Calculus I 2023-2024 S2 Workbook 1
Calculus I 2023-2024 S2 Workbook 1
2023 – 2024 S2
Calculus I
Workbook 1
Foundations
Francisco Agostinho
Islam Elbaz
Joana Matos
João Farinha
Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
List 1.1 Logic
1. In each of the following parts, write a true proposition, using A, B and a conditional, and state what is the
sufficient condition and the necessary condition of that proposition:
(a) A: x is a multiple of 3. (b) A: Maria lives in Portugal.
B: x is a multiple of 9. B: Maria lives in Europe.
2. For each of the following propositions, state and justify its truth value and, if it is false, present a counterexample:
(a) (x = 2 ∧ y = 7) ⇒ (x + y = 9) (g) xy = xz ⇒ y = z
(b) (x + y = 9) ⇒ (x = 2 ∧ y = 7) (h) (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 5) = 0 ⇒ x = 1
(c) x2 = 81 ⇒ x = 9
(i) x = 1 ⇒ (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 5) = 0
(d) x2 + y 2 = 0 ⇒ (x = 0 ∨ y = 0)
(e) x2 + y 2 = 9 ⇒ (x = 3 ∨ y = 3) (j) (x2 > y 2 ∧ x > 0) ⇒ x > y
3. In each of the following parts, state and justify whether each of the presented propositions, with the exception
of A, is sufficient for A, whether it is necessary for A, and whether it is equivalent to A:
2
(a) A : x2 − 4 ≥ 5 (b) A : xx8 −4
+1 > 0
B : x ≤ −3 ∨ x ≥ 3 B:x>2
C : x < −2 ∨ x > 1 C : x ≤ −2 ∨ x ≥ 2
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Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
List 1.2 Topology
1. State whether each of the following sets is an open ball or a closed ball and, if so, state its center and radius:
(a) ]0, 4[ (c) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 > 16}
(b) [−1, 5[ (d) {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : k(x, y, z) − (1, 2, 3)k ≤ 4}
2. State, if they exist, the set of lower bounds, the set of upper bounds, the infimum, the supremum, the minimum
and the maximum of the following sets in R:
(a) A = ]−2, 1] ∪ ]3, 5] ∪ {6} (d) D = {x ∈ Q : x > 0}
(b) B = x ∈ N : 2x−3 > 8 (e) E = {x ∈ R \ Q : x ≤ 1}
(c) C = x ∈ R : x−1
x ≥2
3. Consider a ∈ R and A ⊂ R. State and justify the truth value of the following propositions:
(a) A being bounded is not a sufficient condition for A to have a supremum and minimum.
(b) If the cardinal number of A is infinite, then a being an upper bound of A is a necessary condition for a to
be not lower than infinitely many elements of A.
4. For each of the following sets in Rn , define its interior, its boundary, its exterior, its closure, its derived set,
the set of isolated points and state and justify whether it is open, whether it is closed, whether it is bounded,
whether it is compact and whether it is convex:
(a) A = [0, 3] ∪ {6} (g) G = (x, y) ∈ R2 : ln(xy) ≤ 0
(b) B = n1 ∈ R : n ∈ N
(h) H = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| < 9 − x2
(c) C = {x ∈ R \ Q : x > 0}
2
(i) I = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| + |y| ≤ 1
(d) D = (x, y) ∈ R : xy 6= 0
(e) E = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 4 − x2 − y 2 6= 0 ∨ x = 0 (j) J = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 ∧ (y = x)
(f) F = (x, y) ∈ R2 : (y ≤ 2x) ∧ (y ≥ x) ∧ (y ≤ 8 − x) (k) K = {x ∈ Rn : kxk = 1}, for n = 1, 2, 3.
5. Consider A ⊂ Rn . State and justify the truth value of the following propositions:
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Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
List 1.2 Topology
• A = {x ∈ R \ Q : −4 ≤ ln x < −1}
B = 1e , π ∩ Z
•
1 1
(a) Show that A = e4 , e ∩ (R \ Q).
(b) State and justify whether A is convex.
(c) Define the set of isolated points of A ∪ B.
(d) Define the interior of the derived set of A ∪ B.
