Chapter 5 - Miscellaneous Exercises

Mole Concept & Stoichiometry

Miscellaneous Exercises
Class 10 - Concise Chemistry Selina
Miscellaneous Exercise

Question 1

From the equation for burning of hydrogen and oxygen

2H2 + O2 ⟶ 2H2O (Steam)

Write down the number of mole (or moles) of steam obtained from 0.5 moles of oxygen.

Answer

2H2+O2⟶2H2O2 mole1 mole2 mole2H22 mole+O21 mole⟶2H2O2 mole

1 mole of oxygen gives 2 moles of steam

∴ 0.5 mole of oxygen will give 2112 × 0.5

= 1 mole of steam

Question 2

From the equation

3Cu + 8HNO3 ⟶ 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO

(At. mass Cu=64, H=1, N=14, O=16)

Calculate:

(a) Mass of copper needed to react with 63 g of HNO3

(b) Volume of nitric oxide at S.T.P. that can be collected.

Answer
3Cu+8HNO3⟶3Cu(NO3)2+4H2O+2NO3(64)8(1+14+3(16))=192g=8(63)=50
4g3Cu3(64)=192g+8HNO38(1+14+3(16))=8(63)=504g⟶3Cu(NO3)2+4H2
O+2NO
(a) 504 g nitric acid reacts with 192 g of copper

∴ 63 g of nitric acid reacts with 192504504192 x 63 = 24 g of copper

Hence, 24 g of copper is required.

(b) 504 g of nitric acid gives 2 × 22.4 litre volume of NO

∴ 63 g of nitric acid gives 2×22.45045042×22.4 x 63

= 5.6 litre of NO

5.6 L of NO is collected.

Question 3

(a) Calculate the number of moles in 7 g of nitrogen.

(b) What is the volume at S.T.P. of 7.1 g of chlorine?

(c) What is the mass of 56 cm3 of carbon monoxide at S.T.P?

Answer

(a) Gram molecular mass of N2 = 2 x 14 = 28 g

28 g of nitrogen = 1 mole

∴ 7 g of nitrogen = 128281 x 7

= 0.25 moles

(b) Gram molecular mass of Cl2 = 2 x 35.5 = 71 g

71 g of chlorine at S.T.P. occupies 22.4 litres

∴ 7.1 g of chlorine will occupy 22.4717122.4 x 7.1

= 2.24 litre = 2.24 dm3

(c) Gram molecular mass of carbon monoxide (CO) = 12 + 16 = 28 g

28 g of carbon monoxide at S.T.P. occupies 22,400 cm3 volume

So, 22,400 cm3 volume have mass = 28 g

∴ 56 cm3 volume will have mass 2822,40022,40028 x 56 = 0.07 g

Question 4

Some of the fertilizers are sodium nitrate NaNO3, ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 and urea
CO(NH2)2. Which of these contains the highest percentage of nitrogen?

Answer

(i) Molar mass of NaNO3 = 23 + 14 + 3(16) = 23 + 14 + 48 = 85 g

Nitrogen in 85 g NaNO3 = 14 g

∴ Percentage of Nitrogen in NaNO3 = 14858514 x 100 = 16.47%

(ii) Molar mass of (NH4)2SO4 = 2[14 + 4(1)] + 32 + 4(16) = 36 + 32 + 64 = 132 g

Nitrogen in 132 g of (NH4)2SO4 = 28 g

∴ Percentage of Nitrogen in (NH4)2SO4 = 2813213228 x 100 = 21.21%

(iii) Molar mass of CO(NH2)2 = 12 + 16 + 2[14 + (2 x 1)]

= 28 + 2(16)

= 28 + 32

= 60 g

Nitrogen in 60 g of CO(NH2)2 = 2 x 14 = 28 g

∴ Percentage of Nitrogen in CO(NH2)2 = 28606028 x 100 = 46.66%

So, the highest percentage of Nitrogen is in Urea.

Question 5

Water decomposes to O2 and H2 under suitable conditions as represented by the equation below:

2H2O ⟶ 2H2 + O2

(a) If 2500 cm3 of H2 is produced, what volume of O2 is liberated at the same time and under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure?
(b) The 2500 cm3 of H2 is subjected to 212221 times increase in pressure (temp. remaining
constant). What volume will H2 now occupy?

(c) Taking the value of H2 calculated in 5(b), what changes must be made in Kelvin (absolute)
temperature to return the volume to 2500 cm3 pressure remaining constant.

Answer

2H2O⟶2H2+O2 Vol.2 Vol.1 Vol.2H2O2 Vol.⟶2H22 Vol.+O1 Vol.

2 Vol. of water gives 2 Vol. of H2 and 1 Vol. of O2

∴ If 2500 cm3 of H2 is produced, volume of O2 produced = 2500222500 = 1250 cm3

(b) V1 = 2500 cm3

P1 = 1 atm = 760 mm

T1 = T

T2 = T

P2 = [760 x 2 1221] + [760] = 760 [5225 + 1] = 760 x 7227 = 2660 mm

V2 = ?

Using formula:

P1V1T1T1P1V1 = P2V2T2T2P2V2
760×2500TT760×2500 = 2660×V2T2660×TV2
V2 = 760×250026602660760×2500 = 5000775000

(c) V1 = 5000775000 = 714.29 cm3

P1 = P2 = P

T1 = T

V2 = 2500 cm3

T2 = ?

Using formula:

P1V1T1T1P1V1 = P2V2T2T2P2V2
P×714.29TTP×714.29 = P×2500T2T2P×2500
T2 = 2500714.29714.292500 x T

T2 = 3.5 x T

Hence, T2 = 3.5 times T or temperature should be increased by 3.5 times

Question 6

Urea (CO(NH2)2) is an important nitrogenous fertilizer. Urea is sold in 50 kg sacks. What mass
of nitrogen is in one sack of urea?

Answer

Molar mass of urea [CO(NH2)2] = 12 + 16 + 2[14 + (2 x 1)]

= 28 + 2(16)

= 28 + 32

= 60 g

50 kg of urea = 50,000 g of urea

Nitrogen in 60 g of CO(NH2)2 = 2 x 14 = 28 g

∴ Nitrogen in 50,000 g urea = 28×50,000606028×50,000

= 23,333 g = 23.3 kg

Question 7

Find the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon having vapour density 15, which contains 20% of
Hydrogen.

Answer

Element % composition At. wt. Relative no. of atoms

Carbon 80 12 80121280 = 6.66 6

Hydrogen 20 1 201120 = 20 2

Simplest ratio of whole numbers = C : H = 1 : 3

Hence, empirical formula is CH3

Empirical formula weight = 12 + 3(1) = 15

V.D. = 15

Molecular weight = 2 x V.D. = 2 x 15

n=Molecular weightEmpirical formula weight=2×1515=2n=Empirical formula

weightMolecular weight=152×15=2
∴ Molecular formula = n[E.F.] = 2[CH3] = C2H6

Question 8

The following experiment was performed in order to determine the formula of a hydrocarbon.
The hydrocarbon X is purified by fractional distillation.

0.145 g of X was heated with dry copper (II) oxide and 224 cm3 of carbon dioxide was collected
at S.T.P.

(a) Which elements does X contain?

(b) What was the purpose of copper (II) oxide?

(c ) Calculate the empirical formula of X by the following steps:

(i) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas.

(ii) Calculate the mass of carbon contained in this quantity of carbon dioxide and thus the mass
of carbon in sample X.

(iii) Calculate the mass of hydrogen in sample X.

(iv) Deduce the ratio of atoms of each element in X (empirical formula).

Answer

(a) X contains carbon and hydrogen as it is a hydrocarbon.

(b) The purpose of copper (II) oxide is to act as an oxidizing agent.

(c) (i) 22400 cm3 CO2 has mass = 44 g

∴ 224 cm3 CO2 will have mass = 44224002240044 x 224 = 0.44 g

Molar mass of CO2 = 12 + 2(16) = 12 + 32 = 44 g

Moles of CO2 = MassMolecular massMolecular massMass = 0.4444440.44 = 0.01
moles

(ii) Mass of carbon in 44 g CO2 = 12 g

∴ Mass of carbon in 0.44 g CO2 = 12444412 x 0.44 = 0.12 g

As X contains carbon and hydrogen, so sample X has 0.12 g of carbon

(iii) Mass of Hydrogen in X = 0.145 - 0.12 = 0.025 g

(iv) Ratio of moles of C : H

= 0.010.010.010.01 : 0.0250.010.010.025

= 1 : 25101025

= 1 : 5225

=2:5

Hence, ratio of C : H = 2 : 5

so, the empirical formula of hydrocarbon is C2H5

Question 9

Compound is formed by 24 g of X and 64 g of oxygen. If atomic mass of X = 12 and O = 16,

calculate the simplest formula of compound.

