emphasize something about the event that is of great
interest or curiosity but does not lead into the rest of the story.
• Because of the nature of the inverted pyramid news story, rarely but you should follow
the chronology of the event you are covering. The flow of your story might demand
some attention to chronology. If you pay no attention to chronology, your story might
distort, or cause readers to misinterpret, the meaning of the event.

Writing the Speech Story

Enhance the depth of your article by integrating different content. include photos,
videos, or audio clips captured during the speech. It elevates the visual appeal of your
reporting and provides your audience with a holistic and immersive experience.

In real-time reporting, maintaining objectivity is non-negotiable. Differentiate between

factual information and your analysis or interpretation. Ensure your reporting follows
the principles of journalistic integrity and accuracy.
 It is also a valuable opportunity to gather additional insights. Engage with other
journalists, event organizers, or attendees to obtain diverse perspectives. Insights
gathered through different networks contribute to a well-rounded and enriched
narrative.

A trademark of effective real-time reporting is the ability to balance perspectives. It

includes a diverse viewpoint in the coverage, offering your audience an overall and brief
understanding of the speech and its impact.

Conclusion: The Art and Responsibility of Real-time Reporting

In conclusion, covering a speech in real-time as a journalist is an art that combines
preparedness, active listening, and adaptability. From the early moments of arrival to
the crafting of a comprehensive post-event article, your role is not just to report words
but to encapsulate the essence of the moment. By mastering the dynamics of real-time
reporting, you become the bridge that connects the speaker's words to the broader
audience, ensuring that the impact of the speech resonates beyond the confines of the
event venue.

NEWS AGENCY REPORTING:

MEANING AND DEFINITION

News agency, organization that gathers, writes, and distributes news from around a nation
or the world to newspapers, periodicals, radio and television broadcasters, government
agencies, and other users. It does not generally publish news itself but supplies news to its
subscribers, who, by sharing costs, obtain services they could not otherwise afford. All
the mass media depend upon the agencies for the bulk of the news, even including those
few that have extensive news-gathering resources of their own.

It is considered to be the most neutral and unbiased entity in the journalistic world.

The news agency has a variety of forms. In some large cities, newspapers and radio and
television stations have joined forces to obtain routine coverage of news about the police,
courts, government offices, and the like. National agencies have extended the area of such
coverage by gathering and distributing stock-market quotations, sports results, and election
reports. A few agencies have extended their service to include worldwide news. The service
has grown to include news interpretation, special columns, news photographs, audiotape
recordings for radio broadcast, and often videotape or motion-picture film for television news
reports. Many agencies are cooperatives, and the trend has been in that direction
since World War 2. Under this form of organization, individual members provide news from
their own circulation areas to an agency pool for general use. In major news centres the
national and worldwide agencies have their own reporters to cover important events, and
they maintain offices to facilitate distribution of their service.
In addition to general news agencies, several specialized services have developed. In the
United States alone these number well over 100, including such major ones as Science
Service, Religious News Service, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, and News Election Service.
Specialized services in other countries include the Swiss Katholische Internationale
Presseagentur, which reports news of special interest to Roman Catholics, and the Star
News Agency of Pakistan, which supplies news of Muslim interest in English and Urdu.

FEATURES OF NEWS AGENCIES

1. The news agencies have a very rigorous work ethic, and ensure that their reporters
and editors follow the rules religiously simply because news agency reports are used
by hundreds of subscribers across the world. They cannot make mistakes.

2. Unlike a newspaper where a correction can be carried the next morning, the news
agencies have to send corrections to hundreds of subscribers. Therefore, there is a
huge disruption rooting from one mistake. Hundreds of papers, radio stations and TV
channels will be required to amend the error. They will surely not be kind to the news
agency that has put them to such pain.

3. Speed: The news agencies work against the clock. Each minute is a deadline for
them. Some newspaper somewhere in the world is being put to bed; some TV
channel is getting ready to air its next bulletin. The news agencies can’t wait. They
must transmit their report at the earliest.

4. Neutral and fact-based: The news agencies don’t take sides. Their reports are
factual, and free of bias. Even the news analysis has to be based on concrete
evidence. There is no kite flying, insinuations or ambiguities in their reports.

5. Sourcing: The news agency reporter is taught from day one that every report must
be sourced. The news must be attributed to an individual, an official or an
organisation. Reports that are not sourced have to go through the wringer. Senior
editors check and cross-check each point before they allow such reports to be
transmitted.

DIFFERENCE FROM NEWSPAPERS

1. The news agency does not publish any newspaper of its own. Whatever its reporters
structures and management of writers report, is transmitted to the newspapers and
radio and television stations. It is then up mass media in India to the newspaper to
use the news item sent by one news agency or that sent by another news agency, or
use the report prepared by its own reporter. In fact, at times, a newspaper may even
prepare an item quoting some paragraphs from one agency, and some from another
agency. The choice of what item to use will depend on which agency sends its copy
faster and which agency has sent a better written copy. Thus, there is a constant flow
of news from the news agency 24 hours a day, whereas a newspaper 'goes to sleep'
(the printing press) after midnight every night.
2. Every news agency report has to be attributed to a source, unlike a newspaper story.
3. There are no comments, editorializing or interpretation in a news agency report and it
will be purely a factual report.
4. Advertisements, feature stories, creative pieces have no place in news agency report
as they do not have the profit motive from increased readership.

Apart from these basic differences, news agencies differ from the newspapers in their
working:-

i) The news agencies work round-the-clock. Whereas, a newspaper may "go to

sleep" (go for printing) after midnight or soon afterwards, the news agencies are
sending and receiving news twenty four hours a day. Thus, its sub- editors, and
reporters, have to be alert all the time
ii) For the news agencies, it is deadline every-minute. Since a newspaper goes to
the press after midnight, a reporter knows that he has plenty of time to file his
report. But a news agency reporter must file his report immediately, since he
may have to catch a newspaper deadline, in India or abroad, a radio or a
television bulletin and since there is keen competition, each agency tries to
outdo the other, as we have already seen.

iii) Accuracy and speed being very essential for a news agency, it becomes
important that a news agency report should be crisp, precise, and to-the-point. In
fact, news agencies apply the 'Inverted Triangle' principle. This means that the
first paragraph gives the crux-the main gist-of a news story. The second
paragraph will add more details and the third and subsequent paragraph will give
details in order of diminishing importance. The aim is to answer the five W’s and
the one H-what, where, when, who and why, and how-in the first two or three
paragraphs.

iv) Since there is no time for a news agency reporter to confirm or re-confirm facts,
it is important that there is an eye on accuracy. The newspaper reporter gives a
report in the morning, but has the whole day to correct any mistake. But a news
agency reporter will not get another chance.

v) Because a news agency's news is considered the last word, it is necessary that
every news item is attributed to a source. In other words, every news item has to
be quoted from someone, unlike in a newspaper where a reporter can give
his/her own version. Proper sourcing generally results in truthful reporting.

vi) A news agency is not serving the city in which it works, but the whole nation and
beyond. Therefore, its news will not be purely from a local perspective. What is
more, it will often ignore a purely localised event and will prefer to report
something which will be of interest to readers elsewhere. However, every
newspaper devotes lots of space to local news stories, reporting the events in
great detail.
 vii) A news agency generally avoids publicity of commercial units. Of course, this is
only a general guideline, and the decision is taken on the merit of each situation.
A newspaper of course may not mind publicising an individual.

viii) A news agency always gives its news without any comment or personal opinion.
This is unlike a newspaper which may be permitted not only to give a news item
without a source, but also to put in reasonable comments. Objectivity is the buzz
word for news agencies.

REVENUE MODEL

Today, the cost of news generation is prohibitive. News agencies need trained and
experienced reporters in all state capitals and in several world capitals too. They have to pay
small fortunes to telecom companies to transmit news. There are also overheads like
rentals, calling costs and several other sundry expenses. So, how do they make money?

News agencies use two models to generate revenue.

Model 1: The subscription amount is based on the circulation of the newspaper. The
subscription fee paid by small and medium newspapers is much less as compared to the
subscription fee paid by large and multi-edition newspapers. This way the costs are spread,
and the news agencies can build a large subscriber base.

Model 2: The news agencies have introduced several categories of news services. The
base service is priced at a minimal rate. However, only a limited number of stories are sold
under this head.

The full service is priced much higher but then the range of stories is much more. Separate
fees is charged for photographs and infographics. Here too, the news agencies use slab
rates. The more you pay the more photographs you get.

The arrival of news websites has opened one more revenue source for news services. They
now charge a separate fee for use of wire service reports or photographs on the net. News
services like AP, AFP, ANI and Reuters also have a multimedia service where news videos
are also provided.

Despite the plethora of news services, most news printed and broadcast throughout the
world each day comes from only a few major agencies, the three largest of which are
the Associated Press in the United States, Reuters in Great Britain, and Agence France-
Presse in France. Only these and a few others have the financial resources to station
experienced reporters in all areas of the world where news develops regularly (in order to
ensure access to well-organized transmission facilities) or to send them wherever news
develops unexpectedly. These agencies are also equipped to distribute the service almost
instantaneously.

REUTERS

Reuters is a global information and news provider headquartered in London, England, that
serves professionals in the financial, media, and corporate markets. Reuters was standalone
global news and financial information company until it was bought by Thomson Financial
Corporation in 2008.
The parent company, now known as Thomson Reuters Corporation, is headquartered in
New York City.

Paul Julius Reuter established Reuter's Telegram Company in London in 1851 with an
emphasis on providing business news quickly via both telegraph and carrier pigeons.

The agency's first newspaper client was the London Morning Advertiser, and more followed.
The company became known for its international reach, and it was reportedly the first
European newsgroup to break the news of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's assassination
in 1865.

Reuters was a major international news agency by the mid-20th century.

The core strength of Thomson Reuters is in providing content, analytics, trading, and
messaging capabilities needed by financial professionals via its Thomson Reuters Eikon
system. The Reuters news agency offers text, graphics, video, and pictures to subscribers
around the world, including general interest and business news. The company also offers
both general and business news via its proprietary news website, reuters.com.

Reuters is part of the Thomson Reuters Corporation. It is both a global news agency and a
major provider of financial markets trading and analytical software.

Today, Reuters is one of the world's largest international news agencies. It provides tailor-
made broadcast news and print reports to media outlets worldwide on subjects ranging from
terrorism and politics to entertainment and sports. It employs over 2,600 journalists in more
than 200 locations worldwide and reports in 16 languages.

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Associated Press (AP), cooperative 24-hour news agency (wire service), the oldest and
largest of those in the United States and long the largest and one of the preeminent news
agencies in the world. Headquarters are in New York CIty, N.Y.

Its beginnings can be traced to 1846, when four New York City daily newspapers joined a
cooperative venture to provide news of the Mexican-American War. In 1848 six papers
pooled their efforts to finance a telegraphic relay of foreign news brought by ships to Boston,
the first U.S. port of call for westbound transatlantic ships. By 1856 the cooperative had
taken the name New York Associated Press. It sold its service to various
regional newspaper groups, and pressure from the regional customers forced changes in its
control. Midwestern newspaper publishers formed the Western Associated Press in 1862,
and in 1892 it broke from the New York Associated Press and was incorporated separately
in Illinois as the Associated Press.

In 1900 the regional organizations merged, and the modern AP was incorporated.
The Chicago Inter Ocean, a newspaper that did not have AP membership, had brought an
antimonopoly suit, and the AP moved to New York state, where association laws permitted
the group to continue its strict control of membership, including blackballing of applicants for
membership by existing members. In the early 1940s Marshall Field III, who had established
the Chicago Sun, fought his exclusion from the AP service. Prosecution under the federal
antitrust powers ended the AP’s restrictive practices.
In 1967 the AP partnered with the U.S. financial information and publishing firm Dow Jones
& Co., Inc., to launch the AP–Dow Jones Economic Report, which transmitted business,
economic, and financial news across the globe. As computers began to replace typewriters
for many tasks—including writing, editing, and archiving—the AP launched a series of new
technological initiatives, including DataStream (1972), a high-speed news-transmission
service; LaserPhoto (1976), which enabled transmission of the first laser-scanned
photographs; the “electronic darkroom” (1979), which electronically cropped, formatted, and
transmitted photos; and LaserPhoto II (1982), the first satellite colour-photograph network.
For many years the AP had leased more than 400,000 miles (644,000 km) of telephone wire
to carry its transmissions, but its use of radio teleprinters—begun in 1952—
began mitigating the need for leased wires, a trend that increasing employment of satellite
transmissions carried on as subscribers installed appropriate antennas.

