0% found this document useful (0 votes)
53 views7 pages

Calculus I 2023-2024 S2 Workbook 1

Exercícios- Calculus I- Nova SBE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
53 views7 pages

Calculus I 2023-2024 S2 Workbook 1

Exercícios- Calculus I- Nova SBE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Nova School of Business and Economics

2023 – 2024 S2

Calculus I

Workbook 1

Foundations

Francisco Agostinho
Islam Elbaz
Joana Matos
João Farinha
Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
List 1.1 Logic

List 1.1 Logic

1. In each of the following parts, write a true proposition, using A, B and a conditional, and state what is the
sufficient condition and the necessary condition of that proposition:
(a) A: x is a multiple of 3. (b) A: Maria lives in Portugal.
B: x is a multiple of 9. B: Maria lives in Europe.

2. For each of the following propositions, state and justify its truth value and, if it is false, present a counterexample:
(a) (x = 2 ∧ y = 7) ⇒ (x + y = 9) (g) xy = xz ⇒ y = z
(b) (x + y = 9) ⇒ (x = 2 ∧ y = 7) (h) (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 5) = 0 ⇒ x = 1
(c) x2 = 81 ⇒ x = 9
(i) x = 1 ⇒ (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 5) = 0
(d) x2 + y 2 = 0 ⇒ (x = 0 ∨ y = 0)
(e) x2 + y 2 = 9 ⇒ (x = 3 ∨ y = 3) (j) (x2 > y 2 ∧ x > 0) ⇒ x > y

(f) x > y 2 ⇒ x > 0 (k) x > y ⇒ x2 ≥ y 2

3. In each of the following parts, state and justify whether each of the presented propositions, with the exception
of A, is sufficient for A, whether it is necessary for A, and whether it is equivalent to A:
2
(a) A : x2 − 4 ≥ 5 (b) A : xx8 −4
+1 > 0
B : x ≤ −3 ∨ x ≥ 3 B:x>2
C : x < −2 ∨ x > 1 C : x ≤ −2 ∨ x ≥ 2

2
Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
List 1.2 Topology

List 1.2 Topology

1. State whether each of the following sets is an open ball or a closed ball and, if so, state its center and radius:
(a) ]0, 4[ (c) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 > 16}
(b) [−1, 5[ (d) {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : k(x, y, z) − (1, 2, 3)k ≤ 4}

2. State, if they exist, the set of lower bounds, the set of upper bounds, the infimum, the supremum, the minimum
and the maximum of the following sets in R:
(a) A = ]−2, 1] ∪ ]3, 5] ∪ {6} (d) D = {x ∈ Q : x > 0}

(b) B = x ∈ N : 2x−3 > 8 (e) E = {x ∈ R \ Q : x ≤ 1}
(c) C = x ∈ R : x−1

x ≥2

3. Consider a ∈ R and A ⊂ R. State and justify the truth value of the following propositions:

(a) A being bounded is not a sufficient condition for A to have a supremum and minimum.
(b) If the cardinal number of A is infinite, then a being an upper bound of A is a necessary condition for a to
be not lower than infinitely many elements of A.

4. For each of the following sets in Rn , define its interior, its boundary, its exterior, its closure, its derived set,
the set of isolated points and state and justify whether it is open, whether it is closed, whether it is bounded,
whether it is compact and whether it is convex:

(a) A = [0, 3] ∪ {6} (g) G = (x, y) ∈ R2 : ln(xy) ≤ 0
(b) B = n1 ∈ R : n ∈ N
 
(h) H = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| < 9 − x2
(c) C = {x ∈ R \ Q : x > 0} 
 2
(i) I = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| + |y| ≤ 1
(d) D = (x, y) ∈ R : xy 6= 0  
 
(e) E = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 4 − x2 − y 2 6= 0 ∨ x = 0 (j) J = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 ∧ (y = x)

(f) F = (x, y) ∈ R2 : (y ≤ 2x) ∧ (y ≥ x) ∧ (y ≤ 8 − x) (k) K = {x ∈ Rn : kxk = 1}, for n = 1, 2, 3.

