ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

LECTURE NOTE 2: Significant Features and Functions of Effective and Intercultural Communication with
the Strategies to Avoid Communication Break Down.
WEEKS 3 & 4 (First Quarter)
I. LEARNING COMPETENCIES 4. Concreteness
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to: Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and
supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. In this
1. Examine sample oral communication activities. (MELC) case, the receiver is more connected to the message conveyed.
2. Discuss the function of communication. (MELC) 5. Courtesy
3. Comprehend various kinds of oral texts. (MELC) The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the
4. Evaluates the effectiveness of an oral activity. (MELC) culture, values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being courteous all the
5. Identify the various types of speech context. (MELC) time creates a positive impact on the audience.
6. Distinguish types of speeches and speech style. (MELC) 6. Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific
7. Respond appropriately and effectively to a speech act. (MELC) words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only
8. Engage in communicative situation using acceptable, polite and on a single objective in his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience.
meaningful communicative strategies (MELC) 7. Correctness
9. Explain that a shift in speech context, speech style, and communicative Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the
strategy affects the language form, duration of interaction, audience and increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.
relationship of speaker, message and delivery. (MELC)
New Lesson: Intercultural Communication.
II. CONTENT STANDARD
In this module, you will learn and understand about INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
1. Functions of Communication -happens when individuals interact, negotiate and create meanings while
2. Communicative Strategies bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-Tooney, 2009).

-for some scholars intercultural communication pertains to communication

Lecture Proper among people from different nationalities (Gudykunst, 2003).
-still others look at intercultural communication as communication
1. Knowledge Test influenced by different ethnicities, religions and sexual orientations:
INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
Ethnicity-the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a
common national or cultural tradition.
Lesson 1: Features of an Effective Communication Examples: Ilocano, Bicolano, Tausug, Maranao, Kapampangan,
In their pioneer book Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Maguindanao at Cebuano.
Cutlip, and Center (2012) list the 7 Cs of Effective Communication. Religions: a set of beliefs about God or the supernatural. Ex:
The list is widely used today, especially in public relations and Christianity
advertising. Sexual Orientation: refers to the gender (male or female) to which a
(Tips to Avoid Communication Breakdown) person is physically and romantically attracted.
1. Completeness -both interpretations show that intercultural communication takes place
-Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication when people draw from their cultural identity to understand values,
process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that prejudices), language, attitudes and relationships. -moreover, intercultural
the receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, react, or evaluate communication can be seen as a bargained understanding of human
properly. experiences across diverse societies.
2. Conciseness Simply put, intercultural communication is the sending and
Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short but making it receiving of messages across languages and cultures.
direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information should
be eliminated from the communication that will be sent to the recipient. CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL
3. Consideration COMMUNICATORS (WORLD BANK 2010)
To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information 1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty.
about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, 2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness.
education, status, needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can easily 3. Open-mindedness.
build rapport (good relationship) with the audience. 4. Sensitivity

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 2: Significant Features and Functions of Effective and Intercultural Communication with
the Strategies to Avoid Communication Break Down.
WEEKS 3 & 4 (First Quarter)
5. Thinking creatively 1. trauma
6. Politeness 2. shyness, lack of confidence
7. Tactfulness
NOTE: In relation to culture, other elements such as gender, age, 3. depression , fear, stage fright
social status, and religion must also be taken into consideration
when communicating to others. Refrain from showing bias when Cultural Barriers pertain to communication problems encountered by
talking someone by following the tips: people regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict
with others. People’s culture affect the way they communicate and relate
1. Avoid stereotypes to others
2. Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly.
3. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others. Examples: different beliefs, traditions, and customs and manners of
4. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you perceive to be dressing
on a lower social class than you
Linguistic Barriers pertain conflicts with regard to language and word
Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown meanings. Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings,
Communication is a process of exchanging thoughts, ideas, and they can sometimes cause confusion and misunderstanding. Meaning of
opinions in order to connect with other people. Its goal is to achieve a words and symbols also vary depending on culture.
clear and effective understanding resulting to good relationships in the Examples: difference in language, accent and dialect, use of jargons and
community. However, there are times when this goal is not reached due to slangs.
certain factors. When this happens, there is communication
breakdown. Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barrier when he classifies
noise into three kinds: External, Internal and Semantic Noise.
Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
External Noises are the “sight, sound and other stimuli that draw
Communication breakdown may at times be inevitable but as a sensible people’s attention away from intended meaning.”
speaker or sender of the message, we could avoid this. Understanding the Examples: noise from vehicles, singing at the neighbourhood, visual aids
concept of communication breakdown and its causes, will help us realize in front of the classroom, the dog barking, the sound of airplane and many
that failure in communication may be avoided through certain strategies more.
that we could adapt.