In the early 1980s the AP’s staff was made up of some 2,500 reporters and correspondents,
in bureaus in more than 100 U.S. and 50 other cities around the world, who collected and
relayed to member papers news from about 100 countries. Staff efforts were augmented by
those of more than 100,000 reporters of member papers. The agency had more than 6,500
newspaper clients in the early 1980s.

The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, first published in 1977, became
the standard style guide for newswriting in the United States. The AP continued to diversify,
launching a series of new ventures including Associated Press Television (1994; later
renamed Associated Press Television News), a london-based global video news service; AP
All News Radio (1994), a 24-hour radio news network; and the WIRE (1996), an online news
service providing continuously updated audio, photos, text, and video.

In the early 21st century the AP began focusing on various reader initiatives including an
online blog; asap, a multimedia news service targeting younger subscribers and members;
citizen journalism; and the Mobile News Network for mobile phone users. The AP employs
some 4,100 administrative, communications, and editorial workers worldwide. Over the
decades, the news agency has received more than four dozen Pulitzer prizes.

AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE

Agence France-Presse (AFP), French cooperative news agency, one of the world’s great
wire news agency. It is based in Paris, where it was founded under its current name in 1944,
but its roots go to the Bureau Havas, which was created in 1832 by Charles-Louis Havas,
who translated reports from foreign papers and distributed them to Paris and provincial
newspapers. In 1835 the Bureau Havas became the Agence Havas, the world’s first true
news agency. Stressing rapid transmission of the news, Agence Havas established the
first telegraph service in France in 1845. Between 1852 and 1919 the agency worked in
close collaboration with an advertising firm, the Correspondance General Havas. Staff
correspondents for the agency were stationed in many world capitals by the late 1800s.

The German occupation of France suppressed Agence Havas in 1940, and many of its
personnel were active in the underground. After the liberation of Paris in 1944, underground
journalists emerged to set up AFP as a wire-service voice for liberated France. The postwar
French government gave AFP the assets of Agence Havas, including the Paris building that
became its headquarters. AFP quickly joined Thompson Reuters (United Kingdom), TASS
(U.S.S.R.; later, ITAR-TASS of Russia), and the U.S. agencies Associated Press (AP)
and United Press International (UPI) as one of the world’s leading news agencies. In
addition to having bureaus in major French cities, it has bureaus and correspondents in
important world capitals. Besides having contracts with Associated Press, Reuters, and
ITAR-TASS for exchange of news reports, it sells a domestic French news report to most of
the world’s news agencies and provides its worldwide report to many of them. AFP also has
a photo service and a number of specialized news reports, several concerned with African
matters.

INDIAN NEWS AGENCIES

PRESS TRUST OF INDIA (PTI)

Press Trust of India (PTI), news agency cooperatively owned by Indian newspapers, which
joined together to take over the management of the Associated Press of India and the Indian
outlets of the Thomson-Reuters news agency of Great Britain. It began operating in
February 1949 and is headquartered in Mumbai.

A national non-profit enterprise, PTI, which operates primarily in English, became one of the
developing world’s largest cooperativenews agencies. In the 1980s PTI underwent a
program of modernization and diversification; it computerized many of its operations,
introduced services in Hindi language and other languages, and established a television
facility (1986) as well as the country’s first wirephoto service (1987).

In 1976 the government declared a state of emergency and required PTI to merge with
India’s other three major agencies, the English-language United News of India and the
multilingual Hindustan Samachar and Samachar Bharati, but in 1978 the four agencies were
allowed to start operating independently again.

5.INTERVIEWING: DOING THE RESEARCH, SETTING UP THE INTERVIEW,CONDUTING THE

IINTERVIEW

Interviewing is the central Activity in modern journalism. It is now the main means by which
reporters and feature writers gather their material. As the 20th century journalism developed,
interviewing became increasingly important. The Journalist as observer and recorder, attending a
political meeting to report the leader's speech in detail or describing daily life in town.

The interview can be defined as a prearranged face-to-face meeting of a journalist who asks
questions and an intervieeee, who answers them. The interviewee is often notable (or notorious)
and the questions usually focus on them, their life and opinion.

What is a journalist interview?

A journalist interview is a conversation between a journalist and a source that provides
information on a specific subject or topic. For example, as an environmental journalist, you may
interview ecologists and trained professionals to find information about upcoming projects and
initiatives. The point of an interview is to provide first-hand information about a particular subject
that journalists can use to write articles, create content or explore that subject further.
How to conduct an interview as a journalist?
When conducting an interview, it's vital to gain as much information from a source as possible
and build trust. Then the interview might be an effective and well-managed process. An
interviewee is more likely to talk freely if they feel comfortable and the conversation is flowing.
The interview takes place in three main stages. These are:
1.The Pre-interview stage
2.Interview stage
3.Post-Interview

The Pre-interview stage

1. Research the topic ahead of time

Understanding the fundamentals of a subject area is an excellent place to start when
interviewing specialists in a specific field. In-depth research using past articles, online resources
or existing media helps develop insight into a particular topic. For example, if you are
interviewing a financial expert about the state of cryptocurrency, you would research the
different types of cryptocurrencies and how they work ahead of time. This knowledge allows for
more accurate and focused interview questions relevant to that professional's area of
experience.
2. Decide on the interview format
Interviews can take different formats and styles that may affect which questions you ask and
how you ask them. For example, an interview for a light, five-minute online video feature differs
from an hour-long, in-depth interview covering complex theories and ideas for a serious article.
Understanding the audience of the interview and thinking about the most suitable format can
help you decide on the style of interview and the questions you could ask.

3. Arrange a time, date and place

Organizing a date, time and place for your interview is the next step. For example, if you're
filming an interview for use on social media, you may hire a studio and arrange for make-up and
a camera crew for your interview. Not every interview is in-person, with videoconferencing and
phone calls making it easy to speak to your source from a distance. The correct location for your
interview depends on how in-depth your interview is and the content you'd like to produce.

4. Determine your interview questions

Your interview questions provide the starting point for a conversation with an
interviewee. Writing down all of the questions that give the answers you require can
help you decide which are most important and the order in which to ask them. For
example, you can start with background questions to learn more about the source,
followed by in-depth questions about their work or specialization to gain further insight
into their area of expertise.

Interview stage

INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUES

An American writer John Brady put it “No Talking journalist ever held a good interview”. The
description of an interview as “a conversation with a purpose” is misleading, unless what’s in mind is
a cleverly guided, very one-sided conversation.

Interviews need to master the non-questioning skills of eliciting information and quotes. These are
to:

1. Listen and encourage

2. Use silence
3. Make statements requiring confirmation/denial
4. Summarize and move on.

LISTEN AND ENCOURAGE

1. Listening requires immense concentration and is exhausting. Anyone aiming for an interview
longer than an hour is advised to take a break, for their own sake as well as the
interviewee’s. Listening also requires empathy, discipline, understanding and patience. Being
tense, indifferent, hostile, impatient or distracted won’t make you a good listener.
2. Listening is not the same as hearing. Good listening is hearing and understanding. In face-to-
face interviews it means you are interested in what’s being said and show it clearly, so you
should look at your interviewee.
3. Interviewees won’t maintain steady eye contact with you but they need to know when they
check back- as they do at irregular intervals- that you’re concentrating on them. Celebrities
often have a greater need than most to be looked at because they’re used to it.
4. Once you have got people talking, you need to encourage them to continue. This means
using reassurance body language: mirroring their posture in the first place, using nods, head
tilts, leaning forwards, smiling. Too many forced nods look ridiculous and inhibit rather than
encourage your interviewee. Use of uh-huh, right, yes, I see, is that so also works.

USE SILENCE

1. Its’s difficult to be silent- again the nature for some journalists- but it’s one of the most
valuable techniques. So get into the habit of not jumping in with another question or
comment as soon as the interviewee has finished speaking
2. Don’t over-do it, though and use really long silences. They’re counter-productive, leading to
short answers.
3. If you need extra persuasion to keep silent, bear in mind that the more you interrupt, the
less you listen and the less they will talk. What to listen for?
 4. Listening to precisely what is said is particularly important if the interviewee is well practiced
in dealing with journalists. In these days of sophisticated news management, many
interviewees are trained in how to respond to unwelcome questions. They know that the
truth and nothing but the truth is easy but that the whole truth is killer. So given a choice
between lying, fudging, evading or telling the truth, they will opt for a limited amount of
truth because it’s easy to remember and a great protection. That’s why listening to exactly
what they saw is essential.
5. Listening attentively is an obvious compliment to the interviewee. It also allows you to
collect the information you’re after and ask intelligent supplementary questions.

MAKING STATEMENT REQUIRING CONFIRMATION/DENIAL

1. Questioning sits on the continuum that ranges from casual checking at one end to
interrogating at the other. Considering the power of the press, it’s easy to understand why
many people are apprehensive before being interviewed.
2. One way to put them at their ease is not ask questions but to seek confirmation.
3. Gathering information this way is a knack that can take some time to acquire. The tone is
generally softer and friendlier.
4. Getting information confirmed usually reassure interviewees that you’re getting facts right,
but if you are trying to get them to confirm something not to their advantage, then a
question is often wiser.
5. Negative statements can often provoke a lively, vigorous denial but be sure of interviewee
before you try this too often.

SUMMARISE AND MOVE ON

1. One last and valuable type of statement is the summary. Use this when your interviewee is
over-talkative. Summarize what they have said, restate it and then you can move on.

QUESTIONS:

Lynn Barber Quotes “Clever Questions are a waste of time: the really clever question is the shortest
one that will elicit the longest, most interesting answer- in practice usually “why”.

CATEGORIES AND CATEGORISING:

1. CLOSED
2. OPEN
3. LEADING

CLOSED

These are commonly defined as questions that can be answered ‘yes’ or ‘no’ but more sensibly as
questions about the fact or opinion that can be answered briefly. Closed questions are ideal for
establishing essential statics, names, job titles, locations, once the interview is under way.
Using too many closed questions damps down the interest of the interviewee. They move into
answering, not talking, mode. The more closed questions are asked, the shorter the answers to any
open questions will be.

OPEN

Open questions require more than a few words for a satisfactory answer. Among variations of the
open question is the echo, to be used when you sense that interviewee might like to saw more, but
that direct probing might not draw it out.

1. Amplification: Used to elicit detailed extra information. The task here to get the4 person to
give specific examples.
2. Clarification- The more you interview, the more you realize how important it is to che4ck
you’ve understood what you’ve been told.

Good open questions catch the interviewee’s interest and unlock a wealth of information and
opinion, encouraging them to talk freely because interviewer appears interested in their views.

LEADING

Because they can usually be answered shortly. Like “you’re a lib dem, aren’t you?” “How did you
react? Were you furious?” Leading questions have a bad reputation, but they’re much used in
everyday conversation and experience shows that if the interviewee like the questioner, they have
little effect on the answers unless the suggested answer is way off beam

HOW QUESTIONS SHOULD BE?

1. SHORT,SIMPLE,CLEAR: since the first interview requirement is to communicate, common

sense dictates that short questions are better than long ones, simple questions better
complicated ones.
Examples: what do you think of Australia? Wonderful place. Loved it, especially crossing the
nullabor plain…..
2. CUSTOMISE YOUR QUESTIONS: Make questions suit your interviewee. The creative, by
contrast, welcome the “what would you do if…?” approach and will freewheel away into
fantasy, which can make for good copy.
Example; “if you’re planning a gourmet vegetarian meal-who would you invite and what
would you cook for them?”
3. AVOID INTERROGATION: DON’T. Always try to interview person to person, adult to adult,
and eyeball to eyeball. Neither abuse nor elevate yourself up.
4. TELLING TRIO: Three questions. “When did this start? And then? What of the future?” These
are,in effect questions to discover the beginning, the middle and the end of a story.
5. USEFUL QUESTIONS: Here, then, are questions that have worked for a variety of journalists.
There’s no such thing as a never-fail question but there are some reliable. These include old
faithful like: ‘what is the best/worst……? If you had 2 mins on national tv….?’
6. SOFTLY: Skillful interviewers can ask almost anybody and get a reasonable response.
Approach and style are what counts. You can ask tough or rude questions if you ask in the
right away. The really offensive questions are those that relate to what people can’t change-
their height, color of their skin, physical attributions. Eg. SUE LAWLEY ON DESERT ISLOANDS
DISCS questions people about the murders they’ve committed, suicide attempts and for
Indian context simmi Grewal shows.
 7. START NICE- If you want to ask important questions that you sense your interviewee will not
wish to answer, approach gently and if you meet refusal, anger or aggression, quickly veer
away- apologizing if that’s your style- returning to the subject later.
8. GOOD HUMOUR, HUMOUR AND CHEEK: Good Humor is an interviewer is a great plus unless
your interviewee is pompously self-important. A cheerful approach helps interviewees relax.
It also can prevent or defuse anger, deflect aggression and lighten intense situations.
9. PERSIST: If your interviewee doesn’t want to answer, you may decide to move on to the next
subject. That is tantamount to admitting defeat unless you do so deliberately, intending to
return to the subject later.
10. KEEP THEM TALKING: keep your cool, keep your head and keep them talking, the more they
talk, the more noticeable refusals are.