5. Consider A ⊂ Rn . State and justify the truth value of the following propositions:

(a) An isolated point of A may not be a closure point of A.


(b) An accumulation point of A is, necessarily, a closure point of A.
(c) An accumulation point of A cannot be an exterior point of A.
(d) A point not being interior to A is a necessary condition for that point not to be an accumulation point of
A.

3
Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
List 1.2 Topology

6. Consider the following sets in R:

• A = {x ∈ R \ Q : −4 ≤ ln x < −1}
B = 1e , π ∩ Z
 

1 1
 
(a) Show that A = e4 , e ∩ (R \ Q).
(b) State and justify whether A is convex.
(c) Define the set of isolated points of A ∪ B.
(d) Define the interior of the derived set of A ∪ B.

7. Consider a ∈ R+ and the set A = ]−a, 3
a] ∩ Q, in R, such that:

• a is a solution of x3 + 16x = 10x2


• A has no maximum

(a) Compute the value of a.


(b) State and justify whether A is closed.
(c) Define the set of points b ∈ R such that ∃ε > 0 : A ∩ Bε (b) = {b}.
(d) Consider c ∈ ]3, +∞[, k ∈ R+ and the set C = Bk (c), in R, such that:
3  5
• C ∪ B 1 (2) = 2 , c + k \ 2
2

• c + 2k = 7
Define the set of upper bounds of C.

8. Consider the set A ⊂ R2 whose geometrical representation is the following:

x
−2 −1 1 2

−1

−2

(a) Define, using set buider notation, the interior, the boundary and the derived set of A.
(b) State and justify whether A is open, whether it is closed, and whether it is bounded.
(c) State and justify whether the closure of A is convex.

4
Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
List 1.2 Topology
 
9. Consider A ⊂ R2 such that A = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| ≤ 2 ∧ y x3 − y ≥ 0 .

(a) Geometrically represent A.


(b) State and justify whether A is bounded.
(c) Now consider that:

• fr(A) = fr A

• A is open
i. Define fr(A).
ii. State and justify whether A is convex.

5
Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
Exercise Book 1 Solutions

Solutions

List 1.1

1. (a) B ⇒ A; B sufficient; A necessary (b) A ⇒ B; A sufficient; B necessary


√ 
2. (a) T (b) F; Ex: (x, y) = (4, 5) (c) F; Ex: x = −9 (d) T (e) F; Ex: (x, y) = 2, 5 (f) T (g) F; Ex:
(x, y, z) = (0, 1, 2) (h) F; Ex: x = 2 (i) T (j) T (k) F; Ex: (x, y) = (1, −2)
3. (a) B sufficient, necessary and equivalent; C necessary (b) B sufficient; C necessary

List 1.2

1. (a) Open ball; 2; 2 (b) No (c) No (d) Closed ball; (1, 2, 3); 4
2. (a) {lower bounds}A = ]−∞, −2]; {upper bounds}A = [6, +∞[; inf(A) = −2; sup(A) = 6; @min(A);
max(A) = 6 (b) {lower bounds}B = ]−∞, 7]; {upper bounds}B = ∅; inf(B) = 7; @sup(B); min(B) = 7;
@max(B) (c) {lower bounds}C = ]−∞, −1]; {upper bounds}C = R+ 0 ; inf(C) = −1; sup(C) = 0; min(C) = −1;
@max(C) (d) {lower bounds}D = R− 0 ; {upper bounds} D = ∅; inf(D) = 0; @sup(D); @min(D); @max(D)
(e) {lower bounds}E = ∅; {upper bounds}E = [1, +∞[; @inf(E); sup(E) = 1; @min(E); @max(E)
3. (a) T (b) F
4. (a) int(A) = ]0, 3[; fr(A) = {0, 3, 6}; ext(A) = ]−∞, 0[ ∪ ]3, 6[ ∪ ]6, +∞[; A = A; A0 = [0, 3]; {6}; Not open;
Closed; Bounded; Compact;Not convex (b) int(B) = ∅; fr(B) = B ∪ {0}; ext(B) = n1 ∈ R : n ∈ R \ N ;