√
7. Consider a ∈ R+ and the set A = ]−a, 3
a] ∩ Q, in R, such that:
• c + 2k = 7
Define the set of upper bounds of C.
x
−2 −1 1 2
−1
−2
(a) Define, using set buider notation, the interior, the boundary and the derived set of A.
(b) State and justify whether A is open, whether it is closed, and whether it is bounded.
(c) State and justify whether the closure of A is convex.
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Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
List 1.2 Topology
9. Consider A ⊂ R2 such that A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| ≤ 2 ∧ y x3 − y ≥ 0 .
• A is open
i. Define fr(A).
ii. State and justify whether A is convex.
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Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
Exercise Book 1 Solutions
Solutions
List 1.1
List 1.2
1. (a) Open ball; 2; 2 (b) No (c) No (d) Closed ball; (1, 2, 3); 4
2. (a) {lower bounds}A = ]−∞, −2]; {upper bounds}A = [6, +∞[; inf(A) = −2; sup(A) = 6; @min(A);
max(A) = 6 (b) {lower bounds}B = ]−∞, 7]; {upper bounds}B = ∅; inf(B) = 7; @sup(B); min(B) = 7;
@max(B) (c) {lower bounds}C = ]−∞, −1]; {upper bounds}C = R+ 0 ; inf(C) = −1; sup(C) = 0; min(C) = −1;
@max(C) (d) {lower bounds}D = R− 0 ; {upper bounds} D = ∅; inf(D) = 0; @sup(D); @min(D); @max(D)
(e) {lower bounds}E = ∅; {upper bounds}E = [1, +∞[; @inf(E); sup(E) = 1; @min(E); @max(E)
3. (a) T (b) F
4. (a) int(A) = ]0, 3[; fr(A) = {0, 3, 6}; ext(A) = ]−∞, 0[ ∪ ]3, 6[ ∪ ]6, +∞[; A = A; A0 = [0, 3]; {6}; Not open;
Closed; Bounded; Compact;Not convex (b) int(B) = ∅; fr(B) = B ∪ {0}; ext(B) = n1 ∈ R : n ∈ R \ N ;
B = B ∪ {0}; B 0 = {0}; B; Not open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Not convex (c) int(C) = ∅;
fr(C) = R+ −
0 ; ext(C) = R ; C = R+ 0 +
0 ; C = R0 ; ∅; Not open; Not closed; Unbounded; Not compact; Not convex
(d) int(D) = D; fr(D) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : xy = 0 ; ext(D) = ∅; D = R2 ; D0 = R2 ; ∅; Open; Not closed; Un-
bounded; Not compact; Not convex (e) int(E) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 6= 4 ; fr(E) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 = 4 ;
ext(E) = ∅; E = R2 ; E 0 = R2 ; ∅; Not open; Not closed; Unbounded; Not compact; Not convex
(f) int(F ) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x < y < 2x ∧ y < 8 − x ;
fr(F ) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : ((y = x ∨ y = 2x) ∧ 0 ≤ y ≤ 8 − x) ∨ (y = 8 − x ∧ x ≤ y ≤ 2x) ;
ext(F ) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : y < x ∨ y > 2x ∨ y > 8 − x ; F = F ; F 0 = F ; ∅; Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact;
Convex (g) int(G) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 < xy < 1 ; fr(G) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : xy ∈ {0, 1} ;
ext(G) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : xy < 0 ∨ xy > 1 ; G = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ xy ≤ 1 ; G0 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ xy ≤ 1 ;
∅; Not open; Not closed; Unbounded; Not compact; Not convex (h) int(H) = H;
fr(H) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| = 9 − x2 ; ext(H) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| > 9 − x2 ; H = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| ≤ 9 − x2 ;
H 0 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| ≤ 9 − x2 ; ∅; Open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Convex
(i) int(I) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| + |y| < 1 ; fr(I) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| + |y| = 1 ; ext(I) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| + |y| > 1 ;
I = I; I 0 = I; ∅; Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; Convex (j) int(J) = ∅; fr(J) = J;
ext(J) = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 > 1 ∨ y 6= x ; J = J; J 0 = J; ∅; Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact;
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Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
Exercise Book 1 Solutions
y
8
x
−2 2
ii. No