QUESTIONS NOT TO ASK:

1. Don’t prove how stupid you are by asking smart-ass, clever questions. They infuriate
interviewers. Because you’re showing off rather than trying to gather information and
because it breaks they-are-the-star guidelines.
2. Don’t ask the first question that leaps to mind. It will have leapt to every mind too.
3. Don’t badge or hector. Its counter-productive.
4. Don’t ask what you should have known from research
5. Above all, don’t ask: “how do you feel?”

Post interview

1. Follow up and stay in touch

Following up with your source and keeping in touch helps establish a good relationship and

provides the opportunity for future interviews. For example, you may want to ask one or two

follow-up questions when writing your article. Following up with an interviewee can also be an

excellent way to alert them to the publication of an article or online content so they can share it

within their channels.

2. Ensure you attribute proper credit

When you publish an article online or upload content, it's crucial to attribute proper credit. For

example, including the social media channels or website of the person you are interviewing is

standard for many journalism interviews. You may also want to ensure the details of your

interviewee are correct, including the spelling of their name, their age and other important

information.

Tips for journalist interviews

Research more than the basics

In subject areas that require in-depth understanding, such as mathematical theories or scientific

measures, ensuring you have researched the wording and type of language involved in this
subject is essential. More technical interviews, such as articles for scientific magazines or

content for university-level students, may require more insight than the basics. Making sure you

understand what an interviewee is talking about ahead of time can help you get the most out of

your interview.

Tailor your technique to your source

Letting your source lead the format and style of your conversation is valuable for helping them

feel at ease. For example, an interview with a child or teenager may look different to an

interview with a highly regarded professional. Adjusting your tone and language to suit the

people you're talking with can help build rapport and create better flow during the interview

process.

Don't be afraid to go off-list

As a conversation, it's natural that an interview won't always stick rigidly to the interview list you

create. Being flexible about where a conversation is going may provide unexpected information,

leading to a more interesting article. It's also essential to redirect an off-tangent conversation

back to relevant areas to cover all of your general topics while still allowing some freedom to

your source.

4. NEWS LEADS/INTROS, STRUCTURE OF THE NEWS STORY-LEADS,IMPORTANCE,TYPES OF

LEADS

INTRODUCTION
Normally a news article/story is broken down into many segments which includes the
headline, the lead and the body of the story (including the tail). These segments are mostly
presented in an inverted pyramid style of writing, where the lead constitutes the most
important function.
A lead is composed of the opening sentences of a brief composition, or the first paragraph or
two of a longer article or essay. It performs the pivotal function of introducing the story to the
audience in an effectual and irresistible manner by condensing the important facts. The ideal
lead consists of 20–25 words.
SIGNIFICANCE
The significance of a lead lies in its ability to:
Capture Attention: In the age of information overload, a compelling lead is crucial for
attracting readers amid numerous competing stories. It serves as a hook, enticing the
audience to invest their time in the article.
Provide Essential Information: The lead should convey the most critical aspects of the story,
including the who, what, when, where, why, and how. This ensures that even if readers don't
delve deeper into the article, they still gain a basic understanding of the subject.
Set the Tone and Context: The lead establishes the mood and context of the story, guiding
readers on how to interpret the subsequent information. It helps shape the narrative and
prepares the audience for the themes and perspectives explored in the article.
Create Curiosity and Interest: A well-crafted lead sparks curiosity, prompting readers to want
to know more. It poses questions, introduces conflicts, or presents intriguing scenarios,
encouraging the audience to continue reading for answers and insights.
Convey the News Value: Journalistic leads often encapsulate the news value of a story,
highlighting its relevance, impact, or timeliness. This ensures that readers quickly grasp why
the information is significant and how it may affect them or society.
TYPES
1.Direct Address Lead: The Direct Address lead is aimed directly at the readers and makes
them relate to the facts in the story. It usually employs the pronouns “you” and “your“.
EXAMPLE: “You might not get relief from the harsh winds as the weather is going to be the
same for the next 10 days or more.”
2.The Circumstantial Lead: This type of lead stresses on the circumstances under which the
story occurred. It usually is used in human interest stories.

EXAMPLE: A 60–year old retired bank employee raised the alarms when two unidentified
persons entered her house with the intention to steal his most valuable and prized positions.
3.The Statement or Quotation Lead: Statement or quotation lead clutches the attention by
stating the words said by a person, usually presented in quotation marks. It helps in
understanding what exactly the speaker wanted to convey.
EXAMPLE: “I’d like to jail parents themselves who are so lax their kids are boosting the
crime rate!” This statement came from Juvenile Court Judge Warren Jones, in releasing a
report on the rapid rise in juvenile crime rate in this city.
4.The Descriptive Lead: Descriptive lead focuses on describing a person, place, or event in
vivid detail. They aim on tapping into the five senses of the readers, in order to paint a
life-like picture. Descriptive lead is used in both traditional and feature news stories.
EXAMPLE: Thousands dressed in scarlet and grey T–shirts eagerly shuffled into the football
stadium as the university fight song blared.
5.The Summary Lead: Summary lead aims at providing the readers with the major facts
about the article in a compacted form. This usually includes what? why? where? when?
who? and how of a story.This helps in saving time and efforts of the reader.
EXAMPLE: Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan told Congress yesterday that U.S.
economic growth appeared to be slowing, heading off for the moment any need to raise
interest rates. Wall Street responded with a cheer, sending stocks and bonds soaring.
6.Contrast Lead: The contrast lead grabs the attention of the audience by presenting
extreme ends relating to a situation – tragedy with comedy, past with present, age with
youth, beauty with ugly.
EXAMPLE–Less than 3 years ago, two college friends decided to build a website to
exchange their favourite videos. Today Your Tube is owned by Google and gets over 25
million unique visitors to the site each month.
7.Anecdotal Lead: The anecdotal lead uses a short but fitting story to excite the audience.
The anecdote presented must help in enhancing the understanding of the article, and it must
explain the relevance and connection to that point in the first few sentences.
EXAMPLE: Sharon Jackson was sitting at the table reading an old magazine when the
phone rang. It was a reporter asking to set up an interview to discuss a social media
controversy involving Jackson and another young woman. “Sorry,” she said. “I’ve already
spoken to several reporters about the incident and do not wish to make any further
comments.”
8.Question lead: Question lead seizes the attention by asking the readers opposite query,
which ignites curiosity in them, they feel obligated to find answers in the forthcoming text.
The question asked rhetorically which cannot be answered by a “yes” or “no”.

5. ARTICLES,FEATURES, TYPES OF FEATURE AND HUMAN INTEREST STORIES.

Article
An article is brief write up those reports on a current event, which as per the media
standards is of contemporary importance. It could be about local news, business event,
current public concerns, a road accident or some mishaps and so on. It is usually filed in by a
reporter or correspondent working with the media house.
Feature
The feature, on the other hand is a more elaborate report, that besides having a core
story, also calls for a fair amount of detailed reporting. By virtue of that features are
longish in nature compared to an article. To illustrate, if there is lot of illegal sand
mining in a region, it would call for a lot of investigation, and details. Similarly, it can be a
topic from any genre. Features are usually filed in by more experienced journalists.
Here are the critical differences between a feature story and a news article-
1. Timing-
The major difference between a news article and a feature story is that a news article is
time-sensitive and of immediate interest. The election results, an accident, a robbery
report, a product launch, a court verdict, a medical report release, a set of basketball
game scores are examples of a news article. Media outlets want to publish news stories
as quickly as possible after an event occurs. Feature stories, however, are not as
time-dependent and contain no urgent content. You can write one anytime after an
event occurs. Its content is often evergreen or at least lasting.
2. Style-
The writing styles of a news story and a feature are different. In a news story, the
emphasis is on content rather than form. News articles go straight to the point, using
simple and effective words to deliver the facts quickly. Feature stories are often more
wordy and they have a creative structure. News articles answer who, what, when, where,
why and how. This means that the article answers the question: What happened, when the
event occurred, where the event happened, why the event happened, how the event
occurred, and who was involved. A feature article is a human interest story about a person,
event, or place. Rather than simply summarizing the subject, a feature article
highlights one aspect or significance of the story. Its less formal style may take an odd
twist or heartwarming angle. The feature article focuses on particular people, places,
and events.

3. Beginning and ending-

A news article and a feature story have different types of beginnings and endings. News
articles tell what the news is upfront and then give the most important details in the first
paragraph or two. The beginning – or lead – of a feature story, on the other hand,doesn’t
give the news straightaway. Instead, it hooks readers and keeps them reading until the end.
A news article can end anywhere after you’ve described the most important facts, whereas a
feature story ends with readers feeling satisfied that they gained some value from reading
the story.
4. Language-
Feature articles can be about anything. They can have a narrower target audience than
newspaper articles. Feature articles are often emotive and subjective. They can entertain
and persuade as well as inform. They can go beyond the information provided by newspaper
articles and take on a particular side. Feature articles don't go out of date as quickly as most
newspaper articles. Newspaper articles serve the purpose of informing the audience of a
particular event or issue. Yes, the language is often formal, simple and factual.
5. Content-
A newspaper article is where you discuss about what happened and what people said and
then you add a conclusion, while a feature article has a cover story and then follows on in
the magazine. It has quotes and endures picture and a big heading, so get artistic and make
it flashy and noticeable. A news reporter lays out the facts of what happened and sometimes
includes reactions from affected parties.
The feature writer is more forensic in nature. They probe deeper, spending more time on
the 'how' and 'why' of what happened. If they fail to go beyond the facts reported in news
(and sometimes this is very difficult) they probably haven't succeeded and probably
won't be published.
6. Length-
News articles are short, averaging 100-400 words depending upon the type of news and
where it is placed in the publication. They are meant to be digested quickly. Feature stories
are longer and dig more deeply into the topic. Length varies for each publication, but a
typical feature word count runs between 1,000 – 2,000 words.
7. Structure-
A news story is structured in the inverted pyramid format with key facts at the beginning of
the article. This way the reader can get basic information in the first sentence or two. A
feature story allows the subject matter to determine its format, whether in a standard
outline form (such as a list, sequence, or comparison) or one of the other main story
formats. As for subject matter, features cover endless topics from profiles to
narratives,interviews, essays, exposes, how-to's, columns, and reviews.
Feature Writing
DEFINITION
The feature is extended form of the news story, which gives more depth and breadth to
events that occur.
Okoye define feature as an in-depth and factual write up on a topical issue which seeks to
give comprehensive information in a more captivating and relaxed style than straight news.
Okenwa (1990) observed that while a news writer will normally stick to facts and report
them as a matter of fact, without embellishment or comments of any kind, the feature
writer offers more than bare facts, background them, entertain comments…and interpret
them. He uses anecdotes, descriptions, and humor. He uses more factual and imaginative
language. It is worth mentioning here that feature writing is not fictitious story writing.
Rather, it is a balanced report reflecting all the angles of the story.
A feature story aims to educate and entertain the readers. It reflects the best in a writer.It
can be personal, colorful, and opinionated, but without deviating from the facts. It may be
longer and in-depth compared to a straightforward news story. It carries feelings and
impressions. It should be able to grab the reader’s attention instantly and hold that
attention.
Feature stories are created to inform, entertain, persuade, or simply satisfy the
audience’s curiosity about a certain topic. It may provide additional information that may
not be found on the news story, give an opinion about a trending topic, or offer an
entertaining personal perspective on a certain topic.
TYPES OF FEATURES
Personality profiles: A personality profile is written to bring an audience closer to a
person in or out of the news. Interviews and observations, as well as creative writing, are
used to paint a vivid picture of the person. The CBC’s recent profile of Pierre Elliot Trudeau
is a classic example of the genre and makes use of archival film footage, interviews,
testimonials, and fair degree of editorializing by the voice-over commentary.
● Human interest stories: A human interest story is written to show a
subject’s oddity or its practical, emotional, or entertainment value.
● Trend stories: A trend story examines people, things or organizations that
are having an impact on society. Trend stories are popular because people are
excited to read or hear about the latest fads.
● In-depth stories: Through extensive research and interviews, in-depth
stories provide a detailed account well beyond a basic news story or feature.
● Backgrounders: A backgrounder–also called an analysis piec–adds
meaning to current issues in the news by explaining them further. These
articles bring an audience up-to-date, explaining how this country, this
organization, this person happens to be where it is now.
Reviews: Writing great reviews is a real art, one that many have tried but only a few
have mastered. Read great critics and you’ll notice something they all have in common –
strong opinions. But newbies who aren’t quite confident in their opinions often write
wishy-washy reviews.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEATURE
● Imperishable
This is a very important feature of feature articles. This simply means that a feature
article does not perish, unlike the story which becomes stale the next day. This is
because there is usually a time-frame on the news story which makes the story lose value if
not published within the time-frame. The feature story is not attached to such time-frames
since it is usually carefully selected and created at the feature writer’s
convenience.
● Cannot be scooped: This means that someone’s particular feature article cannot be
published in its
originality before hand, by another writer. This is simply because the choice of topics for
future stories is simply is the prerogative of the feature writer.
● Can be created from mundane ideas or issues