Here is an article entitled 5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown Internal noises are the “thoughts and feelings that interfere with
by Ronnie Peterson. meaning.”
Semantic noises are the “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s
Recognizing the barriers or obstacles to effective communication is symbols,” This idea means that a word may have another meaning in
important in order to avoid communication breakdown. Here are some the minds of the students. This is affected by the language in which they
of the barriers that may cause communication failure. grew and the culture in which they are exposed.
Examples: incorrect grammar, using excessive technical jargons and
Physical Barriers are the natural or environmental condition that act as a using idiomatic expressions.
barrier in communication in sending the message from sender to receiver.
Examples: Examples: confrontation with a friend, fear of speaking in front of the class,
1. People talking too loud. racial prejudice and many more.
2. Noise from a construction site
3. Loud sound of a karaoke Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
4. Blaring of jeepney horns
Psychological Barriers are called as mental barriers. These refer to Communication breakdown may at times be inevitable but as a sensible
social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with speaker or sender of the message, we could avoid this. Understanding the
others. concept of communication breakdown and its causes, will help us realize
Examples:

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 2: Significant Features and Functions of Effective and Intercultural Communication with
the Strategies to Avoid Communication Break Down.
WEEKS 3 & 4 (First Quarter)
that failure in communication may be avoided through certain strategies A smooth and successful communication transaction may result if we
that we could adapt. follow the strategies to avoid communication breakdown. Communication
becomes successful if and only if our communication goal is achieved, that
Here is an article entitled 5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown is, an understanding is reached and a relationship is built or maintained.
by Ronnie Peterson.
Here are some strategies to avoid communication breakdown (Quipper
5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown by Ronnie Peterson n.d.).
Communication breakdown can cause issues or problems at home, school,
and community. There are so many barriers to communication like, Keep Focused
physiological, psychological, cultural, and linguistics. -One way of being focused is to put in mind the purpose communication.
Sometimes some communication barriers are too difficult to solve and this As a speaker identify your purpose for speaking and as a listener find the
will lead to slowing the progress and efficiency. speaker’s purpose thru his/her verbal and non-verbal cues.
Here are the possible strategies to avoid communication breakdown:
Speak Intelligibly
Speaking intelligibly or clearly means using the appropriate speaking
1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking volume, pitch rate, proper enunciation, stress, and acceptable
Arrange your thoughts before verbalizing them this can help you pronunciation. We speak in order to be understood.
communicate much more clearly and succinctly. It's a better idea to say
something like, "I've got a few ideas here. Let me go through them one at Listen with your Ears and Eyes
a time. We can treat each one on its own merit." Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal message. Effective communication
depends on what people say and how they say it.
2. Learn to Listen
As simple as it sounds, you’ll be surprised how many people out there Minimize Distractions
don’t know how to listen well. Look for a place where you can minimize distractions or noise like closed
area, empty room, or quiet places. Lessening the cause for confusion
Not understanding those who you are trying to communicate with will lead means giving more room to focus and concentrate.
to a conversation fraught with misunderstandings. Don’t be afraid to ask
them to repeat or explain further in polite manner once you don’t Be Specific
understand the point. Use simple and concise words as much as possible in delivering a
3. Take Care of your Body Language and Tone message.
Keep your emotions in check, try to maintain eye contact, and adopt a Being specific means being particular and direct to the point.
relaxed tone when conversing with others.
Do not Jump to Conclusions
4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing Before you give your comments and judgement, be sure that you have
others Focus on improving your skills by practicing in front of those who listened attentively to the speaker. Conclusions should be drawn after a
you may feel more comfortable with. You can also ask those whose advice thorough analysis of point given or information received.
you value to give you feedback and critique your communication style
after a discussion. Avoiding communication breakdown helps you to be an effective speaker.
Below are some strategies which you can use to avoid breakdown
5. Communicate Face to Face on the important issues communication. (Quipper n.d.)
Having that face to face dialogue means you can convey your point more
clearly, with your body language as well as your tone of voice. It can also Helpful Expressions to Avoid Communication Breakdown
help to clear up any misunderstandings or distortion of the message that Strategies to Avoid Helpful Expressions
could occur through other mediums. Remember, becoming an effective Communication
communicator takes time and practice. Over time, using these strategies Breakdown
can lead to better communication in your personal relationships, and more
productive workplace environments as well. Use helpful expressions to gain “Really” , “Uhmm”, “Uh-huh” ,
time to think “Anyway” , “Tell me more…”