Answer

Element Mass (g) Atomic mass Moles

Element X 24 12 24121224 = 2

Oxygen 64 16 64161664 = 4

Simplest ratio of whole numbers = X : O = 1 : 2

Hence, simplest formula of compound is XO2

Question 10
A gas cylinder filled with hydrogen holds 5 g of the gas. The same cylinder holds 85 g of gas X
under the same temperature and pressure. Calculate:

(a) Vapour density of gas X.

(b) Molecular weight of gas X.

Answer

(a) V.D.
= mass of certain volume of gas at S.T.P.mass of equal volume of H2 at S.T.P.m
ass of equal volume of H2 at S.T.P.mass of certain volume of gas at S.T.P. = 85
5585 = 17
(b) Molecular weight = 2 x V.D. = 2 x 17 = 34 a.m.u.

Question 11

(a) When carbon dioxide is passed over red hot carbon, carbon monoxide is produced according
to the equation :

CO2 + C ⟶ 2CO

What volume of carbon monoxide at S.T.P. can be obtained from 3 g of carbon?

(b) 60 cm3 of oxygen was added to 24 cm3 of carbon monoxide and mixture ignited. Calculate:

(i) volume of oxygen used up and

(ii) Volume of carbon dioxide formed.

Answer

CO2+C⟶2CO1 vol.:1 vol.⟶2 vol.CO21 vol.+:C1 vol.⟶⟶2CO2 vol.

[By Gay Lussac's law]

1 Vol. of C produces 2V of CO

12 g of C produces 2 x 22.4 L of CO

∴ 3 g of C will produce 2×22.412122×22.4 x 3

= 11.2 L of CO

(b)
O2+2CO⟶2CO21 vol.:2 vol.⟶2 vol.O21 vol.+:2CO2 vol.⟶⟶2CO22 vol.
(i) 2 Vol. of CO requires 1 Vol. of oxygen

∴ 24 cm3 CO will require 1221 x 24

= 12 cm3 of oxygen

(ii) 2 Vol. of CO gives 2 vol. of CO2

∴ 24 cm3 of CO will give 24 cm3 of CO2

Question 12

How much calcium oxide is obtained by heating 82 g of calcium nitrate? Also find the volume of
NO2 evolved:

2Ca(NO3)2 ⟶ 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2

Answer

2Ca(NO3)2⟶2CaO+ 4NO2 +O22[40+2[14+3(16)]]2[40+16]=2[40+28+96]=2

(56)=328 g=112 g2Ca(NO3)22[40+2[14+3(16)]]=2[40+28+96]=328 g⟶
2CaO2[40+16]=2(56)=112 g+ 4NO2 +O2
328 g of calcium nitrate produces 112 g of CaO

∴ 82 g of calcium nitrate will produce 112328328112 x 82

= 28 g of CaO

328 g of calcium nitrate produces 4 x 22.4 L of NO2

∴ 82 g of calcium nitrate will produce 4×22.43283284×22.4 x 82

= 22.4 L of NO2

Question 13

The equation for the burning of octane is:

2C8H18 + 25O2 ⟶ 16CO2 + 18H2O

(i) How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced when one mole of octane burns?

(ii) What volume at S.T.P. is occupied by the number of moles determined in (i)?
(iii) If the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide is 44, what is the mass of carbon dioxide
produced by burning two moles of octane?

(iv) What is the empirical formula of octane?

Answer

2C8H18+25O2⟶16CO2+18H2O2 Vol.25 Vol.16 Vol.18 Vol.16[12+2(16)]16[

12+32]16[44]=704g2C8H182 Vol.+25O225 Vol.⟶16CO216 Vol.16[12+2(16)]1
6[12+32]16[44]=704g+18H2O18 Vol.
(i) 2 moles of octane produces 16 moles of CO2

∴ 1 mole octane produces 162216 x 1

= 8 moles of CO2

(ii) 1 mole CO2 occupies volume = 22.4 L

As 2 moles of octane produces 8 moles of carbon dioxide which will occupy

volume 22.41122.4 x 8

= 179.2 dm3 of CO2

(iii) 1 mole CO2 has mass = 44 g

∴ 16 moles will have mass 441144 x 16

= 704 g of CO2

(iv) Molecular formula is C8H18

∴ Ratio of C and H is 8 : 18

Simple ratio is 4 : 9

Hence, empirical formula = C4H9

Question 14

Ordinary chlorine gas has two isotopes 3517Cl and 3717Cl in the ratio of 3:1. Calculate the relative
atomic mass of chlorine.

Answer

The relative atomic mass of Cl = (35×3)+(1×37)44(35×3)+(1×37) = 35.5

Question 15

Silicon (Si = 28) forms a compound with chlorine (Cl = 35.5) in which 5.6 g of silicon combines
with 21.3 g of chlorine. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

Answer

Element Mass At. wt. gram atoms

Silicon 5.6 28 5.628285.6 = 0.2

Chlorine 21.3 35.5 21.335.535.521.3 = 0.6

Simplest ratio of whole numbers = Si : Cl = 1 : 3

Hence, empirical formula is SiCl3

Question 16

An acid of phosphorus has the following percentage composition; Phosphorus = 38.27%;

hydrogen = 2.47%; oxygen = 59.26%. Find the empirical formula of the acid and it's molecular
formula, given that it's relative molecular mass is 162.

Answer

Element % composition At. wt. Relative no. of atoms

Phosphorus 38.27 31 38.27313138.27 = 1.234 1.23

Hydrogen 2.47 1 2.47112.47 = 2.47 2.47

Oxygen 59.26 16 59.26161659.26 = 3.70 3.70

Simplest ratio of whole numbers = P : H : O = 1 : 2 : 3

Hence, empirical formula is H2PO3

Empirical formula weight = 31 + 2(1) + 3(16) = 31 + 2 + 48 = 81

Molecular weight = 162

n=Molecular weightEmpirical formula weight=16281=2n=Empirical formula w
eightMolecular weight=81162=2
So, molecular formula = 2(H2PO3) = H4P2O6

Question 17

(a) Calculate the mass of substance 'A' which in gaseous form occupies 10 litres at 27°C and 700
mm pressure. The molecular mass of 'A' is 60.

(b) A gas occupied 360 cm3 at 87°C and 380 mm Hg pressure. If the mass of gas is 0.546 g, find
it's relative molecular mass.

Answer

(a) Given, molecular mass of 'A' is 60

V1 = 10 L

T1 = 27 + 273 K = 300 K

P1 = 700 mm

T2 = 273 K

P2 = 760 mm

V2 = ?

Using formula:

P1V1T1T1P1V1 = P2V2T2T2P2V2
Substituting in the formula,

700×10300300700×10 = 760×V2273273760×V2
V2 = 700×10×273300×760300×760700×10×273 = 19112282281911 = 8.38 L

As, 22.4 L of A weighs 60 g

∴ 8.38 L of A will weigh 6022.422.460 x 8.38

= 22.446 = 22.45 g

(b) V1 = 360 cm3

T1 = 87 + 273 K = 360 K
P1 = 380 mm Hg pressure

T2 = 273 K

P2 = 760 mm Hg pressure

V2 = ?

Using formula:

P1V1T1T1P1V1 = P2V2T2T2P2V2
Substituting in the formula,

380×360360360380×360 = 760×V2273273760×V2
V2 = 380×273760760380×273 = 10,37476076010,374 = 136.5 cm3

136.5 cm3 of gas weigh = 0.546 g

22400 cm3 of gas weigh 0.546136.5136.50.546 x 22400

= 89.6 amu

Question 18

A gas cylinder can hold 1 kg of hydrogen at room temperature and pressure.

(a) What mass of carbon dioxide can it hold under similar conditions of temperature and
pressure?

(b) If the number of molecules of hydrogen in the cylinder is X, calculate the number of carbon
dioxide molecules in the cylinder. State the law that helped you to arrive at the above result

Answer

(a) Given, cylinder can hold = 1 kg of hydrogen

Molar mass of hydrogen = 2[1] = 2g

Number of moles of hydrogen present in cylinder = 1000221000 = 500

According to avogadro's law : cylinder will hold 500 moles of carbon dioxide gas

Molar mass of CO2 = C + 2(O) = 12 + 2(16) = 44 g

1 mole of carbon dioxide = 44 g

∴ 500 moles of carbon dioxide = 44 x 500 = 22,000 g = 22 kg.