There is actually no rigidity in the selection of a feature topic. Hence, any topic or issue
can be featured. In the past, certain topics or issues were considered too trivial to be
published. However, with the development of the press, ideas and topics which
previously would have been considered inconsequential became the toast of feature
writer. In other words, the choice of topics for features includes both the serious and
trivial.
● Give in-depth information on topical issues . Feature articles give in depth information to
the audience about a particular topic. This is because the writer must have investigated the
topic before presenting the different angles to the audience. Hence, features are written
under very relaxed atmosphere. This
gives room for adequate survey of facts and information on the topic to be “featurised”.
● Selection of topic is rigorous
Feature articles are rigorously selected because the feature writer has to present
something (topic) that is usually captivating; colourfully and stylishly presented in a unique
manner.
● Delayed and more complete
Feature stories are not as timely as straight news because time is required for the
indepth investigation of the topic. Hence, delay in feature is pardonable, moreso, when it is
justified with a balanced report. Features are complete because they give all the sides to the
story and present a rounded perspective of it, thereby satisfying the curiosity built up by the
skeletal nature of straight news.
● Fleshy and Colourful
The feature writer adds more flesh to the straight news to make it a feature story.
However, “fleshiness” does not mean undue padding and stuffing of the material. The
language of the feature is supposed to be colourful, having been written in figurative and in
flowery constructions. This colourful language appeals to the sensory aspects of readers.
This kind of language is quite different from the formal language of straight news. It is really
more picturesque, informal and humorous. Hence, it is more attractive to read. Suggestively,
good feature articles are read for pleasure. So it is a major challenge of feature writers to
make their stories pleasurable to the reader.
● Stylish
This means a unique or peculiar way of doing something which is equally attractive in
nature. Stylistic therefore, permits the feature writer to use his own peculiar approach to
writing which could be in form of his own word-coinages, romantic expressions,captivating
images or use of language. Style differentiates one writer from another and it professionally
allows the writer to shift his mode of writing. The stylistic language of feature entrenches
the readers and thus distracts the attention of the readers from the bulkiness of the piece
which naturally, would have made the story boring.
STEPS IN FEATURE WRITING
● Brainstorming
● Finding the angle
● Creating an outline
● 1.Researching
● Going through the facts to produce an enticing story
● Creating a punch line to leave an impression
TIPS ON WRITING THE FEATURE STORY
● Creating the title/headline
● Hook the reader
● Highlight the main idea of the story
● Use important keywords
SPECIFIC VARIATIONS OF FEATURE STORIES
● Process “how-to-do-it” feature: This kind of feature is educational because it teaches
readers how to do things. In a simple playful and funny manner, the audience is informed
and educated on certain issues. A lot of readers want to learn certain skills e.g. how to cook
certain dishes, keep a
garden, drive cars etc. A good example of this type of feature is “Ten ways to
drive a car”.
● Personal Experience Stories: This type of feature is based on the personal
experience or eye witness account of the reporter. A reporter on duty may
suddenly find himself in an unexpected circumstance; e.g. beaten up by a
mob. He may want to narrate his ordeal to the public. He may want to
recreate this gory experience. Some newspapers have columns called the
“Reporters Notebook” where journalists recount their personal experiences in
form of features. Personal experience stories could also be a form of features
based on participant observation.
● Personality Profiles: This is a kind of human interest feature. It is actually
a close look at the personality of a prominent person in the society. It involves
achievers( but not necessarily) i.e., people who have made name and are
newsworthy. The space allotted to a person’s profile depends on his
prominence. For instance, an obituary profile could take the whole of a
paper’s front page, depending on the person’s prominence.
● General profiles could be written also on organizations and places. After
reading a profile, one feels that one has got an intimate knowledge about the
subject matter discussed.● Commemorative Features: These are features written to
commemorate
important events in a nation or in the world. For instance, a beautiful piece
can be written on the Nigeria’s Armed Forces Remembrance Day. Equally, a
beautiful feature can be done on the commemoration of the 60 years of World
War II.
● Historical, Hobbyist and Odd Occupation: Feature stories can equally
be written on: Historical events such as; “the Ikeja Cantoment Bomb blast or
the Nigeria civil war.
● Hobby: A person’s unique hobby could be quite newsworthy and so be
featurised.
● Odd Occupation: Odd Occupations such as “reverse driving” can make very
interesting feature stories. All these depend on the feature writer’s ability to
embellish and present the stylistically. Participatory feature: This is quite
similar to experience feature. It involves a recount of one’s experience on an
event he participated in.
● The Capsule feature or features: This is a short snappy, compact feature
about people in the news. Some magazines call it newsmakers e.g. Newsweek.
Some call it “in the news” as in Newswatch. The focus is usually on celebrities
and newsworthy people making news in light-hearted manner.
● The Travelogue: This is an account of a trip to a place of interest. It informs
the readers about life in other places and draws lessons by comparing life in
those places with the situation at home. Travelogues are written by journalists
who travel to far places in the course of official duties or holidays. Examples of
travelogues are profiles of these places visited by the journalist blended with
anecdotes of his experiences while there.
● The Exposee or Alarmer: Is the type of feature that exposes or identifies
something wrong in the society. Examples are: Certificate Racketeering in
Nigerian Universities, Female Genital mutilation (FGM), Advanced Fee Fraud
(419), Child-Trafficking, Brain -Drain To obtain authentic information for this
kind of features, Okoye (1998), recommends the following:- Participant
observation Find a participant who is ready to “spill all the beans” Use records
of tribunals and/or investigative panels.
● Human Interest Features: This is the type of features that shed light on
issues in that area of general interest to people. Essentially, the features are
about human beings. So, they quickly appeal to the emotions of the readers by
stimulating and captivating the readers to put them into the character’s
position. Features on children and old people are very effective world- wide
because people sympathize with these two categories of people since they are
considered helpless.
● Seasonal Features: Are those features that are tied to the calendar. They
deal with different seasons such as Easter, Christmas, Ramadan, Valentine,Children’s day,
Worker’s day Independence etc. These are regular features
and so, have to be very entertaining. Examples are:- “A Devotion to Nigeria’s
Golden Jubilee Independence”
● Specialized Features: These are features that focus on special areas such
as: Science, Farming, Leisure Traveling, Botany etc. Example: A feature on the
use of bamboo for furniture and crafts.
SOURCES OF FEATURE STORIES
These are some of the ways in which you could get feature story ideas:
● Through your editor
● From writing off the news/spin offs/follow ups.
● Odd occupations angle
● Good listener and avid reader
● Sociological approach
● Topical or controversial issues
● Diaries and calendars
● Cable satellite stations
● Internet
● Inspiration
● Interviews
FUNCTIONS OF FEATURES
From the on-going, it is clear that features and straight news play complementary roles.
While the straight news informs the audience about the occurrences of the day, the
feature helps the readers to understand better what took place. There are various other
functions of features which include:
● They summarize the important news of the week. For instance, on
Sunday, 22nd October 2005, Channels TV broke the sad news of the death of
the first lady- Mrs. Stella Obasanjo. Later in the week up to 2 months
afterwards, features were written on her tragic death giving further
information on the cause, date and circumstances surrounding her death, as
well as the glamorous life she lived.
● They break the boredom of the formal and rigid nature of straight
news. Because features are written in a more relaxed atmosphere, they are
more detailed and so provide enough information for those who read for
pleasure. So, features can be substituted for novels. After all, the only
difference between novels and features is that while novels are fiction,
features are factual.
● They educate, inform and entertain. In this way, they perform the basic
functions of communication to mankind.● Features enrich the hard (straight) news and they
beautify the
newspaper or magazines that use them. The pictures, illustrate, charts,
diagrams etc. used to embellish the features stories enhance the entire make
up of the newspaper and magazines. When a hard news story breaks–for
example, the sinking of a ferry in the Greek islands–it should be reported with
a hard news lead. Soft leads and stories are more appropriate when a major
news event is not being reported for the first time.
● Feature writing is a crucial part of the news papering business
especially in this age when cable transmissions are discouraging a lot of
people from reading newspapers. The broadcast media, especially the
television, is capitalizing on its strength of immediacy, impact, price and
credibility. This means that you can get the information live, immediately it
happens and this makes an impact on you especially if it comes with vivid and
colorful pictures. The credibility is also not in doubt because it becomes a
matter of “what you see is what it is”.
● Features are not meant to deliver the news firsthand. They do
contain elements of news, but their main function is to humanize, to add
colour, to educate, to entertain, to illuminate. They often recap major news
that was reported in a previous news cycle. Features often:
«Profile people who make the news
«Explain events that move or shape the news
«Analyze what is happening in the world, nation or community
«Teach an audience how to do something
«Suggest better ways to live
«Examine trends
WHAT MAKES A FEATURE WORK?
"Easy" writing makes for easy reading. That means short sentences, simple words, active
verbs, personal words and transitions to keep the article moving forward,
interest-building devices, and a "kicker" that ends the feature with some punch.
Short sentences
For today's mass audiences, news stories averaging between 15 and 20 words per
sentence are easy reading. Sentences longer than 30 words may be hard to
understand.Short paragraphs
Keep paragraphs short. And vary them — from one word to five average sentences.
Remember, a 100-word paragraph looks mighty long in a narrow newspaper
column. Editors don't like them. Neither do readers.
Easy words
Use short, simple words in place of longer, multi-syllable words with the same
meaning. When a technical or difficult word must be used, explain it as simply as
possible.
**Personal words
Words like "you," "we," a person's name, direct quote, etc., give your copy more
human interest. Admittedly, this kind of personalization is more often used in
"feature" rather than in "hard news" stories. But it is still a good technique for
holding reader interest.
Active verbs
Action verbs keep a story moving and grab the reader more than "to be" verbs that
show little action.
Transitions are used to add to, illustrate or extend a point. They usually begin with
words like "and," "furthermore," "also," "or," "nor," "moreover," "along with," etc.
They summarize: "at last," "so," "finally," "all in all," etc.
They link cause and effect: "as a result," "that produced," "consequently," etc.
They refer back: "they," "those," "these," "that," "few," "who," "whom," "except for," etc.
They restrict and qualify: "provided," "but," "however," "in case," "unless," "only if," etc.
Interest building
Personalize the people you are writing about and what they are doing; provide
quotes, human interest.
"Kicker"
While the lead or grabber at the beginning gets the reader into a story, the kicker at the
end of a feature should have a punch line that helps the reader remember the story.
Think of the whole story.When approaching a new story, look beyond the newsworthy item
that led you there. It’s
easy to be distracted by what’s happening on the surface. But think about all that might
have led to that moment. What might seem to you like a boring ribbon-cutting
ceremony for a new business may really be the culmination of a lifelong dream for the
owner.
● Listen … to everyone.
When reporting, don’t just listen for people to confirm what you already think the story
is. Seek to be surprised. Probe into people’s lives and listen to the small details. Let them
jabber away. If the tension is not obvious from the start, it often shows itself through an
offhand comment or some seemingly trivial fact. Uncovering those means talking not
just to the big players in the story, but to everyone you can.
Find the scenes.
Once you’ve established the tension that drives the story, it’s your job to explore the
telling moments and turning points in the story, bringing them to life for your
reader. Stories are told through scenes, and it’s through scenes that tension
emerges, grows and is resolved.
Ask the most important question.
Everyone has a story. Everyone wonders what will happen next in their lives and how
it all will turn out. In fiction, editors often ask, “What’s at stake?” That’s the
question that drives the best factual reporting, too. Think: What will happen or
would have happened if? Ask people about it. Ask what they think about and
what they’re worried about. Often, those answers—and not all the surface facts so
many reporters are obsessed with—are your stories. They are the core your facts
stick to, your editor’s reason to take interest in acquiring your piece, your reader’s
reason to care.
Development
Once you’ve convinced your readers to hang around, they’re ready for the rest of the
story. The best devices to keep them interested are all those scenes you found in
your reporting. Scenes, however, can still drive the way the story unfolds. Look
for the different milestones in your own story, the highs and lows the key players
go through that define their journeys. Let those moments, those key scenes, drive
the story forward, and your reader along with it.
Payoff
Stories have endings. They’re the answer to that what if question implied by the
tension.
BASIC STRUCTURE:
CREATING THE INTRODUCTION
**lead**Set the scene. Bring it to life. You might start with a question, a narrative or a
description, but however you do it, you need to seduce readers into your story via the
first paragraph. A quick tip here is that it’s often a good idea to write the opening
paragraph last of all, once you’ve written everything else. Or write it and then go back to
it when you’ve finished the rest of the feature. A lot of the time, the first paragraph that
we write will turn out to be drivel, and either we’ll look at it in horror and cut it
ourselves, or the editor will do it for us. Your first or in most cases, second, paragraph
will ideally explain the feature in a nutshell, so that the reader knows what they are
reading about and why they are reading it.
● The introduction sets the tone of the whole story
● It can have an unusual statement to keep the reader’s attention
● It can invite the reader to take a stand especially if it is a controversial topic
● It should have the important background information
● It should intensify the appeal to keep the reader hooked
CREATING THE BODY
Having got your readers hooked at the start, keep them reading. This is where your
writer’s skill in creating a logically progressed narrative comes into play. Each
paragraph will move your story along, and add to the reader’s information. Embed facts
into scenes, so that something new is revealed with each paragraph.
If you have interviewed people, let them reveal their parts of the story via direct quotes
– you are telling a story with characters in it so let them speak. Their voices will bring
your feature story to life.
Don’t info-dump. Space out your information so that everything necessary is included
without disrupting your narrative flow.
If you haven’t enough space to get in all the facts, cut your prose rather than sacrifice
information that will add to a reader’s knowledge.
● It should have additional facts and statistics
● It can have opinions from authorities
● It can have sound bites from interviews
● It can have personal opinions
● It can be visual using photos, diagrams, and graphs
PUTTING A CONCLUSION
Create a satisfactory ending so that the reader understands that the story has reached a
conclusion. Don’t
spoil a good feature by letting it tail off, or make it bottom-heavy by cramming in
information that should
have been woven in higher up. Be careful too not to sound pat or – heaven forbid – press-
releasey.Feature writing is about real life stories, and real life is complex, and does not
always wrap up into a neat
conclusion. One-liners can be a nice way to end a piece, or if you have it, a good quote that
underlines
everything that you’ve been saying throughout the feature.
● The conclusion leaves the impression to reader
● It should remind the reader what the story is about
● It can suggest a course of action and/or change of attitude or views.