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 2: Significant Features and Functions of Effective and Intercultural Communication with
the Strategies to Avoid Communication Break Down.
WEEKS 3 & 4 (First Quarter)
Understanding Oral Presentation
- An oral presentation is a short talk on a set of topic given to a tutorial or
Give positive remarks or “”Sounds good”
seminar group.
comments “I see what you mean” - The 3Ps are important (Plan, Prepare and Practice)
Ask for repetition “Can you please repeat what you - One must focus on the needs of the audience
said?” - Keep it simple
“What did you say again?” Communication during Meetings
-Business meetings can maximize communication by taking different steps.
“What did you mean, when you
-Prepare by choosing participants with care, providing advance notice and
say that…” planning clearly articulated agenda.
Check for understanding “So, are you saying that…” -Recap the meeting’s accomplishments and provide or recap actionable
“So, what is your understanding of steps before concluding.
this?”
Face to Face Conversations
- When one person discusses his views, opinion to another persona and
DISCUSSION exchange their views in the presence of both then it is called face to face
conversation.
What is Oral Communication? - It is a discussion through spoken language and words on a particular
-It is the process of expressing information or ideas by word of mouth. It is issue among the people to exchange their views freely and fairly with each
a way of verbally transmitting information and ideas from one individual or other
group to another. It can either be formal or informal depending on the Benefits of Face to Face Conversations
purpose of communication. - Immediate response
- Feelings expressed easily
Examples of informal oral communication include: - Suitable for discussion
-Face-to-face conversations - Less chance of misunderstanding
- Telephone conversations Conclusion
- There is high level of understanding and transparency in oral
- Discussions that take place at business meetings
communication as it is interpersonal
- It is best in case of problem resolution
More formal types of oral communication include:
- The conflicts, disputed and many issues/differences can be put to an end
- Presentations at business meetings
by talking them over
- Classroom lectures
- Oral communication can be best used to transfer private and confidential
- Commencement speeches given at a graduation ceremony
information/matter.
The Functions of Communication and Communicative Competence
With advances in technology, new forms of oral communication continue to Strategies in Various Speech Situations
develop. Video phones and video conferences combine audio and video so
The Functions of Communication
that workers in distant locations can both see and speak with each other.
a. Regulation/Control
Other modern forms of oral communication include podcasts (audio clips
-Communication can be used to control the behaviour of human beings and
that you can access on the Internet).
to regulate the nature and amount of activities humans engage in.
Benefits of Oral Communication
b. Social Interaction
- It saves time
-In their daily course of living, human beings develop and maintain bonds,
- It is more effective as emotions are well portrayed
intimacy, relations and associations through communication.
- The feedback loop is faster
c. Motivation
- Verbal communication is economical
- Functions to motivate, encourage or inspire people to live better.
- The tone is easy to read. d. Information
-Functions to convey information/giving information.