Hence, Weight of carbon dioxide in cylinder = 22 kg

(b) According to Avogadro's law — Equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

∴ molecules in the cylinder of carbon dioxide = X

Avogadro's law helped to arrive at this result.

Question 19

Following questions refer to one mole of chlorine gas.

(a) What is the volume occupied by this gas at S.T.P.?

(b) What will happen to the volume of gas, if pressure is doubled?

(c) What volume will it occupy at 273°C?

(d) If the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5, what will be the mass of 1 mole of chlorine
gas?

Answer

(a) According to Avogadro's law : The volume occupied by 1 mole of chlorine is 22.4 dm3

(b) According to Boyle's Law: PV = constant

Hence, if pressure is doubled then volume will become half i.e. 22.42222.4 = 11.2 dm3

(c) V1 = 22.4 dm3

T1 = 273 K

T2 = 273 + 273 K = 546 K

V2 = ?

According to charles law:

V1T1T1V1 = V2T2T2V2
Substituting to we get,

22.427327322.4 = V2546546V2
Hence, V2 = 22.427327322.4 x 546 = 44.8 dm3

(c) Mass of 1 mole Cl2 gas = 35.5 × 2 = 71 g

Question 20

(a) A hydrate of calcium sulphate CaSO4.xH2O contains 21% water of crystallisation. Find the
value of x.

(b) What volume of hydrogen and oxygen measured at S.T.P. will be required to prepare 1.8 g of
water.

(c) How much volume will be occupied by 2g of dry oxygen at 27°C and 740 mm pressure?

(d) What would be the mass of CO2 occupying a volume of 44 litres at 25°C and 750 mm
pressure?

(e) 1 g of a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium nitrate is dissolved in water. On adding silver
nitrate solution, 1.435 g of AgCl is precipitated.

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) ⟶ AgCl (s) + NaNO3

Calculate the percentage of NaCl in the mixture.

Answer

Relative molecular mass of CuSO4.xH2O

= 40 + 32 + (4×16) + [x(2+16)]

= 40 + 32 + 64 + 18x

= 136 + 18x

∴ 21% water of crystallization = 18 x

⇒18�136+18�=211001800�=21(136+18�)1800�=2856+378�1800�−
378�=28561422�=2856�=28561422�=2⇒136+18x18x=10021
1800x=21(136+18x)1800x=2856+378x1800x−378x=28561422x=2856x=142
22856x=2
Hence, water of crystallization = 2

(b) Molar mass of H2O = 2(1) + 16 = 18 g

For 18 g water, vol. of hydrogen needed = 22.4 litre

∴ For 1.8 g, vol. of H2 needed = 22.4181822.4 x 1.8 = 2.24 L

According to Gay Lussac's Law, 2 vol of hydrogen requires 1 vol of oxygen

When 2 vol of hydrogen in 1.8 g H2O is 2.24 L, then one vol. of oxygen will be:

2.24222.24 = 1.12 L
(c) Gram molecular mass of O2 = 2 x 16 = 32 g

1 mole of O2 weighs 32 g and occupies 22.4 lit. vol.

∴ 2 g of O2 occupies = 22.432×2=1.4 lit.3222.4×2=1.4 lit.

Volume occupied by 2 g of O2 gas at 27°C and 740 mm pressure:

S.T.P. Give

P1 = 760 mm of Hg P2 = 740 mm of Hg

V1 = 1.4 lit V2 = x lit

T1 = 273 K T2 = 27 + 273 K

Using the gas equation,

�1�1�1=�2�2�2T1P1V1=T2P2V2
Substituting the values we get,

760×1.4273=740×�300�=760×1.4×300740×273�=3,19,2002,02,020�=1.5
8 lit273760×1.4=300740×xx=740×273760×1.4×300x=2,02,0203,19,200
x=1.58 lit
Hence, the volume occupied by 2 g of O2 gas at 27°C and 740 mm pressure is 1.58 lit.

(d) Gram molecular mass of CO2 = 12 + 2(16) = 12 + 32 = 44 g

Given Values

P1 = 750 mm of Hg P2 = 760 mm of Hg
 Given Values

V1 = 44 lit V2 = x lit

T1 = 25 + 273 K = 298 K T2 = 273 K

Using the gas equation,

�1�1�1=�2�2�2T1P1V1=T2P2V2
Substituting the values we get,

750×44298=760×�273�=750×44×273760×298�=9,009,000226,480�=39.7
8 lit298750×44=273760×xx=760×298750×44×273x=226,4809,009,000
x=39.78 lit
22.4 litre of CO2 at S.T.P. has mass = 44 g

39.78 litre of CO2 at S.T.P. has mass 4422.422.444 x 39.78

= 78.14 g

(e)

AgNO3+NaCl⟶AgCl+NaNO323+35.5108+35.5=58.5g=143.5gAgNO3+
NaCl23+35.5=58.5g⟶AgCl108+35.5=143.5g+NaNO3
(i) 143.5 g AgCl is formed by 58.5 g NaCl

∴ 1.435 g of AgCl will be formed by 58.5143.5143.558.5 x 1.435 = 0.582 g

Percentage of NaCl = 0.582110.582 x 100 = 58.5%

Hence, percentage of NaCl is 58.5%

Question 21a

From the equation:

C + 2H2SO4 ⟶ CO2 + 2H2O + 2SO2

Calculate:

(i) The mass of carbon oxidized by 49 g of sulphuric acid.

(ii) The volume of sulphur dioxide measured at STP, liberated at the same time.

Answer

C+2H2SO4⟶CO2+2H2O+2SO212g2[2(1)+32+4(16)]2[2+32+64]196gC12g+
2H2SO42[2(1)+32+4(16)]2[2+32+64]196g⟶CO2+2H2O+2SO2
(i) 196 g of sulphuric acid oxidizes 12 g carbon

∴ 49 g of sulphuric acid will oxidize = 1219619612 x 49 = 3 g

Hence, 3 g of carbon is oxidized.

(ii) 12 g carbon liberates 2 vol = (2 x 22.4) lit of SO2

∴ 3 g of carbon will liberate 2×22.412122×22.4 x 3 = 11.2 lit of SO2.

Hence, 11.2 lit of SO2 is liberated.

Question 21b

(i) A compound has the following percentage composition by mass: carbon 14.4%, hydrogen
1.2% and chlorine 84.5%. Determine the empirical formula of this compound. Work correct to 1
decimal place. (H = 1; C = 12; Cl = 35.5)

(ii) The relative molecular mass of this compound is 168, so what is it's molecular formula?

Answer

(i)

Element % composition At. wt. Relative no. of atoms

Carbon 14.4 12 14.4121214.4 = 1.2 1.2

Hydrogen 1.2 1 1.2111.2 = 1.2 1.2

chlorine 84.5 35.5 84.535.535.584.5 = 2.38 2.3

Simplest ratio of whole numbers = C : H : Cl = 1 : 1 : 2

Hence, empirical formula is CHCl2

Empirical formula weight = 12 + 1 + 2(35.5) = 84 g

Relative molecular mass = 168

n=Molecular weightEmpirical formula weight=16884=2n=Empirical formula w

eightMolecular weight=84168=2
Molecular formula = n[E.F.] = 2[CHCl2] = C2H2Cl4

∴ Molecular formula = C2H2Cl4

Question 22

Find the percentage of

(a) oxygen in magnesium nitrate crystals [Mg(NO3)2.6H2O].

(b) boron in Na2B4O7.10H2O. H=1,B=11,O=16,Na=23.

(c) phosphorus in the fertilizer superphosphate Ca(H2PO4)2

Answer

Relative molecular mass of [Mg (NO3)2.6H2O]

= 24 + 2[14 + 3(16)] + 12(1) + 6(16)

= 24 + 2[14 + 48] + 12 + 96
= 24 + 28 + 96 + 12 + 96
= 256 g

Molar mass of oxygen in [Mg (NO3)2.6H2O] = 96 + 96 = 192 g

Since, 256 g of [Mg(NO3)2.6H2O] contains 192 g of oxygen

∴ 100 g of [Mg(NO3)2.6H2O] contains

192256256192 x 100 = 75% of oxygen

(b) Relative molecular mass of Na2B4O7.10H2O
= 2(23) + 4(11) + 7(16) + 20(1) + 10(16)
= 46 + 44 + 112 + 20 + 160
= 382 g

Molar mass of boron in Na2B4O7.10H2O = 44 g

382 g of Na2B4O7.10H2O contains 44 g of boron

∴ 100 g Na2B4O7.10H2O contains 4438238244 x 100 = 11.5%

(c) Relative molecular mass of Ca(H2PO4)2
= 40 + 4(1) + 2(31) + 8(16)
= 40 + 4 + 62 + 128
= 234 g

Molar mass of phosphorus in Ca(H2PO4)2 = 62 g

234g of Ca(H2PO4)2 contains 62 g of phosphorus

∴ 100 g of Ca(H2PO4)2 contains 6223423462 x 100 = 26.5%

Question 23

What mass of copper hydroxide is precipitated by using 200 g of sodium hydroxide?