UNIT-2: NEWSROOM AND ANATOMY OF NEWSPAPER

1. NEWSPAPER, ORGANISATIONAL SETUP OF THE NEWSPAPER, EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT
2. INTRODUCTION TO EDITING: PRINCIPLES OF EDITING, HEADLINES,
IMPORTANCE/FUNCTIONS/TYPES OF HEADLINES, TYPOGRAPGHY AND STYLE,
LANGUAGE, STYLE SHEET, IMPORTANCE AND SELECTION OF NEWS PICTURES
3. ROLE OF SUB-COPY EDITOR, NEWS EDITOR AND EDITOR, CHIEF OF BUREAU,
CORRESPONDENTS
4. EDITORIALS PAGE: STRUCTURE, PURPOSE,EDITS,MIDDLES, LETTERS TO THE
EDITORS,SPEACIAL ARTICLES, LIGHT LEADER,OPINION PIECES,OP ED
PAGE,COLUMNS/COLUMNISTS
5. SUPPLEMENTS, BACKGROUNDS.

UNIT-3: ISSUES AND TRENDS IN NEWS REPORTING

1. Tabloids, Issues of sensationalism and voyeurism
2. Neighborhood/Community Newspaper

3. SOCIOLOGY OF NEWS: FACTORS AFFECTING NEWS TREATMENT, PAID NEWS AGENDA

SETTING, PRESSURE IN THE NEWSROOM,TRIAL BY MEDIA,GATEKEEPERS

SOCIOLOGY OF NEWS
The sociology of news is a branch of sociology that examines the production, content, and
reception of news as a social phenomenon. It focuses on understanding how news is shaped
by social processes, structures, and actors, and how it, in turn, influences society. Here are
some key aspects of the sociology of news:

1. News Production: The sociology of news explores the social factors that shape how
news is produced. It examines the influence of media organizations, newsroom routines,
journalistic norms, commercial pressures, and technological advancements on the selection,
framing, and presentation of news stories. It also considers the role of journalists, editors,
and news producers in constructing news narratives.

2. News Content: The sociology of news investigates the content of news and how it
reflects social realities, values, and power dynamics. It examines the topics covered in news,
the sources of news information, the use of language and framing, and the representation of
different social groups. It explores how news can shape public perceptions, reinforce or
challenge social norms, and contribute to the construction of collective identities.

3. News and Ideology: The sociology of news analyzes the ideological dimensions of news
media. It explores how news can reflect and perpetuate dominant ideologies, such as
nationalism, capitalism, or patriarchy. It also examines how news can be influenced by
political and economic interests, and how it may contribute to the reproduction of social
inequalities.

4. News Reception and Audience: The sociology of news examines how audiences
interpret and respond to news. It considers how individuals and communities engage with
news media, the factors that shape news consumption patterns, and the impact of news on
public opinion, attitudes, and behaviors. It also explores the role of social media and digital
technologies in shaping news reception and the formation of online communities around
news topics.

5. News and Social Change: The sociology of news investigates the role of news in social
change and social movements. It explores how news can shape public discourse, mobilize
collective action, and influence policy-making processes. It examines the relationship
between news media and social movements, protests, and advocacy efforts, as well as the
potential of news media to challenge and transform existing power structures.

Overall, the sociology of news provides a critical lens to understand how news is socially
constructed, how it reflects and influences social realities, and how it shapes public
understanding and societal dynamics. It recognizes that news is not a neutral reflection of
the world but is influenced by social factors and has important consequences for individuals
and society at large.

User Here are some examples that illustrate different aspects of the sociology of news:

1. News Production: The influence of media ownership on news production is an

important sociological aspect. For instance, the concentration of media ownership in the
hands of a few corporations can shape the selection and framing of news stories, potentially
prioritizing certain interests or viewpoints.
2. News Content: The representation of marginalized groups in news coverage is a
significant topic of study. Sociologists have examined how news media may perpetuate
stereotypes or marginalize certain communities through biased reporting or
underrepresentation.

3. News and Ideology: The framing of political news is an example of how ideology can
shape news content. Studies have shown how media outlets with different political leanings
may present the same event or issue in contrasting ways, reflecting their respective
ideological perspectives.

4. News Reception and Audience: The role of social media in news consumption and
audience engagement is a key area of research. Sociologists have explored how social media
platforms enable individuals to filter news according to their existing beliefs and create echo
chambers, potentially reinforcing polarization and affecting public discourse.

5. News and Social Change: The coverage of social movements offers insights into the
relationship between news media and social change. For instance, the Black Lives Matter
movement gained significant visibility and support through news coverage, influencing
public awareness and discussions about racial justice.

These examples illustrate how the sociology of news examines the social dimensions of news
production, content, reception, and its role in shaping and reflecting societal dynamics. It
highlights the complex interplay between news media, social structures, and individual
experiences.

News treatment refers to the way news stories are presented, framed, and reported by
news media organizations. It involves the choices made by journalists, editors, and
producers regarding the selection of stories, the angles taken, the language used, and the
overall presentation of the news. Here are some aspects of news treatment:

1. Story Selection: News organizations make decisions about which stories to cover and
prioritize based on factors such as the perceived importance, relevance, and
newsworthiness of the events or issues. These decisions can be influenced by editorial
policies, audience interests, and commercial considerations.

2. News Framing: News framing refers to the specific perspective, angle, or context
through which a news story is presented. Journalists and editors make choices about how to
frame a story, which can influence how the audience perceives and understands the issue.
Framing can vary, emphasizing different aspects, highlighting certain actors or causes, and
shaping public opinion.

3. Objectivity and Balance: The concept of objectivity is an important principle in

journalism. News treatment aims to present information in a balanced and unbiased
manner, allowing readers or viewers to form their own opinions. However, achieving
complete objectivity is challenging, and biases can inadvertently influence news treatment.
4. Language and Tone: The choice of language and the tone used in news reports can
affect the audience's perception and emotional response to a story. Journalists make
decisions about the use of language, such as the selection of words, adjectives, and
metaphors, which can convey different connotations and evoke specific emotions.

5. Visual and Multimedia Elements: News treatment also includes the use of visual and
multimedia elements to enhance the storytelling. This can involve the selection of
photographs, videos, graphics, or interactive features that accompany the news story and
provide additional context or impact.

6. Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations are crucial in news treatment. Journalistic

ethics guide decisions about fairness, accuracy, privacy, and avoiding harm. Ethical standards
help ensure responsible news treatment and protect the rights and dignity of individuals
involved in news stories.

It's important to note that news treatment can vary across different news organizations,
reflecting their editorial policies, target audience, and ideological perspectives. The choices
made in news treatment can significantly influence how a story is perceived, understood,
and interpreted by the audience.

FACTORS AFFECTING NEWS TREATMENT

Several factors can influence the treatment of news by media organizations. These factors
can shape the selection, framing, and presentation of news stories. Here are some key
factors that can affect news treatment:

1. Editorial Policies: News organizations often have editorial policies that guide their
approach to news treatment. These policies may prioritize certain types of stories, values, or
perspectives. They can influence the selection of stories, the framing used, and the overall
tone and style of news reporting.

2. Commercial Pressures: Media organizations operate within a business framework and

face commercial pressures. Advertising revenue, ratings, and audience preferences can
influence news treatment. These pressures may lead to a focus on stories that generate high
viewership or cater to specific target audiences, potentially impacting the diversity and
depth of news coverage.

3. Ownership and Control: Media ownership and control can have a significant impact on
news treatment. The political, corporate, or ideological affiliations of media owners can
influence the selection and framing of news stories. Media consolidation, where a few
conglomerates control multiple media outlets, can limit diversity of perspectives in news
treatment.

4. Journalistic Values and Practices: The professional values and practices of journalists
play a crucial role in news treatment. Journalistic ethics, commitment to accuracy, fairness,
and impartiality can guide news treatment decisions. Journalists' own perspectives, biases,
and interpretations can also influence news treatment, despite attempts to maintain
objectivity.
5. Newsroom Culture and Routines: Newsroom culture and routines can shape news
treatment. Deadlines, editorial meetings, and resource constraints can impact the depth of
research, investigation, and fact-checking carried out for a story. Newsroom hierarchies and
relationships may also influence the treatment and prominence given to certain stories.

6. Audience Demands and Interests: Media organizations often consider audience

demands and interests when deciding on news treatment. They aim to attract and retain
viewers or readers by providing news that aligns with their preferences, which can influence
story selection, framing, and presentation.

7. Technological Advancements: Technological advancements have significantly impacted

news treatment. Digital platforms, social media, and mobile technology have changed news
consumption patterns and created new opportunities and challenges for news organizations.
The need for quick updates, interactive elements, and user-generated content can influence
news treatment decisions.

8. Political and Societal Context: The broader political and societal context can also shape
news treatment. Government regulations, political pressures, social movements, and public
debates can influence the selection and framing of news stories. Societal norms, values, and
cultural factors can also impact the treatment of certain topics or issues.

These factors interact and influence one another, shaping the overall treatment of news by
media organizations. It is important to be aware of these factors to critically analyze news
coverage and understand the potential influences behind the presentation of news stories.

Regenerate response

Paid news refers to the practice of media organizations or journalists accepting payment or
other forms of compensation in exchange for favorable news coverage or biased reporting.
It is a form of unethical journalism that compromises the integrity and independence of the
news media. Here are a few examples of paid news incidents:

1. Nira Radia Tapes Scandal: In 2010, a series of taped conversations between corporate
lobbyist Nira Radia and several journalists were leaked to the public. The tapes revealed
instances of journalists allegedly taking money and favors in exchange for favorable
coverage of specific corporate clients. The scandal exposed the unethical practice of paid
news and raised concerns about the integrity of journalism in India.