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 2: Significant Features and Functions of Effective and Intercultural Communication with
the Strategies to Avoid Communication Break Down.
WEEKS 3 & 4 (First Quarter)
e. Emotional Expression -This style is private, which occurs between or among close family
- Facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions. members or individuals. The Language used in this style may not be
shared in public.
Communicative Competence Strategies in Various Speech Examples: between husband and wife, boyfriend-girlfriend and parents
Situations to children.
2. Casual
1. TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT -This style is common among peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and
a. Intrapersonal colloquialism are normal.
-Refers to communication that centers on one person where the speaker Examples: buddies, chats and emails, blogs, letters to friends etc.
acts both as the sender and the receiver of message. “The message is 3. Consultative
-This style is a Professional Discourse. Professional or mutually
made up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain,
acceptable is a must in this style. It is basically unplanned speech since
which processes what you are thinking and feeling. the speaker uses the participation and feedback of the listener.
b. Interpersonal Examples: Communication between a doctor and a patient, lawyer and
-refers to communication between and among people and establishes judge, teacher and student, counsellor and client and many more.
relationship among them. 4. Formal
Types of Interpersonal Context -This style is used in formal settings. Mostly in formal writings rather than
b.1 Dyad Communication speaking. It disallows the use of contractions and ellipsis.
-A communication that occurs between two people. Examples: Speeches, pronouncements, announcements, researches,
b.2 Small Group academic papers and many more.
-Refers to communication that involves at least three but not more than 5. Frozen
twelve people engaging in an interaction to achieve a desired goal. In this -This style rarely or never change in time. It mostly occurs in ceremonies
type of communication, all participants can freely share ideas in a loose and like weddings funerals and more.
open discussion. Examples: Lord’s Prayer, Preamble of the constitution, Laws,
b.3 Public Bibliographic reference etc.
-This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the
message before or in front of a group. Types of Speech Acts
-The message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes.
-In public communication unlike in dyad and small group communication, 1. Locutionary Act
channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures -The actual act of uttering. (Kung ano ang sinabi at sinulat mo).
are more expansive because the audience is bigger. 2. Illocutionary Act
-The speaker might use additional visual channels such as slides or a -The social Function of what is said. (Kung anong gusto mo o mensahe ng
Power Point Presentation. sinabi mo).
-Speakers will also use vocal qualifiers such as lapels, microphones, 3. Perlocutionary Act
speakers and many more. -The resulting act of what is said. (Kung anong Epekto nito sa
-Examples: Symposium, Seminars, Orientations, Meetings etc. pinagsabihan mo).
b.4 Mass Communication
-This refers to communication that takes place through televisions, The Speech Writing Process
radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types
of media. The following are the components of a speech writing process
Types of Speech Styles
1. Audience Analysis (AA)
What is a Speech Style? -entails looking into the profile of your target audience. This is done to
-According to Martin Joos (1976), a linguist and a German professor, it tailor-fit your speech content and delivery to your audience.
refers to the form of language that the speaker utilized which is The profile includes the following information.
characterized by the level of formality. a. Demography
-Includes age, gender, educational background, social status, nationality,
1. Intimate economic status and any information related to your audience.

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 2: Significant Features and Functions of Effective and Intercultural Communication with
the Strategies to Avoid Communication Break Down.
WEEKS 3 & 4 (First Quarter)
- The foundation of your speech. Your primary goal here is to get the
b. Situation attention of the audience and present the topic or main idea of your
Time, venue, occasion and size. speech. The following are some strategies.
c. Psychology 1. Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to your
Values, beliefs, preferences, needs and etc. subject.
2. Use practical examples and explain their connection to your
2. The purpose: To inform-To entertain-To persuade subject.
3. Start with a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it
3. The topic means.
-Choose a topic that interests you. 4. Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to your
-You can also ask the help of others in choosing an appropriate topic for a subject.
5. Tell a personal story to illustrate your point.
certain occasion or event.
4. Narrowing down a topic Body of the speech
5. Data gathering - Provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver
-The stage where you collect ideas, information, sources and references your purpose and explain the maid idea of your speech.
relevant or related to your specific topic. - The body of your speech should only have one idea.
-This can be done by visiting the library, browsing the web, observation or
conducting a survey or an interview. 1. Present real-life and practical examples.
-The data that you will gather will be very useful in making your speech 2. Show statistics.
more informative, entertaining and persuading. 3. Present comparisons.
6. Writing Patterns 4. Share ideas from the experts or practitioners.
- are structures that will help you organize the ideas related to your
topic. Conclusion
Examples - Restates the main idea of your speech.
-In this pattern the writer makes a statement and then give examples to - It provides a summary of the whole speech.
support his/her statement. - Aims to leave with a memorable statement.
Process
-This pattern refers to a series of steps to be carried out in some order, for
example: How do you make coffee? In this pattern, the writer
describes the step by step process in making a coffee.
Cause and effect
-This pattern simply states the cause and effect of something. Example:
Catherine became successful in life because of studying and working
hard.
Comparison and contrast
To compare two things is to find in which way/s they are similar.
Deductive manner
Explaining a topic from a general to specific manner.
Inductive manner
Explaining a topic from specific to general manner.
7. Outline
- Refers to a list that shows the relationship of your ideas.
- Elements of an outline include; introduction, body and conclusion.
Introduction

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 2: Significant Features and Functions of Effective and Intercultural Communication with
the Strategies to Avoid Communication Break Down.
WEEKS 3 & 4 (First Quarter)
Options: Regulation/Control, Social Interaction, Motivation, Information and
Emotional Expression.