2NaOH + CuSO4 ⟶ Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 ↓

[Cu = 64, Na = 23, S = 32, H = 1]

Answer

98g2NaOH2[23+16+1]=80 g+CuSO4⟶Na2SO4+Cu(OH)2
2NaOH+CuSO4⟶Na2SO4+Cu(OH)2↓2[23+1664+2[16+1]+1]=64+34=80 g=

↓64+2[16+1]=64+34=98g
80 g of sodium hydroxide precipitates 98 g of copper hydroxide.

∴ 200 g of sodium hydroxide will precipitate 98808098 x 200 = 245 g of copper hydroxide.

Hence, 245 g. of copper hydroxide is precipitated.

Question 24

Solid ammonium dichromate decomposes as under:

(NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇ ⟶ N₂ + Cr₂O₃ + 4H₂O

If 63 g of ammonium dichromate decomposes. Calculate

(a) the quantity in moles of (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇

(b) the quantity in moles of nitrogen formed.

(c) the volume of N₂ evolved at S.T.P.

(d) the loss of mass

(iv) the mass of chromium (III) formed at the same time.

Answer

(NH4)2Cr2O7→ΔN2+4H2O+Cr2O32[14+4(1)]2(52)+2(52)+7(16)+3(16)=36+
104=104+48+112=252 g=152 g(NH4)2Cr2O72[14+4(1)]
+2(52)+7(16)=36+104+112=252 gΔN2+4H2O+Cr2O32(52)+3(16)=104+48=152
g
(a) 252 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 = 1 mole

∴ 63 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 = 12522521 x 63 = 0.25 moles

Hence, no. of moles = 0.25 moles

(b)

(NH4)2Cr2O7:N21 mol.:1 mol.0.25 mol.:�(NH4)2Cr2O71 mol.0.25 mol.:::N21

mol.x
Hence, 0.25 moles of (NH4)2Cr2O7 will produce 0.25 moles of nitrogen.

(c) 1 mole of N₂ occupies 22.4 lit.

∴ 0.25 moles of N₂ will occupy = 22.4 x 0.25 = 5.6 lit.

Hence, volume of N₂ evolved at s.t.p = 5.6 lit.

(d) 252 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 decomposes to give 152 g of solid Cr₂O₃, loss in mass = 252 - 152 =
100 g

If 63 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 decomposes then loss in mass is

100252252100 x 63 = 25 g
(e) 1 mole of Cr2O7 = 152 g.

∴ 0.25 moles of Cr2O7 = 152 x 0.25 = 38 g.

Hence, mass in gms of Cr2O7 formed = 38 g.

Question 25

Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in oxygen to yield 12.8 g of sulphur dioxide gas as under:

2H2S + 3O2 ⟶ 2H2O + 2SO2

Calculate the volume of hydrogen sulphide at S.T.P. Also, calculate the volume of oxygen
required at S.T.P. which will complete the combustion of hydrogen sulphide determined in
(litres).

Answer

2H2S+3O2⟶2H2O+2SO22 Vol.3 Vol.2 Vol.2[2(1)+32]3[2(16)]2[32+2(16)]6

8 g96 g128 g2H2S2 Vol.2[2(1)+32]68 g+3O23 Vol.3[2(16)]96 g⟶2H2O+2SO2
2 Vol.2[32+2(16)]128 g
128 g of SO2 has volume 2 × 22.4 litres

∴ 12.8 g of SO2 has volume =

2×22.41281282×22.4 x 12.8 = 4.48 L

Volume of oxygen = ?

2 × 22.4 L H2S requires = 3 × 22.4 litre of oxygen

∴ 4.48 L H2S will require

3×22.42×22.42×22.43×22.4 x 4.48 = 6.72 L of oxygen.

Question 26

Ammonia burns in oxygen and combustion, in the presence of a catalyst, may be represented by

2NH3 + 2 1221 O2 ⟶ 2NO + 3H2O

[H = 1, N = 14, O = 16]

What mass of steam is produced when 1.5 g of nitrogen monoxide is formed?

Answer

2NH3+212O2⟶2NO+3H2O2[14+16]3[2(1)+16]60 g54 g2NH3+221O2⟶

2NO2[14+16]60 g+3H2O3[2(1)+16]54 g
When 60 g NO is formed then, 54 g mass of steam is produced

∴ when 1.5 g NO is formed, mass of steam produced

= 54606054 x 1.5 = 1.35 g

Question 27
If a crop of wheat removes 20 kg of nitrogen per hectare of soil, what mass of the fertilizer,
calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 would be required to replace the nitrogen in a 10 hectare field ?

Answer

Molecular mass of Ca(NO3)2

= 40 + [2(14) + 6(16)]
= 40 + 28 + 96
= 164 g

Mass of N2 in Ca(NO3)2 = 28 g

In 1 hectare of soil, 20 kg of N2 is removed

∴ In 10 hectare field N2 removed is 20 x 10 = 200 kg

28 g N2 is present in 164 g of Ca(NO3)2

So, 200 kg or 200,000 g of N2 is present in 1642828164 x 200,000

= 1171428 g = 1171.4 kg

Question 28

Concentrated nitric acid oxidises phosphorus to phosphoric acid according to the following
equation:

P + 5HNO3 ⟶ H3PO4+ 5NO2 + H2O

If 6.2 g of phosphorus was used in the reaction calculate:

(a) Number of moles of phosphorus taken and mass of phosphoric acid formed.

(b) mass of nitric acid consumed at the same time?

(c) The volume of steam produced at the same time if measured at 760 mm Hg pressure and
273°C?

Answer

P+5HNO3⟶H3PO4+5NO2+H2O31g5[1+14+3(16)]3(1)+31+4(16)315 g98 gP
31g+5HNO35[1+14+3(16)]315 g⟶H3PO43(1)+31+4(16)98 g+5NO2+H2O
(a) 31 g of P = 1 mole

∴ 6.2 g of P = 131311 x 6.2 = 0.2 mole of P

Mass of phosphoric acid formed = ?

31 g of P produces 98 g of phosphoric acid

∴ 6.2 g of P will form 98313198 x 6.2 = 19.6 g

(b) 31 g P reacts with 315 g HNO3

∴ 6.2 g P will react with 3153131315 x 6.2 = 63 g HNO3

(c) 31 g P produces = 1 mole steam

∴ 6.2 g P produces 131311 x 6.2 = 0.2 moles

Volume of steam produced at STP = 0.2 × 22.4 = 4.48 litre

V1 = 4.48 litre

T1 = 273 K

P1 = 760 mm Hg pressure

T2 = 273 + 273 = 546 K

P2 = 760 mm Hg pressure

V2 = ?

Using formula:

P1V1T1T1P1V1 = P2V2T2T2P2V2
Substituting in the formula,

760×4.48273273760×4.48 = 760×V2546546760×V2
V2 = 2 x 4.48 = 8.96 L

Hence, volume of steam produced = 8.96 L

Question 29

112 cm3 of a gaseous fluoride of phosphorus has a mass of 0.63 g. Calculate the relative
molecular mass of the fluoride. If the molecule of the fluoride contains only one atom of
phosphorus, then determine the formula of the phosphorus fluoride. [ F = 19, P = 31]

Answer
Given,

112 cm3 of gaseous fluoride has mass = 0.63 g

so, 22400 cm3 of gaseous fluoride will have mass = 0.631121120.63 x 22400

= 126 g

∴ Relative molecular mass of fluoride = 126 g

The molecular mass = At mass P + At. mass of F

126 = 31 + At. Mass of F

∴ At. Mass of F = 126 - 31 = 95 g

However, At. mass of F = 19

∴ 95191995 = 5

So, 5 atoms of F, hence, the molecular formula = PF5

Question 30

Washing soda has formula Na2CO3.10H2O. What mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate is left
when all the water of crystallization is expelled by heating 57.2 g of washing soda?