2. Operation 136: In 2017, Cobrapost, an investigative journalism website, conducted

"Operation 136" to expose media houses and journalists allegedly involved in promoting
Hindutva and polarizing narratives for monetary gains. The operation involved undercover
sting operations and revealed instances where media organizations were willing to accept
money to publish or air biased content.

3. Advertorials and Native Advertising: In recent years, there have been instances where
news organizations blur the lines between advertising and editorial content. Advertorials,
which are paid advertisements designed to resemble news articles, and native advertising,
where promotional content is integrated into news stories, have been criticized for
misleading the audience and compromising the independence of journalism.

4. Electoral Campaigns: During election campaigns, there have been allegations of political
parties and candidates paying media outlets for favorable coverage or suppressing negative
news. Such practices undermine the fairness and impartiality of election reporting and can
manipulate public opinion.

It's important to note that these are just a few examples, and paid news incidents can occur
in various forms and contexts. The phenomenon of paid news is a serious ethical concern as
it erodes the trust and credibility of journalism and undermines the democratic function of
the media to provide objective and unbiased information to the public.

Agenda setting is a concept in media studies that refers to the ability of the news media to
influence the public's perception of the importance and salience of specific issues, topics, or
events. It suggests that the media plays a significant role in shaping the public agenda by
selecting and emphasizing certain news stories, which in turn influences what the audience
considers as important or noteworthy. Here are some key points about agenda setting in
news:

1. News Selection: Media organizations have the power to determine which stories to
cover and prioritize. The selection of news stories by journalists, editors, and producers
influences what information reaches the audience. The media may focus on specific issues,
events, or topics, giving them prominence while neglecting or downplaying others.

2. Story Placement and Emphasis: The placement and prominence given to news stories
within media outlets can influence their perceived importance. Headlines, lead stories, and
featured segments can capture audience attention and signal the significance of particular
issues. By emphasizing certain stories over others, the media can shape public perception
and the public agenda.

3. Framing and Tone: The way news stories are framed, including the language, context,
and perspective used, can also influence the public agenda. Different frames or angles can
evoke specific interpretations and emotional responses, guiding the audience's
understanding and evaluation of the issues. The tone and presentation style employed in
news coverage can also shape the public perception of the importance and urgency of the
news.

4. Media Influence on Public Opinion: Agenda setting theory suggests that the media's
ability to influence the public agenda also extends to public opinion on those issues. By
consistently highlighting certain topics or presenting them in a particular way, the media can
influence what issues the audience considers important, what perspectives are emphasized,
and what solutions or responses are seen as viable.

5. Interplay with Public and Political Agenda: The media's agenda setting function is not
independent of the public and political agenda. There is a reciprocal relationship between
the media agenda, public opinion, and the agenda of political actors. Media coverage can
shape public opinion, but public opinion and political pressure can also influence the media's
selection and framing of news stories.

Agenda setting is a complex process influenced by various factors, including media

ownership, editorial policies, commercial considerations, and journalistic practices. It
highlights the role of the media in setting the public discourse and influencing the issues that
receive attention and action from individuals, institutions, and policymakers.

Newsrooms can experience various types of pressure that can influence the production,
content, and treatment of news stories. Here are some common pressures faced by
journalists and news organizations:

1. Time Pressure: Newsrooms often operate on tight deadlines to deliver news stories
promptly. Journalists may face pressure to quickly gather information, conduct interviews,
and write or edit articles within limited timeframes. This time pressure can sometimes lead
to rushed or incomplete reporting, potentially compromising the quality and accuracy of
news coverage.

2. Commercial Pressure: Media organizations are businesses that rely on advertising

revenue and audience engagement. As a result, there can be commercial pressures to
attract and retain audiences, generate high ratings, and secure advertising contracts. These
pressures can influence newsroom decisions, story selection, and news treatment,
potentially prioritizing stories that are more sensational or appealing to a particular target
audience.

3. Political Pressure: Journalists and news organizations can face political pressure from
governments, political parties, or powerful individuals who seek to influence news coverage.
This pressure can manifest in various forms, such as threats, censorship attempts, or legal
actions. Journalists may face challenges in reporting critical stories or may be coerced into
providing favorable coverage to specific political interests.

4. Audience Pressure: In the era of social media and online news, news organizations face
pressure to produce content that generates high engagement, attracts clicks, and generates
online interactions. This can lead to the prioritization of sensational or clickbait-style stories
that may not necessarily align with traditional journalistic values or provide in-depth
coverage of important issues.

5. Editorial Pressure: Editors and newsroom managers may exert pressure on journalists to
adhere to certain editorial policies, journalistic standards, or organizational perspectives.
This can involve shaping the framing or angle of news stories, emphasizing specific aspects,
or suppressing certain viewpoints. Journalists may face challenges in maintaining their
independence and journalistic integrity under such pressure.

6. Resource Constraints: Newsrooms often operate with limited resources, including

staffing, budgets, and technological infrastructure. These resource constraints can put
additional pressure on journalists to multitask, cover multiple beats, and produce a high
volume of news stories. Limited resources can impact the depth of research, investigation,
and fact-checking, potentially affecting the quality and accuracy of news coverage.
7. Social Media and 24/7 News Cycle: The constant flow of news in the digital age and the
influence of social media platforms can create a pressure to report and break news quickly.
Journalists may feel compelled to publish stories or updates rapidly, sometimes without
thorough verification or fact-checking, in order to stay competitive and maintain audience
engagement.

It's important to recognize that these pressures can vary depending on the specific news
organization, the country's media landscape, and the individual journalists involved.
Journalists strive to balance these pressures with ethical considerations, maintaining their
professional integrity, and providing accurate and meaningful information to the public.

Trial by media refers to situations where the media, particularly news outlets, excessively
cover and pass judgment on individuals or events before or outside of a formal legal process.
It occurs when media coverage and public opinion have the potential to influence the
perception of guilt or innocence, as well as the outcome of a legal case. Here are some key
points about trial by media:

1. Media Influence: Media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion, and its
coverage of high-profile legal cases can have a substantial impact on how individuals are
perceived by the public. Media outlets have the power to shape narratives, highlight specific
evidence, and present biased viewpoints, potentially swaying public opinion even before the
court proceedings take place.

2. Presumption of Innocence: Trial by media can undermine the fundamental principle of

"innocent until proven guilty." When the media portrays an individual as guilty before a fair
trial, it can lead to prejudice, stigmatization, and the denial of due process. This can create
challenges for the accused in receiving a fair trial and can have long-lasting consequences on
their personal and professional lives.

3. Media Sensationalism: In pursuit of higher ratings, media outlets may prioritize

sensationalism, speculation, and dramatic narratives over accurate and balanced reporting.
This can lead to distorted representations of the facts and the amplification of certain
aspects of a case that may be misleading or incomplete. Sensationalism can intensify public
opinion, fuel moral outrage, and contribute to a climate of prejudgment.

4. Impact on Legal Proceedings: Extensive media coverage and public scrutiny can
potentially influence legal proceedings. Judges, lawyers, and juries may be exposed to media
narratives, making it challenging to find unbiased jurors and ensure a fair trial. Media
pressure and public opinion can also affect the decisions of legal actors, potentially
impacting the course and outcome of a case.

5. Privacy and Reputation: Individuals who become the subject of trial by media may face
significant harm to their privacy and reputation. Their personal information, images, and
sensitive details of their lives may be exposed without their consent, contributing to public
shaming, character assassination, and long-lasting damage to their personal and professional
lives.
6. Ethical Considerations: Journalistic ethics and professional standards are crucial in
mitigating the negative impacts of trial by media. Journalists should strive to report
objectively, verify information, provide balanced coverage, and uphold the principles of
fairness, accuracy, and integrity. Responsible reporting should prioritize the presumption of
innocence, respect privacy rights, and avoid prejudging individuals before a fair legal process
takes place.

It is important for both media organizations and the public to critically evaluate media
coverage and be cautious of forming judgments solely based on sensationalized or biased
narratives. All individuals have the right to a fair trial and due process, and the media's role
should be to inform, not determine guilt or innocence.

Here are a few examples of notable cases where trial by media has been observed:

1. Amanda Knox Case: The case of Amanda Knox, an American student accused of the
murder of her roommate in Italy in 2007, received extensive media coverage. Media outlets,
particularly in the United States and Italy, presented contrasting narratives, often relying on
sensationalism and speculation. Knox was subjected to intense scrutiny and public
judgment, with some media portraying her as guilty before the completion of legal
proceedings. Ultimately, Knox was acquitted in a final appeal in 2015.

2. O.J. Simpson Trial: The trial of former professional football player O.J. Simpson in 1995
for the murder of his ex-wife and her friend became a media spectacle. The case received
round-the-clock coverage, with various media outlets presenting different perspectives and
contributing to a highly polarized public opinion. The trial was widely seen as an example of
trial by media, with the extensive media attention impacting the legal process and public
perception of the case.

3. Madeleine McCann Disappearance: The case of the disappearance of British toddler

Madeleine McCann in Portugal in 2007 garnered significant media attention. The media
coverage of the case, particularly in the UK, fueled intense public interest and speculation.
The extensive reporting, combined with public opinions formed based on media narratives,
created challenges for the investigation and potentially impacted the perception of the case.

4. Sunanda Pushkar Case: The death of Indian politician Shashi Tharoor's wife, Sunanda
Pushkar, in 2014 received extensive media coverage in India. The case was characterized by
sensationalized reporting, speculative theories, and the media passing judgment on Tharoor
before the completion of the legal process. The intense media scrutiny and public opinion
influenced the investigation and subsequent legal proceedings.

These examples highlight instances where media coverage and public perception influenced
the narratives, public opinion, and even legal outcomes of high-profile cases. While media
attention can bring attention to important issues, trial by media can raise concerns about fair
and unbiased legal processes, privacy rights, and the presumption of innocence.

INDIAN EXAMPLES
Here are a few notable Indian examples of cases where trial by media has been observed:

1. Jessica Lal Murder Case: The murder of Jessica Lal, a model and bartender, in 1999 at a
high-profile party in Delhi received significant media coverage. The case highlighted issues of
social status, corruption, and the influence of the elite. The media played a crucial role in
shaping public opinion and putting pressure on the legal system. The intense media scrutiny
and public outrage ultimately led to a retrial and conviction of the accused, Manu Sharma.

2. Aarushi Talwar-Hemraj Murder Case: The double murder case of 14-year-old Aarushi
Talwar and the family's domestic help Hemraj in Noida in 2008 garnered extensive media
attention. The media coverage included speculative theories, character assassinations, and
biased reporting. The trial by media contributed to public perception and debates, often
presenting conflicting narratives. The case faced legal complexities and underwent multiple
investigations and trials before the Talwar couple was acquitted by the High Court in 2017.

3. Rhea Chakraborty and Sushant Singh Rajput Case: The death of Bollywood actor
Sushant Singh Rajput in 2020 led to a media frenzy and intense public interest. The case
received extensive media coverage, with sensationalized reporting, conspiracy theories, and
character assassinations. Rhea Chakraborty, Rajput's former girlfriend, became a target of
media scrutiny and public judgment. The media trial influenced public opinion, led to social
media campaigns, and impacted the investigation by law enforcement agencies.

4. Sunanda Pushkar Case (mentioned earlier): The death of Sunanda Pushkar, wife of
politician Shashi Tharoor, in 2014 received significant media coverage in India. The media
coverage included sensationalism, speculative reporting, and character judgments. The
media's focus on Tharoor and the ensuing public opinion influenced the investigation and
legal proceedings.

These examples illustrate instances where media coverage and public opinion have
influenced the narrative, investigation, and perception of high-profile cases in India. Trial by
media raises concerns about the fairness of legal proceedings, the presumption of
innocence, and the potential for public opinion to impact justice delivery.

News gatekeeping is a concept that refers to the process through which news organizations
and journalists select, evaluate, and prioritize news stories for publication or broadcast. It
involves making decisions about which events, issues, and perspectives are included or
excluded from news coverage. Here are some key points about news gatekeeping:

1. Selection of News: News gatekeeping involves choosing which events and stories are
considered newsworthy and worthy of coverage. Journalists and news editors assess various
factors such as relevance, significance, proximity, impact, timeliness, and human interest to
determine which stories to prioritize.

2. Evaluation of News: Gatekeepers evaluate the credibility, accuracy, and reliability of

potential news stories. They assess the sources of information, fact-check claims, and
consider the ethical implications of publishing certain stories. Journalists also evaluate the
potential impact of a story on public opinion and society.
3. Framing and Storytelling: Gatekeeping involves framing news stories by selecting
specific angles, perspectives, and narratives. Journalists decide how to present and
contextualize information, shaping the way audiences understand and interpret the news.
The framing of news stories can influence public opinion and shape the agenda of public
discourse.