1. News caster giving the news.

2. A customer ordering in a fast restaurant.
3. Speech about your sufferings and pains in life.
4. Buddies talking about the name you played last night.
5. Trivia about Filipino games.
6. Accident Prone Area.
7. Guest speaker delivering inspirational message for the
graduates.
8. Teachers discussing Slaians Inspire.
9. Love letters.
9. Don’t worry everything’s going to be alright.
10. Never give up.
11. The president of the Philippines having conversation
to your barangay captain.
12. Friends chit-chatting during their space break.
13. Saying good morning to your teachers.
14. I love you so much!
15. I am very happy today.
16. Religiously follow your class schedule, said the
teachers
17. Saying hi to a stranger in the messenger.
18. Conducting Interviews, surveys and Inquiries.
19. Laughing, smiling, frowning and crying.
20. Please observe silence.

21-30 Enumeration: Give 2 situation or examples of each functions of

communication.

Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section_________________________________________________

QUIZ: (Avoid Erasures)

Activity #1: IDENTIFICATION (20pts)
Direction: Identify what function of communication is most appropriate in
the following. Write your answers on the space provided.

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 2: Significant Features and Functions of Effective and Intercultural Communication with
the Strategies to Avoid Communication Break Down.
WEEKS 3 & 4 (First Quarter)
a. Voice quality (10), Video quality (10), Delivery (10) =30
b. Voice quality (10), Video quality (10), Overall Potential (10)=30
Activity #2: (Speech Styles 10pts) c. Convention (10), Neatness (5), Style (5), Clarity (5), Organization
Direction: Identify what type of speech style is most appropriate to use in (5)=30
the following situations or examples. Write your answers on the space d. Voice quality (10), Video quality (10), Overall Song Interpretation
provided. (10)=30
Options: Intimate, Casual, Consultative, Formal and Frozen. e. Voice quality (5), Video quality (5), Delivery (10), Overall Impact
(10) =30
1. Writing a speech for oral communication in context. f. Creativity (10), Content (10), Neatness (10)=30
2. Asking questions to your teachers about the content of
the subject.
3. National Anthem
4. Marriage Ceremonies
5. Senate meeting
6. Rider’s club
7. SLA Hymn
8. Barkada
9. Dagliang Talumpati
10. School Publication

EFAA 2: Recorded Speech (20 points)

EFAA 1 Direction: Using your smartphones, kindly record a short speech

Applying the functions of Communication (30 points) about “Traits of Filipinos that you can be proud of during the
Direction: Choose one task from the following. For writing activities you can pandemic Covid-19. Your speech should not be shorter than 1
use separate sheet of bond or yellow paper. For Videos submit it to your minute and not longer than 5 minutes.
teacher via messenger.
RUBRICS
a. Make a video as a newscaster giving a news. Magbalita ng isang
news at i-video ito.
b. Make a Vlog as a customer ordering in a fast food restaurant.
c. Write a short speech about what you want in life; explain your
desires, needs, aspirations and goals.
d. Cover a song that sad, angry or happy.
e. Deliver a speech motivating your fellow learners in coping up with
the new normal situation of education.
f. Make a poster slogan or info graphics about the function of
communication.
g. For Enrichment, you can do all these tasks.

Criteria:

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 2: Significant Features and Functions of Effective and Intercultural Communication with
the Strategies
Criteria 2 to Avoid3 Communication
4 Break
5 Down.
Content WEEKS
The whole3 & 4 (First
Most of theQuarter)
Most of the The whole
X2 speech speech speech speech
content content content content
showed showed showed showed
irrelevance to irrelevance to relevance or strong
the topic. the topic. connection relevance or
Most of the Most of the to the topic. connection
ideas were ideas were Most of the to the topic.
unorganized, unorganized, ideas were All Ideas
unclearly unclearly well were well
stated and stated and organized, organized,
not united. not united. clearly clearly
stated and stated and
united. united.
Voice X2 The voice of The voice of The voice of The voice of
the speaker the speaker the speaker the speaker
sounded sounded sounded sounded
unconfident, unconfident, with with
unconvicting, unconvicting, confidence, confidence,
unclear and unclear and conviction, conviction,
not impactful not impactful clarity and clarity and
all the time. most of the impactful impactful all
time. most of the the time.
time.

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