B = B ∪ {0}; B 0 = {0}; B; Not open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Not convex (c) int(C) = ∅;
fr(C) = R+ −
0 ; ext(C) = R ; C = R+ 0 +
0 ; C = R0 ; ∅; Not open; Not closed; Unbounded; Not compact; Not convex
(d) int(D) = D; fr(D) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : xy = 0 ; ext(D) = ∅; D = R2 ; D0 = R2 ; ∅; Open; Not closed; Un-
 
bounded; Not compact; Not convex (e) int(E) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 6= 4 ; fr(E) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 = 4 ;
ext(E) = ∅; E = R2 ; E 0 = R2 ; ∅; Not open; Not closed; Unbounded; Not compact; Not convex

(f) int(F ) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x < y < 2x ∧ y < 8 − x ;

fr(F ) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : ((y = x ∨ y = 2x) ∧ 0 ≤ y ≤ 8 − x) ∨ (y = 8 − x ∧ x ≤ y ≤ 2x) ;
ext(F ) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : y < x ∨ y > 2x ∨ y > 8 − x ; F = F ; F 0 = F ; ∅; Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact;

 
Convex (g) int(G) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 < xy < 1 ; fr(G) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : xy ∈ {0, 1} ;
ext(G) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : xy < 0 ∨ xy > 1 ; G = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ xy ≤ 1 ; G0 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ xy ≤ 1 ;
  

∅; Not open; Not closed; Unbounded; Not compact; Not convex (h) int(H) = H;
  
fr(H) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| = 9 − x2 ; ext(H) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| > 9 − x2 ; H = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| ≤ 9 − x2 ;
H 0 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |y| ≤ 9 − x2 ; ∅; Open; Not closed; Bounded; Not compact; Convex

  
(i) int(I) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| + |y| < 1 ; fr(I) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| + |y| = 1 ; ext(I) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| + |y| > 1 ;
I = I; I 0 = I; ∅; Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; Convex (j) int(J) = ∅; fr(J) = J;
ext(J) = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 + z 2 > 1 ∨ y 6= x ; J = J; J 0 = J; ∅; Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact;


Convex (k) int(K) = ∅; fr(K) = K; ext(K) = {x ∈ Rn : kxk = 6 1}; W = K; K 0 = ∅ se n = 1 e K 0 = K se


n > 1; {−1, 1} se n = 1 e ∅ se n > 1; Not open; Closed; Bounded; Compact; Not convex
5. (a) F (b) T (c) T (d) T
6. (b) No (c) {1, 2, 3} (d) e14 , 1e
 

7. (a) 2 (b) No (c) ∅ (d) 11


 
2 , +∞
  
8. (a) int(A) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x > 0 ∧ x2 + y 2 < 1 ∨ x < 0 ∧ 1 < x2 + y 2 < 4 ;
 
fr(A) = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 = 1 ∨ x ≤ 0 ∧ x2 + y 2 = 4 ∨ (x = 0 ∧ |y| ≤ 2) ∨ (x, y) = (1, 1) ;
A0 = (x, y) ∈ R2 : x ≥ 0 ∧ x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 ∨ x ≤ 0 ∧ 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4
  
(b) Not open; Not closed; Bounded
(c) No

6
Calculus I 2023 – 2024 S2
Exercise Book 1 Solutions

y
8

x
−2 2

9. (a) −8 (b) Yes (c) i.


   
(x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| = 2 ∧ y x3 − y ≥ 0 ∨ y x3 − y = 0 ∧ |x| ≤ 2


ii. No

You might also like