4. Bias and Objectivity: News gatekeeping can be influenced by various factors, including
personal biases, organizational biases, commercial pressures, and societal influences.
Journalists strive to maintain objectivity and adhere to professional ethics, but individual and
institutional biases can unintentionally influence the selection and presentation of news
stories.

5. Media Ownership and Control: The ownership and control of media organizations can
impact news gatekeeping. Media owners, editors, and executives may have their own
biases, interests, and agendas that influence the selection and framing of news stories.
Concentration of media ownership can limit diversity of perspectives and impact the range
of news coverage.

6. Audience Considerations: Gatekeepers also consider the preferences and interests of

their target audience. They take into account audience demographics, preferences, and
consumption habits when selecting and presenting news stories. Media organizations aim to
attract and retain audiences by offering content that aligns with their interests and values.

7. Impact on Public Discourse: News gatekeeping plays a crucial role in shaping public
discourse and the public's understanding of current events. The decisions made by
gatekeepers can influence which issues receive attention, which perspectives are amplified,
and which voices are marginalized. News gatekeeping has the power to shape public
opinion, influence policy debates, and impact social and political dynamics.

It's important to recognize that news gatekeeping is a complex process influenced by various
factors, including journalistic judgment, organizational priorities, and audience
considerations. Understanding news gatekeeping helps shed light on how news is selected,
presented, and ultimately shapes public understanding of the world.

Here are a few examples that illustrate the concept of news gatekeeping:

1. Coverage of Political Events: News organizations often prioritize political events such as
elections, political rallies, and high-profile policy announcements. The selection and framing
of these events can vary based on editorial decisions and organizational biases. For example,
one news outlet may focus on the speeches and policy proposals of a particular candidate,
while another outlet may prioritize analyzing the impact of those proposals on different
segments of the population.

2. Media Coverage of Disasters: When a natural disaster or major incident occurs, news
gatekeeping becomes evident in the selection and presentation of stories related to the
event. For instance, the news organization may choose to highlight stories of heroic rescues
or focus on the challenges faced by affected communities. The gatekeeping process involves
determining which aspects of the event receive the most attention and how they are framed
to elicit public interest and understanding.

3. Coverage of Social Issues: News gatekeeping plays a role in shaping the coverage of
social issues such as climate change, racial justice, gender equality, and poverty. Different
news organizations may choose to prioritize different angles or perspectives on these issues
based on their editorial stance and the interests of their target audience. For example, one
news outlet may focus on the scientific evidence of climate change, while another outlet
may prioritize human-interest stories highlighting the impact of climate change on
vulnerable communities.

4. Selection of News Sources: Gatekeeping also involves deciding which sources to include
in news stories. Journalists and editors make choices about who to interview and quote,
which experts to consult, and which voices to amplify. These decisions can impact the
diversity of perspectives presented in the news and influence public understanding of
complex issues. The gatekeeping process determines whose voices are heard and whose
perspectives are marginalized or excluded.

5. Coverage of International News: Gatekeeping is particularly evident in the coverage of

international events and conflicts. News organizations must decide which global events are
deemed newsworthy and deserving of coverage. Factors such as geopolitical significance,
proximity to the audience, and human interest play a role in determining which international
stories receive attention. The gatekeeping process can result in variations in coverage and
perspectives on global events across different news outlets.

These examples highlight how news gatekeeping influences the selection, framing, and
presentation of news stories. Journalists and news organizations play a critical role in
determining what information reaches the public and how it is understood. The decisions
made during the gatekeeping process can shape public discourse and influence public
opinion on a wide range of issues.

Here are a few examples of news gatekeeping in the context of Indian news:

1. Coverage of Political Parties: News organizations in India often prioritize the coverage of
major political parties and leaders. The selection of news stories related to political parties
and their activities can vary based on editorial decisions and perceived public interest.
Certain parties or leaders may receive more extensive coverage, while others may receive
less attention or be marginalized in the news discourse.

2. Selection of News Sources: Gatekeeping is evident in the choice of news sources and
experts consulted for news stories. News organizations in India may selectively feature
particular voices or perspectives based on their editorial stance or ideological alignment.
This can influence the representation of diverse viewpoints and shape public understanding
of important issues.

3. Focus on Bollywood and Entertainment: Indian news outlets often give significant
attention to Bollywood and the entertainment industry. News stories related to film stars,
celebrity weddings, and movie releases often receive prominent coverage. This can be
attributed to the popularity of Bollywood and the public interest in celebrity news. However,
this emphasis on entertainment can sometimes overshadow other critical news topics.

4. Regional News Priorities: India is a diverse country with multiple states and regions.
News gatekeeping is evident in the selection and coverage of regional news stories.
National-level news outlets may prioritize news stories from certain regions or states based
on their perceived national significance or audience interest. This can result in differential
representation and coverage of regional issues across different news organizations.

5. Sensationalism in Crime Reporting: Some Indian news outlets have been criticized for
sensationalizing crime stories. The gatekeeping process may prioritize sensational or
dramatic aspects of crime stories, focusing on graphic details or exaggerated narratives to
attract viewership or readership. This can impact the perception of crime-related issues in
society and contribute to a culture of fear and sensationalism.

Objectivity in news refers to the practice of presenting information and stories in a fair,
balanced, and unbiased manner, without favoring any particular viewpoint or agenda. It
involves reporting the facts accurately, providing multiple perspectives, and allowing the
audience to form their own opinions. While achieving complete objectivity is challenging,
journalists strive to minimize bias and uphold professional standards. Here are some
examples of how objectivity is demonstrated in news reporting:

1. Balanced Reporting: Objective news reporting presents multiple viewpoints and ensures
that diverse perspectives are included in a story. Journalists seek out and include quotes,
opinions, and analysis from different stakeholders or experts involved in a particular issue.
By providing a range of perspectives, news outlets aim to present a more comprehensive
and balanced view of the topic.

2. Fact-Checking: Objectivity in news reporting involves rigorous fact-checking to verify the

accuracy of information presented in a story. Journalists verify facts through multiple
sources, cross-referencing information, and seeking official statements or data. Fact-
checking helps to ensure that news stories are based on accurate information rather than
speculation or falsehoods.

3. Separation of News and Opinion: Objective news outlets distinguish between news
reporting and opinion pieces. News articles should be based on verifiable facts and avoid
personal biases or subjective judgments. Opinion pieces, on the other hand, provide a
platform for journalists and columnists to express their subjective views and analysis. By
clearly labeling opinion pieces, news organizations maintain transparency and allow readers
to differentiate between facts and interpretations.

4. Independent Journalism: Objective news reporting is often associated with independent

journalism that is not influenced by external pressures, including political or commercial
interests. Independent journalists are free to investigate and report stories without undue
influence or interference. This allows them to focus on the facts and present information
without external biases.
5. Corrections and Accountability: Objective news outlets are committed to accountability
and transparency. If errors or inaccuracies are identified in a news story, responsible news
organizations promptly issue corrections or clarifications. This demonstrates a commitment
to maintaining accuracy and rectifying mistakes, enhancing the credibility and
trustworthiness of the news outlet.

It's important to note that achieving complete objectivity in news reporting is a constant
challenge, as journalists are human beings with their own perspectives and biases. However,
the principles of objectivity guide professional journalism practices and aim to minimize bias
and present information in a fair and balanced manner.

Examples of news outlets known for their commitment to objectivity include The Associated
Press (AP), Reuters, and BBC News. While no news organization is entirely free from
criticism, these outlets are recognized for their efforts to adhere to professional standards
and provide objective reporting.

The politics of news refers to the influence of political factors, ideologies, and power
dynamics on the production, presentation, and dissemination of news. It involves examining
how political interests, both overt and subtle, shape the content, framing, and coverage of
news stories. Here are some key aspects of the politics of news:

1. Media Ownership and Control: Media ownership plays a significant role in shaping the
politics of news. Concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few powerful
individuals or corporations can influence the editorial decisions, agenda setting, and bias of
news outlets. The owners' political affiliations or business interests may influence the
selection and presentation of news stories.

2. Political Bias and Partisanship: Political bias can be observed in news reporting when
journalists or news organizations favor specific political ideologies, parties, or candidates.
This bias can manifest through the selection and framing of stories, the prominence given to
certain perspectives, and the language used in news coverage. Media outlets with a clear
political alignment may present news in a way that reflects their ideological position,
potentially shaping public opinion.

3. Agenda Setting: The politics of news involves the power to set the agenda and
determine which issues and events receive attention and coverage. News organizations can
prioritize certain topics while downplaying or ignoring others, influencing public perception
and policy discussions. Political interests, commercial considerations, and the desire to
attract audiences can all influence the agenda-setting process.

4. Framing and Spin: The politics of news is reflected in how news stories are framed and
presented to the audience. Framing refers to the way information is packaged and
presented, emphasizing certain aspects while downplaying others. Political actors or interest
groups may attempt to spin or shape news narratives to advance their own agendas or
manipulate public opinion.

5. Manipulation and Propaganda: The politics of news includes instances where news is
intentionally manipulated or used as a tool of propaganda by political actors or
governments. This can involve the dissemination of false information, distortion of facts, or
selective reporting to shape public opinion and further political interests. Manipulation and
propaganda undermine the integrity and credibility of news.

6. Pressure and Influence: Political actors, including governments, politicians, and interest
groups, may exert pressure or influence on news organizations to shape the content and
coverage of news. This can include attempts to control access to information, intimidate
journalists, or promote favorable coverage. Such pressures can impact the independence,
objectivity, and integrity of news reporting.

It's important to critically analyze and be aware of the politics of news to understand the
potential biases and influences that shape the information we consume. Media literacy,
diverse sources of news, and independent journalism are vital in fostering a more informed
and balanced understanding of political issues.

News politics refers to the intersection of news media and the political sphere. It involves
examining how news organizations cover political events, actors, and issues, as well as the
influence of political factors on the news-making process. Here are some key aspects of
news politics:

1. Political Bias: News organizations may exhibit political bias in their reporting, whereby
they favor certain political ideologies, parties, or candidates. This bias can be evident in the
selection and framing of news stories, the prominence given to different perspectives, and
the language used in reporting. Political bias can shape public opinion and affect the
perceived credibility of news outlets.

2. Agenda Setting: News media have the power to set the agenda by determining which
issues and events receive coverage and how they are prioritized. Political interests,
commercial considerations, and newsroom dynamics can all influence the agenda-setting
process. The media's decisions on what to cover and how to frame stories can impact public
discourse and policy discussions.

3. Media Ownership and Influence: The ownership of news organizations can have political
implications. Media outlets owned by individuals or corporations with political affiliations or
vested interests may shape the editorial direction and content of news coverage. Media
ownership concentration can lead to a lack of diversity in viewpoints and potentially
influence public opinion.

4. Press Freedom and Government Relations: The relationship between the news media
and the government is a crucial aspect of news politics. Press freedom and the ability of
journalists to report independently without interference are vital for a healthy democracy.
However, governments may attempt to control or manipulate the news through various
means, such as censorship, regulations, or pressuring journalists.

5. News Framing and Spin: News organizations can frame stories in ways that emphasize
certain aspects while downplaying or omitting others. This framing can shape the public's
understanding and perception of political events or actors. Politicians and interest groups
may also engage in spin, using strategic communication tactics to influence news narratives
and public opinion.

6. Media Bias and Polarization: News politics can contribute to media bias and
polarization, where different news outlets and commentators adopt strong partisan
positions. This can lead to echo chambers and the reinforcement of existing beliefs, making
it more challenging for the public to access diverse perspectives and objective information.

Understanding the politics of news is essential for media consumers to critically analyze
news content, identify potential biases, and seek out diverse sources of information. It also
underscores the importance of independent journalism, media literacy, and a pluralistic
media landscape in fostering an informed citizenry and robust democratic discourse.

Fake news refers to fabricated or intentionally misleading information presented as factual

news. It is designed to deceive or manipulate readers, often for political, financial, or
sensational purposes. Here are some key aspects of fake news:

1. Fabrication and Misinformation: Fake news involves the deliberate creation and
dissemination of false or misleading information disguised as legitimate news. It can range
from entirely fabricated stories to the distortion or misrepresentation of actual events or
facts. Fake news often mimics the format and style of credible news sources to make it
appear legitimate.

2. Intent to Deceive: The primary characteristic of fake news is the intention to deceive
readers. It may be created to promote a specific agenda, influence public opinion, generate
web traffic for ad revenue, or simply to cause confusion and chaos. Fake news can exploit
people's emotions, biases, and preconceived notions to manipulate their beliefs and
behaviors.