Answer

Na2CO3.10H2O→ΔNa2CO3+10H2O2(23)+12+3(16)2(23)+1210[2(1)+10[2(1)
+16]+3(16)+16]=46+12+48=46+12=180 g+10(18)+48=286 g=106 gNa2CO3
.10H2O2(23)+12+3(16)+10[2(1)+16]=46+12+48+10(18)=286 gΔNa2CO3
2(23)+12+3(16)=46+12+48=106 g+10H2O10[2(1)+16]=180 g
286 g of washing soda had 106 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate

∴ 57.2 g will have = 106286286106 x 57.2 = 21.2 g anhydrous sodium carbonate.

Hence, 21.2 g anhydrous sodium carbonate is left.

Question 31

A metal M forms a volatile chloride containing 65.5% chlorine. If the density of the chloride
relative to hydrogen is 162.5, find the molecular formula of the chloride (M = 56).

Answer
 Element % composition At. wt. Relative no. of atoms

Metal M 34.5 56 34.5565634.5 = 0.616 0.6160.6

chlorine 65.5 35.5 65.535.535.565.5 = 1.84 1.840.61

Simplest ratio of whole numbers = M : Cl = 1 : 3

Hence, empirical formula is MCl3

Empirical formula weight = 56 + 3(35.5) = 162.5 g

Molecular weight = 2 x V.D. = 2 x 162.5 = 325

n=Molecular weightEmpirical formula weight=325162.5=2n=Empirical formul

a weightMolecular weight=162.5325=2
Molecular formula = n[E.F.] = 2[MCl3] = M2Cl6

∴ Molecular formula = M2Cl6

Question 32

A compound X consists of 4.8% carbon and 95.2% bromine by mass.

(i) Determine the empirical formula of this compound working correct to one decimal place (C =
12; Br = 80)

(ii) If the vapour density of the compound is 252, what is the molecular formula of the
compound?

Answer

Element % composition At. wt. Relative no. of atoms

carbon 4.8 12 4.812124.8 = 0.4 0.40

bromine 95.2 80 95.2808095.2 = 1.19 1.19

Simplest ratio of whole numbers = C : Br = 1 : 3

Hence, empirical formula is CBr3

(ii) Empirical formula weight = 12 + 3(80) = 252 g

Molecular weight = 2 x V.D. = 2 x 252 = 504

n=Molecular weightEmpirical formula weight=504252=2n=Empirical formula

weightMolecular weight=252504=2
Molecular formula = n[E.F.] = 2[CBr3] = C2Br6

∴ Molecular formula = C2Br6

Question 33

The reaction: 4N2O + CH4 ⟶ CO2 + 2H2O + 4N2 takes place in the gaseous state. If all volumes
are measured at the same temperature and pressure, calculate the volume of dinitrogen oxide
(N2O) required to give 150 cm3 of steam.

Answer

4N2O+CH4⟶CO2+2H2O+4N24 Vol1 Vol1 Vol2 Vol4 Vol4N2O4 Vol+CH41

Vol⟶CO21 Vol+2H2O2 Vol+4N24 Vol
2 x 22400 litre steam is produced by 4 × 22400 cm3 N2O

∴ 150 cm3 steam will be produced by

= 4×224002×224002×224004×22400 x 150 = 300 cc of N2O

Question 34

Samples of the gases O2, N2, CO2 and CO under the same conditions of temperature and pressure
contain the same number of molecules x. The molecules of oxygen occupy V litres and have a
mass of 8 g under the same conditions of temperature and pressure

What is the volume occupied by:

(a) x molecules of N2

(b) 3x molecules of CO

(c) What is the mass of CO2 in grams?

(d) In answering the above questions, which law have you used?

Answer
By Avogadro's law: Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure equal volumes of all
gases contain the same number of molecules.

∴ If gases under the same conditions have same number of molecules then they must have the
same volume.

(i) So, X molecules of N2 occupy 1V litres.

(ii) 3X molecules of CO will occupies 3V litres.

(iii) Molar mass of CO2 = C + 2(O) = 12 + 2(16) = 44 g

1 mole of O2 weighs 32 g and occupy 22.4 lit. volume

∴ 8 g of O2 will occupy 22.4323222.4 x 8 = 5.6 lit. vol. = Molar volume

If 8 g of O2 occupies 5.6 lit. vol.

And 1 mole of CO2 occupy 22.4 lit and weighs = 44 g at s.t.p.

∴ 5.6 lit. vol. of CO2 will weigh = 4422.422.444 x 5.6 = 11 g

Hence, mass of CO2 = 11 g

(iv) Avogadro's Law is used above.

Question 35

The percentage composition of sodium phosphate as determined by analysis is 42.1% sodium,

18.9% phosphorus and 39% oxygen. Find the empirical formula of the compound?

Answer

Element % composition At. wt. Relative no. of atoms

sodium 42.1 23 42.1232342.1 = 1.83 1.830

phosphorus 18.9 31 18.9313118.9 = 0.609 0.609

oxygen 39 16 39161639 = 2.43 2.430

Simplest ratio of whole numbers = Na : P : O = 3 : 1 : 4

Hence, empirical formula is Na3PO4

Question 36

What volume of oxygen is required to burn completely a mixture of 22.4 dm3 of methane and
11.2 dm3 of hydrogen into carbon dioxide and steam?

CH4 + 2O2 ⟶ CO2 + 2H2O

2H2 + O2 ⟶ 2H2O

Answer

CH4+2O2⟶CO2+2H2O1 vol.:2 vol.⟶1 vol.CH41 vol.+:2O22 vol.⟶⟶

CO21 vol.+2H2O
From equation:

22.4 dm3 of methane requires oxygen = 2 x 22.4 dm3 of O2 = 44.8 dm3

2H2+O2⟶2H2O2 vol.:1 vol.⟶2 vol.2H22 vol.+:O21 vol.⟶⟶2H2O2 vol.

From equation,

[2 x 22.4] dm3 hydrogen requires oxygen = 22.4 dm3

∴ 11.2 dm3 hydrogen will require oxygen = 22.42×22.42×22.422.4 x 11.2 =

= 5.6 dm3

Total volume of oxygen required = 44.8 + 5.6 = 50.4 dm3

Question 37

The gases hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and chlorine are arranged in order
of their increasing relative molecular masses. Given 8 g of each gas at S.T.P., which gas will
contain the least number of molecules and which gas the most?

Answer

According to Avogadro's law:

Equal volumes of all gases, under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, contain equal
numbers of molecules.

So, 1 mole of each gas contains = 6.02 × 1023 molecules

Mol. Mass of :

H2 = 2 g,
O2 = 32 g,

CO2 = 12 + 2(16) = 44 g,

SO2 = 32 + 2(16) = 64 g,

Cl2 = 2(35.5) = 71 g

(i) 2 g of hydrogen contains molecules = 6.02 × 1023

So, 8 g of hydrogen contains molecules

= 6.02×1023226.02×1023 x 8

= 4 × 6.02 × 1023molecules

= 24.08 × 1023molecules

(ii) 32 g of oxygen contains molecules = 6.02 × 1023

So, 8 g of oxygen contains molecules

= 6.02×102332326.02×1023 x 8

= 1.505 × 1023molecules

(iii) 44 g of carbon dioxide contains molecules = 6.02 × 1023

So, 8 g of carbon dioxide contains

= 6.02×102344446.02×1023 x 8

= 1.09 × 1023molecules

(iv) 64 g of sulphur dioxide contains molecules = 6.02 × 1023

So, 8g of sulphur dioxide contains

= 6.02×102364646.02×1023 x 8

= 0.75 × 1023molecules

(v) 71 g of chlorine contains molecules = 6.02 × 1023

So, 8g of chlorine contains

= 6.02×102371716.02×1023 x 8

= 0.67 × 1023molecules
Thus Cl2 < SO2 < CO2 < O2 < H2

(i) Least number of molecules in Cl2

(ii) Most number of molecules in H2

Question 38

10 g of a mixture of sodium chloride and anhydrous sodium sulphate is dissolved in water. An

excess of barium chloride solution is added and 6.99 g of barium sulphate is precipitated
according to the equation given below:

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⟶ BaSO4 + 2NaCl

Calculate the percentage of sodium sulphate in the original mixture.

Answer

+32+64+64=142 g=233 gNa2SO42(23)+32+4(16)=46+32+64=142 g+BaCl2⟶

Na2SO4+BaCl2⟶BaSO4↓+2NaCl2(23)+32137+32+4(16)+4(16)=46+32=137

BaSO4↓137+32+4(16)=137+32+64=233 g+2NaCl
233 g of BaSO4 is obtained from 142 g of Na2SO4

6.99 g of BaSO4 will be obtained from 142233233142 x 6.99 = 4.26 g of Na2SO4.

∴ In 10 g mixture 4.2610104.26 x 100 = 42.6% Na2SO4 is present.

Hence, 42.6% Na2SO4 is present in the original mixture

Question 39

When heated, potassium permanganate decomposes according to the following equation:

2KMnO4 ⟶ K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

(a) Some potassium permanganate was heated in the test tube. After collecting one litre of
oxygen at room temperature, it was found that the test tube had undergone a loss in mass of 1.32
g. If one litre of hydrogen under the same conditions of temperature and pressure has a mass of
0.0825 g, calculate the relative molecular mass of oxygen.

(b) Given that the molecular mass of potassium permanganate is 158. What volume of oxygen
(measured at room temperature) would be obtained by the complete decomposition of 15.8 g of
potassium permanganate? (Molar volume at room temperature is 24 litres)

Answer
2KMnO4 ⟶ K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

Loss in mass = 1.32 g = 1 lit of oxygen

Vapour density of gas =

Wt. of certain volume of gas Wt. of same volume of H2=1.320.0825=16 gWt. o

f same volume of H2Wt. of certain volume of gas =0.08251.32=16 g
Molecular weight = 2 x Vapour density
= 2 x 16 = 32 g

Hence, relative molecular mass of oxygen is 32 g

(b) Molar mass of 2KMnO4 = 2[39 + 55 + 4(16)] = 2[39 + 55 + 64] = 316 g

316 g of KMnO4 gives oxygen = 24 litres

∴ 15.8 g of KMnO4 will give

= 2431631624 x 15.8 = 1.2 L

Question 40

(a) A flask contains 3.2 g of sulphur dioxide. Calculate the following:

(i) The moles of sulphur dioxide present in the flask.

(ii) The number of molecules of sulphur dioxide present in the flask.

(iii) The volume occupied by 3.2 g of sulphur dioxide at S.T.P.

(b) An Experiment showed that in a lead chloride solution, 6.21 g of lead is combined with 4.26
g of chlorine. What is the empirical formula of this chlorine? (Pb = 207; Cl = 35.5)

Answer

(a) (i) Molar mass of sulphur dioxide = 32 + 2(16) = 64 g

64 g of sulphur dioxide = 1 mole

So, 3.2 g = 164641 x 3.2 = 0.05 moles

(ii) 1 mole of SO2 = 6.02 × 1023 molecules

So, in 0.05 moles, no. of molecules = 6.02 × 1023 × 0.05 = 3 × 1022

(iii) The volume occupied by 64 g of SO2 = 22.4 dm3

3.2 g of SO2 will be occupied by volume

22.4646422.4 x 3.2 = 1.12 L

(b) Element Mass (g) Atomic mass Moles

Pb 6.21 207 6.212072076.21 = 0.03

Cl 4.26 35.5 4.2635.535.54.26 = 0.12

Simplest ratio of whole numbers Pb : Cl = 1 : 4

Hence, empirical formula is PbCl4

Question 41

The volume of gases A, B, C and D are in the ratio, 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure .

(i) Which sample of gas contains the maximum number of molecules?

(ii) If the temperature and pressure of gas A are kept constant, then what will happen to the
volume of A when the number of molecules is doubled?

(iii) If this ratio of gas volume refers to the reactants and products of a reaction, which gas law is
being observed?

(iv) If the volume of A is actually 5.6 dm3 at S.T.P., calculate the number of molecules in the
actual Volume of D at S.T.P. (Avogadro's number is 6 × 1023).

(v) Using your answer from (iv), state the mass of D if the gas is dinitrogen oxide (N2O)

Answer

(i) Volume is directly proportional to the number of molecules, hence gas D will have
maximum no. of molecules as its volume is maximum.

(ii) If number of molecules of gas A is doubled, the volume will also be doubled i.e. 2V.

(iii) Gay Lussac's Law is observed.

(iv) 1 mole contains 6 x 1023 number of molecules and occupies 22.4 lit. vol.

Given, volume of 'A' is 5.6 dm3 at s.t.p.

∴ vol. of D will be 4 × 5.6 = 22.4 lit.
No. of molecules in 22.4 lit. of D = 6 x 1023 (Avogadro no.)

(v) As D is 1 mole hence, mass of 1 mole of D (N2O) = 2(14) + 16 = 28 + 16 = 44 g

Hence, mass of N2O = 44 g

Question 42

The equations given below relate to the manufacture of sodium carbonate [Mol. wt. of Na 2CO3 =
106]

(i) NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O ⟶ NaHCO3 + NH4Cl

(ii) 2NaHCO3 ⟶ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Equations (1) and (2) are based on the production of 21.2 g. of sodium carbonate.

(a) What mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate must be heated to give 21.2 g. of sodium carbonate

(b) To produce the mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate calculated in (a), what volume of carbon
dioxide, measured at s.t.p., would be required.

Answer

2NaHCO3⟶Na2CO3+H2O+CO22mol.1mol.2×84106 g.=168 g.2NaHCO3

2mol.2×84=168 g.⟶Na2CO31mol.106 g.+H2O+CO2
106 g of Na2CO3 is obtained from 168 g of NaHCO3

∴ 21.2 g. of Na2CO3 is obtained from 168106106168 x 21.2 = 33.6 g of NaHCO3

(ii)

NaCl+NH3+CO2+H2O1mol.22.4lit.⟶NaHCO3+NH4Cl1mol.84 g.NaCl⟶
+NaHCO31mol.84 g.NH3++NH4ClCO21mol.22.4lit.+H2O
84 g of NaHCO3 is obtained from 22.4 lit of CO2

∴ 33.6 g. of NaHCO3 is obtained from 22.4848422.4 x 33.6 = 8.96 lit.

Hence, 8.96 lit of CO2 is required.

Question 43

A sample of ammonium nitrate when heated yields 8.96 litres of steam (measured at STP)
NH4NO3 ⟶ N2O + 2H2O

(i) What volume of di nitrogen oxide is produced at the same time as 8.96 litres of steam.

(ii) What mass of ammonium nitrate should be heated to produce 8.96 litres of steam [Relative
molecular mass of NH4NO3 is 80]

(iii) Determine the percentage of oxygen in ammonium nitrate [O = 16]

Answer

NH4NO3→ΔN2O+2H2O1 vol.=80g1 vol.2 vol.NH4NO31 vol.=80gΔN2O1 vol.

+2H2O2 vol.
(i) Given,

1 vol. of di nitrogen produced at the same time as 8.96 litres of steam (2 vol)

Hence, Vol of di nitrogen = 8.96228.96 = 4.48 lit.

Hence, volume of di nitrogen oxide produced = 4.48 lit.

(ii) 2 vol = (2 x 22.4) lit steam is produced from 80 g NH4NO3

∴ 8.96 lit of steam will be produced by 802×22.42×22.480 x 8.96 = 16 g

Hence, 16 g of ammonium nitrate is required to be heated.

(iii) % of oxygen in ammonium nitrate = 3×1680803×16 x 100 = 60 %

Question 44

Given that the relative molecular mass of copper oxide is 80, what volume of ammonia
(measured at STP) is required to completely reduce 120 g of copper oxide? The equation for the
reaction is:

3CuO + 2NH3 ⟶ 3Cu + 3H2O + N2

Answer

3CuO+2NH33 mol.2 mol.=3×80 g.=2×22.4 lit.=240 g.=44.8 lit.3CuO3 mol.=3×

80 g.=240 g.+2NH32 mol.=2×22.4 lit.=44.8 lit.

⟶3Cu+3H2O+N2⟶3Cu+3H2O+N2
240 g of CuO is reduced by 44.8 lit of NH3
∴ 120 g of CuO is reduced by 44.824024044.8 x 120 = 22.4 lit.

Hence, 22.4 lit of NH3 is required

Question 45

(a) Calculate the number of moles and the number of molecules present in 1.4 g of ethylene gas.
What is the volume occupied by the same amount of ethylene?

(b) What is the vapour density of ethylene?

Answer

Gram molecular mass of C2H4

= 2(12) + 4(1)
= 24 + 4 = 28 g

As,

∴ 1.4 g of C2H4 = 128281 x 1.4 = 0.05 moles

28 g of C2H4 = 1 mole

∴ 0.05 moles = 6 × 1023 x 0.05 = 3 x 1022 molecules

1 mole = 6 × 1023 molecules

Hence, no. of moles is 0.05 and no. of molecules is 3 x 1022.

∴ Vol. occupied by 0.05 moles = 22.4 x 0.05 = 1.12 lit.

Vol. occupied by 1 mole = 22.4 lit

Hence, vol. occupied is 1.12 lit

(b)
Vapour density=Molecular weight2=282=14Vapour density=2Molecular weight
=228=14
Hence, vapour density is 14

Question 46

(a) Calculate the percentage of sodium in sodium aluminium fluoride (Na3AlF6) correct to the
nearest whole number.