3. Spread through Digital Platforms: The proliferation of social media and digital platforms
has accelerated the spread of fake news. False information can quickly reach a wide
audience through online sharing, likes, and comments, making it difficult to control or
debunk. The ease of content creation and dissemination on the internet has amplified the
problem of fake news.

4. Verification Challenges: Fake news can be challenging to identify and verify, especially in
the era of rapid information dissemination. The lack of proper fact-checking, source
verification, and journalistic standards can contribute to the spread of false information.
Additionally, advancements in technology, such as deepfake videos and AI-generated
content, pose new challenges in distinguishing between real and fake news.

5. Impact on Society and Democracy: The prevalence of fake news has significant
consequences for society and democratic processes. It can undermine public trust in the
media, erode the credibility of legitimate news sources, and create confusion and
polarization among the public. Fake news can also influence elections, public debates, and
social attitudes, potentially leading to societal divisions and the spread of misinformation on
critical issues.

7. Combating Fake News: Addressing fake news requires a multi-faceted approach

involving media literacy, critical thinking skills, fact-checking initiatives, and responsible
journalism. Fact-checking organizations, independent verification, and transparency in
reporting sources and methodology are essential in combating fake news. Social media
platforms and tech companies have also taken steps to reduce the spread of false
information through algorithms, content moderation, and user reporting mechanisms.

It's crucial for individuals to be vigilant consumers of news, verify information from multiple
reliable sources, and be mindful of their own biases and the potential for misinformation. By
promoting media literacy and responsible information sharing, we can collectively work
towards combating the negative impact of fake news on public discourse and democratic
processes.

Fake news is a pervasive issue in journalism globally, including in India. Here are a few
examples of fake news incidents that have occurred in Indian journalism:

1. JNU Sedition Case: In 2016, a doctored video was circulated on social media platforms,
allegedly showing students from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) raising anti-national
slogans. The video went viral and led to widespread outrage and condemnation. However, it
was later revealed that the video was edited and taken out of context, highlighting the
spread of fake news and the potential consequences it can have on individuals and public
discourse.

2. Lynchings and WhatsApp Rumors: In recent years, India has witnessed a series of mob
lynchings fueled by fake news spread through WhatsApp. False messages about child
kidnappings, cow slaughter, and other sensitive issues were shared, leading to fear and
violence in various parts of the country. These incidents shed light on the dangerous
consequences of fake news and the need for media literacy and responsible digital
citizenship.

3. Manipulated Images: Fake news often involves the manipulation of images to create
false narratives. In one instance, an image of a rally in Kolkata was shared with a misleading
caption, suggesting that it was a gathering in support of a controversial political figure. The
image was digitally altered and circulated to manipulate public perception and create a false
impression.

These examples illustrate how fake news can be used to manipulate public opinion, create
social tensions, and influence political discourse in India. It emphasizes the importance of
fact-checking, media literacy, and responsible reporting in combating the spread of
misinformation and ensuring the credibility of journalism.

Agencies busting fake news in india

Several organizations and initiatives in India are actively working to bust fake news and
promote fact-checking. Here are a few prominent agencies and initiatives involved in
combating fake news in India:

1. Alt News: Alt News is a well-known fact-checking organization in India. They focus on
debunking misinformation, disinformation, and fake news spread on social media platforms.
Alt News conducts thorough investigations, provides evidence-based debunking, and
publishes articles highlighting the truth behind viral misinformation.

2. Boom Live: Boom Live is another prominent fact-checking organization in India. They
verify and debunk fake news stories, images, and videos circulating on social media
platforms and messaging apps. Boom Live also collaborates with international fact-checking
organizations and media outlets to combat misinformation.

3. FactChecker.in: FactChecker.in is an independent fact-checking website in India. They

focus on fact-checking claims made by politicians, public figures, and media outlets.
FactChecker.in provides detailed analysis, verifies facts, and publishes reports to promote
accurate information in public discourse.

4. The Quint WebQoof: The Quint is a media organization in India that runs a dedicated
fact-checking initiative called WebQoof. They debunk misinformation, fake news, and viral
rumors through rigorous fact-checking. The Quint also produces videos and articles to
educate the public about identifying and countering fake news.

5. Press Information Bureau (PIB): The Press Information Bureau, under the Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting, runs a fact-checking portal called PIB Fact Check. PIB Fact
Check verifies and debunks misinformation related to government policies, initiatives, and
events. They also actively engage with social media platforms to counter false narratives.

6. Check4Spam: Check4Spam is an online platform that focuses on debunking fake news,

hoaxes, and scams circulating on social media platforms and messaging apps. They verify
and categorize rumors, urban legends, and misinformation, providing accurate information
to the public.

These organizations and initiatives play a crucial role in countering fake news in India by
providing fact-based information, debunking false narratives, and promoting media literacy.
Their efforts help in raising awareness about the importance of critical thinking and
responsible consumption of news and information.

Neutrality and bias are important concepts when discussing news media. Here's an overview
of neutrality, bias, and their implications in news reporting:
1. Neutrality: Neutrality in news reporting refers to the principle of presenting
information without taking a position or showing favoritism towards any particular
viewpoint or interest. Neutral reporting aims to provide objective, balanced, and impartial
coverage of events, allowing the audience to form their own opinions based on the facts
presented.

2. Bias: Bias in news reporting occurs when there is a systematic favoritism or prejudice
towards a particular perspective, ideology, or interest. Bias can manifest in various forms,
such as political bias, ideological bias, commercial bias, or sensationalism. It can influence
the selection of stories, the framing of issues, the use of language, and the portrayal of
individuals or groups.

3. Implications of Neutrality: Neutrality is often considered a fundamental principle of

journalism as it helps maintain credibility and trust. Neutral reporting provides a platform for
diverse voices and perspectives, allowing the audience to make informed judgments. It
fosters an open and democratic public discourse and encourages critical thinking. However,
achieving absolute neutrality can be challenging, as reporters and media organizations can
still be influenced by their own biases, unconscious biases, or external pressures.

4. Implications of Bias: Bias in news reporting can have significant implications. It can
shape public opinion, reinforce existing beliefs, and contribute to the polarization of society.
Biased reporting may result in the suppression of certain perspectives, the distortion of
facts, and the dissemination of misleading information. It can erode trust in the media and
lead to a loss of credibility. However, it's important to note that bias does not necessarily
imply deliberate deception. It can also stem from unconscious biases or subjective
interpretations.

5. Addressing Bias: Media organizations strive to mitigate bias by adhering to journalistic

ethics and professional standards. They aim to provide accurate, balanced, and fair
reporting. Fact-checking, verifying sources, providing multiple perspectives, and disclosing
conflicts of interest are some measures employed to counter bias. Promoting diversity in
newsrooms and encouraging critical media literacy among the audience also help in
identifying and navigating bias in news reporting.

It's important for news consumers to be aware of the potential biases in media and engage
with a variety of sources to obtain a comprehensive understanding of an issue. By critically
analyzing news content, considering multiple perspectives, and seeking out diverse sources,
individuals can make more informed judgments about the information they encounter.

examples of neutrality and bias in indian journalist

Neutrality and bias can be observed in various instances of Indian journalism. Here are a few
examples:

1. Neutrality:
· Reporting on Election Campaigns: During elections, news organizations strive to provide
neutral coverage by offering equal airtime and space to different political parties. They
present information on party campaigns, candidate profiles, and policy positions to ensure a
balanced representation of the political landscape.

· Court Proceedings: Journalists covering court cases often aim to maintain neutrality by
reporting on the proceedings, presenting arguments from both sides, and providing factual
updates without expressing personal opinions or favoring any party involved.

2. Bias:

· Political Affiliations: Some media outlets and journalists in India are known to have
political affiliations and biases that influence their reporting. This can be observed through
selective coverage, favorable treatment of certain political figures or parties, or the omission
of critical information that may be unfavorable to their preferred side.

· Sensationalism: In pursuit of higher viewership or readership, certain media

organizations may resort to sensationalism, focusing on dramatic or controversial aspects of
a story rather than presenting a nuanced and balanced view. This can distort the narrative,
prioritize entertainment value over accuracy, and potentially influence public opinion.

· Religious or Communal Bias: In a diverse country like India, instances of biased

reporting based on religious or communal affiliations can occur. Some media outlets may
sensationalize incidents or present a one-sided view that aligns with specific religious or
communal narratives, potentially exacerbating social tensions and prejudices.

It's important to note that these examples are not representative of the entire Indian
journalism landscape, and there are many journalists and media organizations that strive for
neutrality, adhere to ethical standards, and provide balanced reporting. However, instances
of bias can still be found, highlighting the need for critical media literacy and diverse news
consumption to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of issues.

News serves several important purposes in society:

1. Information: News provides people with current information about events happening
around the world. It keeps individuals informed about local, national, and international
affairs, including politics, economics, social issues, science, technology, culture, and more.
News allows individuals to stay connected to the world and make informed decisions in their
personal and professional lives.

2. Awareness: News raises awareness about important issues and challenges in society. It
sheds light on topics that may otherwise go unnoticed or ignored, bringing attention to
social injustices, environmental concerns, human rights violations, and other critical matters.
News plays a crucial role in fostering public discourse and promoting accountability.

3. Transparency and Accountability: News acts as a watchdog by holding individuals,

organizations, and institutions accountable for their actions. Investigative journalism
uncovers corruption, exposes wrongdoing, and helps maintain transparency in public and
private sectors. News coverage can influence public opinion, shape policies, and contribute
to the functioning of a democratic society.

4. Civic Engagement: News encourages civic participation by informing citizens about their
rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for engagement. It highlights civic issues, political
developments, and elections, empowering individuals to make informed decisions and
actively participate in the democratic process. News serves as a platform for diverse voices,
opinions, and perspectives, fostering a pluralistic society.

5. Education and Empowerment: News acts as an educational tool, providing individuals

with knowledge and insights beyond their immediate surroundings. It introduces new ideas,
cultures, and perspectives, fostering cross-cultural understanding and promoting empathy.
News empowers individuals by equipping them with information to engage in discussions,
challenge stereotypes, and broaden their worldview.

6. Public Safety and Emergency Information: News plays a critical role in disseminating
information during emergencies, natural disasters, and crises. It provides updates, safety
instructions, and evacuation procedures, helping people make informed decisions to protect
themselves and their communities.

While these are some of the key reasons for news, it's important to note that the quality,
accuracy, and integrity of news sources play a vital role in fulfilling these purposes.
Responsible journalism that adheres to ethical standards is essential to ensure the credibility
and trustworthiness of the information being presented.

The news audience refers to the individuals or groups who consume news content through
various media platforms. The news audience is diverse and can encompass a wide range of
people with different backgrounds, interests, and preferences. Here are some key aspects
related to the news audience:

1. Demographics: The news audience includes people of different ages, genders,

socioeconomic backgrounds, and cultural or ethnic groups. Different demographic factors
can influence the news consumption patterns and preferences of individuals.

2. News Consumption Habits: The news audience consumes news through various
channels, including television, print media, radio, online news websites, social media
platforms, and mobile applications. The choice of news sources and platforms can vary
based on personal preferences, accessibility, and convenience.

3. News Interests: The news audience has diverse interests, and their preferences for
specific topics or types of news can vary. Some individuals may be more interested in
politics, current affairs, or business news, while others may be drawn to entertainment,
sports, health, or lifestyle news.
4. Information Needs: The news audience seeks information to stay informed, make
decisions, and understand the world around them. They rely on news content to gain
knowledge, form opinions, and participate in discussions on various issues.

5. Trust and Credibility: The news audience values trust and credibility in news sources.
They look for reliable and unbiased reporting, fact-checking, and transparency in news
organizations. Trustworthy news sources are essential for the audience to make informed
decisions and avoid misinformation.

6. News Engagement: The news audience can actively engage with news content through
various means, such as commenting, sharing, liking, or discussing news stories on social
media platforms. They may also participate in online forums, attend public debates, or
contribute letters to the editor in print media.

7. News Impact: The news audience can be influenced by news content, shaping their
perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. News has the power to raise awareness, influence
public opinion, and mobilize individuals or communities towards specific causes or actions.

8. Evolving News Consumption: The news audience is adapting to changes in the media
landscape. With the rise of digital media, mobile devices, and social media platforms, news
consumption habits have transformed. Many individuals now access news content online,
personalize their news feeds, and engage with news through social media interactions.

Understanding the news audience is crucial for news organizations and journalists to tailor
their content, distribution strategies, and engagement efforts effectively. It helps them cater
to the diverse needs and preferences of the audience, maintain their trust, and deliver
relevant and impactful news experie