(F = 19; Na =23; Al = 27)

(b) 560 ml of carbon monoxide is mixed with 500 ml of oxygen and ignited. The chemical
equation for the reaction is as follows:
2CO + O2 ⟶ 2CO2

Calculate the volume of oxygen used and carbon dioxide formed in the above reaction.

Answer

Molecular weight of sodium aluminium fluoride (Na3AlF6)

= 3(23) + 27 + 6(19)
= 69 + 27 + 114
= 210 g

210 g of sodium aluminium fluoride contains 69 g of Na

∴ 100 g of sodium aluminium fluoride will contain = 6921021069 x 100 = 32.85% = 33%

Hence, percentage of sodium in sodium aluminium fluoride (Na3AlF6) is 33%

(b)

2CO+O2⟶2CO22 vol.:1 vol.⟶2 vol.2CO2 vol.+:O21 vol.⟶⟶2CO22 vol.

1 mole of O2 has volume = 22400 ml

Volume of oxygen used by 2 × 22400 ml CO = 22400 ml

∴ Vol. of O2 used by 560 ml CO

= 224002×224002×2240022400 x 560

= 280 ml

Volume of CO2 formed by 2 × 22400 ml CO = 2 x 22400 ml

∴ Vol. of CO2 formed by by 560 ml CO

= 560 ml

Question 47a(2009)

A gas cylinder of capacity of 20 dm3 is filled with gas X the mass of which is 10 g. When the
same cylinder is filled with hydrogen gas at the same temperature and pressure the mass of the
hydrogen is 2 g, hence the relative molecular mass of the gas is:

i. 5

ii. 10

iii. 15
iv. 20

Answer

10

Working

Vapour density of gas =

Wt. of certain volume of gas Wt. of same volume of H2=102=5 gWt. of same v
olume of H2Wt. of certain volume of gas =210=5 g
Molecular weight = 2 x Vapour density
= 2 x 5 = 10 g

Hence, relative molecular mass of gas is 10 g

Question 47(b-i)(2009)

Calcium carbide is used for the artificial ripening of fruits. Actually the fruit ripens because of
the heat evolved while calcium carbide reacts with moisture. During this reaction calcium
hydroxide and acetylene gas is formed. If 200 cm3 of acetylene is formed from a certain mass of
calcium carbide, find the volume of oxygen required and carbon dioxide formed during the
complete combustion. The combustion reaction can be represented as below.

2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) ⟶4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Answer

2C2H2+5O2⟶4CO2+2H2O2 mol.5 mol.4 mol. 2C2H22 mol.+5O2⟶5 mol.

4CO24 mol. +2H2O According to Gay-Lussac's law,
2 volume of acetylene requires 5 volume of oxygen

1 volume of acetylene requires 5225 = 2.5 volume of oxygen

∴ 200 cm3 of acetylene requires 2.5112.5 x 200

= 500 cm3 of oxygen

2 volume of acetylene produces 4 volume of CO2

1 volume of acetylene produces 4224 = 2 volume of CO2

∴ 200 cm3 produces 2112 x 200 = 400 cm3 of CO2

Question 47(b-ii)(2009)

A gaseous compound of nitrogen and hydrogen contains 12.5% hydrogen by mass. Find the
molecular formula of the compound if its relative molecular mass is 37. (N = 14, H = 1).

Answer

Element % composition At. wt. Relative no. of atoms

Nitrogen 100 - 12.5 = 87.5 14 87.5141487.5 = 6.25 6

Hydrogen 12.5 1 12.51112.5 = 12.5 1

Simplest ratio of whole numbers N : H = 1 : 2

Hence, empirical formula is NH2

Empirical formula weight = 14 + 2(1) = 16

Relative molecular mass = 37

n=Molecular weightEmpirical formula weight=3716=2.31=2n=Empirical formu

la weightMolecular weight=1637=2.31=2
∴ Molecular formula = n[E.F.] = 2[NH2] = N2H4

Question 47(c-i)(2009)

A gas cylinder contains 24 × 1024 molecules of nitrogen gas. If Avogadro's number is 6 ×

1023 and the relative atomic mass of nitrogen is 14, calculate :

(1) Mass of nitrogen gas in the cylinder.

(2) Volume of nitrogen at STP in dm3

Answer

(1) Gram molecular mass of N2 = 2(14) = 28 g

6 × 1023 molecules of N2 weighs 28 g

∴ 24 × 1024 molecules will weigh 286×10236×102328 x 24 × 1024 = 1120 g

(2) 6 × 1023 molecules of N2 occupies 22.4 dm3

∴ 24 × 1024 molecules of N2 will occupy 22.46×10236×102322.4 x 24 × 1024 = 896 dm3

Question 47(c-ii)(2009)

Commercial sodium hydroxide weighing 30g has some sodium chloride in it. The Mixture on
dissolving in water and subsequent treatment with excess silver nitrate solution formed a
precipitate weighing 14.3 g. What is the percentage of sodium chloride in the commercial sample
of sodium hydroxide? The equation for the reaction is

NaCl + AgNO3 ⟶ AgCl + NaNO3

(Relative molecular mass of NaCl = 58; AgCl = 143)

Answer

NaCl58�+AgNO3⟶AgCl143 g+NaNO358gNaCl+AgNO3⟶143 gAgCl

+NaNO3
(i) 143 g AgCl is formed by 58 g NaCl

∴ 14.3 g of AgCl will be formed by 5814314358 x 14.3 = 5.8 g

Percentage of NaCl = 5.830305.8 x 100 = 19.33%

Hence, percentage of NaOH is 19.33%

Question 47(c-iii)(2009)

A certain gas 'X' occupies a volume of 100 cm3 at S.T.P. and weighs 0.5 g. Find its relative
molecular mass

Answer

100 cm3 weighs 0.5 g

∴ 22400 cm3 weighs 0.51001000.5 x 22400 = 112 g

Hence, relative molecular mass of the gas = 112 g.

Question 48(a-i)(2010)

LPG stands for liquefied petroleum gas. Varieties of LPG are marketed including a mixture of
propane (60%) and butane (40%). If 10 litre of this mixture is burnt, find the total volume of
carbon dioxide gas added to the atmosphere. Combustion reactions can be represented as:

C3H8 + 5O2 ⟶ 3CO2 + 4H2O

2C4H10 + 13O2 ⟶ 8CO2 + 10H2O

Answer

Given, 10 litres of this mixture contains 60% propane and 40% butane. Hence, propane is 6 litres
and butane is 4 litres

C3H8+5O2⟶3CO2+4H2O1 vol.:5 vol.⟶3 vol.2C4H10+13O2⟶8CO2+10

⟶⟶⟶⟶3CO23 vol.8CO28 vol.++4H2O10H2O

H2O2 vol.:13 vol.⟶8 vol.C3H81 vol.2C4H102 vol.+:+:5O25 vol.13O213 vol.

1 Vol. C3H8 produces carbon dioxide = 3 Vol

So, 6 litres C3H8 will produce carbon dioxide = 3 x 6 = 18 litres

2 Vol. C4H10 produces carbon dioxide = 8 Vol

So, 4 litres C4H10 will produce carbon dioxide = 8228 x 4 = 16 litres

Hence, 34 (i.e., 18 + 16) litres of CO2 is produced.

Question 48(a-ii)(2010)

Calculate the percentage of nitrogen and oxygen in ammonium nitrate. (Relative molecular mass
of ammonium nitrate is 80, H = 1, N = 14, O = 16).

Answer

Given,

molecular mass of ammonium nitrate = 80

mass of nitrogen in 1 mole of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is 2(14) = 28 g

percentage of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate = 28808028 x 100 = 35%

mass of oxygen in 1 mole of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is 3(16) = 48 g

percentage of oxygen in ammonium nitrate = 48808048 x 100 = 60%

Hence, percentage of nitrogen is 35% and percentage of oxygen is 60%

Question 48b(2010)

4.5 moles of calcium carbonate are reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid.

(i) Write the equation for the reaction.

(ii) What is the mass of 4.5 moles of calcium carbonate? (Relative molecular mass of calcium
carbonate is 100)

(iii) What is the volume of carbon dioxide liberated at STP?

(iv) What mass of calcium chloride is formed? (Relative molecular mass of calcium chloride is
111).

(v) How many moles of HCl are used in this reaction?

Answer

(i) CaCO3 + 2HCl ⟶ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

(ii) Given,

1 mole of CaCO3 = molecular mass of CaCO3 = 100 g

∴ 4.5 moles of CaCO3 weighs 10011100 x 4.5 = 450 g

(iii) 1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2 and 1 mole occupies 22.4 l of volume.

∴ 4.5 moles of CaCO3 will produce 4.5 moles of CO2 and 4.5 moles will occupy 22.4 x 4.5
= 100.8 L

(iv) 1 mole CaCO3 produces 111 g. CaCl2

∴ 4.5 moles of CaCO3 will produce = 111 x 4.5 = 499.5 g.

(v)

CaCO3:HCl 1 mole:2 moles 4.5 mole:� molesCaCO3 1 mole 4.5 mole:::HCl2

molesx moles
∴ number of moles of HCl used = 2 x 4.5 = 9 moles.

Hence, moles of HCl used = 9 moles.

Question 49a(2011)

i. Calculate the volume of 320 g of SO2 at STP. (Atomic mass: S = 32 and O = 16).

ii. State Gay-Lussac's Law of combining volumes

iii. Calculate the volume of oxygen required for the complete combustion of 8.8 g of propane
(C3H8). (Atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, H = I, Molar Volume = 22.4 dm3 at stp.)

Answer
(i) Gram molecular mass of SO2 = 32 + 2(16) = 32 + 32 = 64 g

64 g of SO2 occupy 22.4 lit of vol.

320 g of SO2 will occupy = 22.4646422.4 x 320 = 112 lit.

Hence, volume of 320 g of SO2 = 112 lit.

(ii) Gay-Lussac's law Gay-Lussac's Law states "When gases react, they do so in volumes which
bear a simple ratio to one another and to the volume of the gaseous product, if all the volumes
are measured at the same temperature and pressure."

(iii)

C3H8+5O2⟶3CO2+4H2O3(12)+8(1)5 vol=44 g5(22.4) litC3H83(12)+8(1)=44

g+5O25 vol5(22.4) lit⟶3CO2+4H2O
(i) 44 g propane requires 5 x 22.4 lit of oxygen

∴ 8.8 g of propane will require 5×22.444445×22.4 x 8.8 = 22.4 lit.

Hence, 22.4 lit of Oxygen is required.

Question 49(b-i)(2011)

An organic compound with vapour density = 94 contains C = 12.67%, H = 2.13%, and Br =

85.11%. Find the molecular formula. (Atomic mass : C = 12, H = 1, Br = 80)

Answer

Element % composition At. wt. Relative no. of atoms

C 12.67 12 12.67121212.67 = 1.05 1.051.

H 2.13 1 2.13112.13 = 2.13 2.131.

Br 85.11 80 85.11808085.11 = 1.06 1.061.

Simplest ratio of whole numbers = C : H : Br = 1 : 2 : 1

Hence, empirical formula is CH2Br

Empirical formula weight = 12 + 2(1) + 80 = 94

Vapour density (V.D.) = 94

Molecular weight = 2 x V.D. = 2 x 94

n=Molecular weightEmpirical formula weight=2×9494=2n=Empirical formula

weightMolecular weight=942×94=2
∴ Molecular formula = n[E.F.] = 2[CH2Br] = C2H4Br2

Question 49(b-ii)(2011)

Calculate the mass of:

1. 1022 atoms of sulphur.

2. 0.1 mole of carbon dioxide.

Answer

(i) gram molecular mass of S = 32

6 × 1023 atoms weigh = 32 g

1022 atoms will weigh = 326×10236×102332 x 1022 = 0.533 g

(ii) 1 mole of carbon dioxide weighs = C + 2(O) = 12 + 2(16) = 12 + 32 = 44 g

∴ 0.1 mole of carbon dioxide weighs = 44 x 0.1 = 4.4 g.

Question 50a(2012)

Concentrated nitric acid oxidises phosphorus to phosphoric acid according to the following
equation:

P + 5HNO3 [conc.] ⟶ H3PO4 + H2O + 5NO2.

If 9.3 g of phosphorus was used in the reaction, calculate :

(i) Number of moles of phosphorus taken.

(ii) The mass of phosphoric acid formed.

(iii) The volume of nitrogen dioxide produced at STP.

Answer
P+5HNO3⟶H3PO4+H2O+5NO231 g[����.]3(1)+31+4(16)=98 gP31 g+
5HNO3[conc.]⟶H3PO43(1)+31+4(16)=98 g+H2O+5NO2
(i)

31 g of P = 1 mole

∴ 9.3 g of P = 131311 x 9.3 = 0.3 moles.

Hence, 0.3 moles of phosphorous was taken for the reaction.

(ii)

31 g of P forms 98 g of phosphoric acid

∴ 9.3 g will form 98313198 x 9.3 = 29.4 g.

Hence, 29.4 g. of phosphoric acid is formed

(iii)

31 g of P produces 5 vol = 5 x 22.4 lit.

∴ 9.3 g will produce = 5×22.431315×22.4 x 9.3 = 33.6 lit.

Question 50(b-i)(2012)

67.2 litres of hydrogen combines with 44.8 litres of nitrogen to form ammonia :

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⟶ 2NH3(g).

Calculate the vol. of ammonia produced. What is the substance, if any, that remains in the
resultant mixture ?

Answer

[By Lussac's law]

N2+3H2⟶2NH31 vol.:3 vol.⟶2 vol.N21 vol.+:3H23 vol.⟶⟶2NH32 vol.

To calculate the volume of ammonia gas formed.

H2:NH33:267.2:�H2367.2:::NH32x

∴23×67.2=44.8 lit∴32×67.2=44.8 lit

Hence, volume of NH3 formed is 44.8 lit.
We know,

H2:N23:167.2:�H2367.2:::N21x

∴13×67.2=22.4 lit∴31×67.2=22.4 lit

∴ nitrogen left = 44.8 - 22.4 = 22.4 lit.

Hence, 22.4 lit of nitrogen remains in the resultant mixture.

Question 50(b-ii)(2012)

The mass of 5.6 dm3 of a certain gas at STP is 12.0 g. Calculate the relative molecular mass of
the gas.

Answer

5.6 dm3 weighs 12 g

∴ 22.4 dm3 weighs 125.65.612 x 22.4 = 48 g

Hence, relative molecular mass of the gas = 48 amu

Question 50(b-iii)(2012)

Find the total percentage of Magnesium in magnesium nitrate crystals, Mg(NO3)2.6H2O.

(Mg = 24, N = 14, 0 = 16 and H = 1)

Answer

Molecular weight of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O = 24 + 2[14 + 3(16)] + 6[2(1) + 16]

= 24 + 2[14 + 48] + 6[18]
= 24 + 2(62) + 108
= 24 + 124 + 108 = 256 g

256 g of magnesium nitrate crystals contains 24 g of magnesium

∴ 100 g of magnesium nitrate crystals will contain = 2425625624 x 100 = 9.375% = 9.38%

Hence, percentage of magnesium in magnesium nitrate crystals is 9.38%

Question 51(a-i)(2013)

What volume of oxygen is required to burn completely 90 dm3 of butane under similar
conditions of temperature and pressure?
2C4H10 + 13O2 ⟶ 8CO2 + 10H2O

Answer

[By Lussac's law]

2C4H10+13O2⟶8CO2+10H2O2 vol.:13 vol.⟶8 vol.:10 vol.2C4H102 vol.+:

13O213 vol.⟶⟶8CO28 vol.+:10H2O10 vol.
To calculate the volume of oxygen

C4H10:O22:1390:�C4H10290:::O213x
∴

132×90=585 dm3213×90=585 dm3

Hence, vol of oxygen = 585 dm3

Question 51(a-ii)(2013)

The vapour density of a gas is 8. What would be the volume occupied by 24.0 g of the gas at
STP?

Answer

Given, V.D. = 8

Gram molecular mass = V.D. x 2 = 8 x 2 = 16 g.

16 g occupies 22.4 lit.

∴ 24 g. will occupy = 22.4161622.4 x 24 = 33.6 lit.

Hence, volume occupied by gas = 33.6 lit.

Question 51(a-iii)(2013)

A vessel contains X number of molecules of hydrogen gas at a certain temperature and pressure.
How many molecules of nitrogen gas would be present in the same vessel under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure?

Answer

According to Avogadro's law, equal volume of all gases under similar conditions of temperature
and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
Hence, number of molecules of N2 = Number of molecules of H2 = X

Question 51(b)(2013)

O2 is evolved by heating KClO3 using MnO2 as a catalyst.

2KClO3 →MnO2MnO2 2KCl + 3O2

(i) Calculate the mass of KClO3 required to produce 6.72 litre of O2 at STP.

(atomic masses of K = 39, Cl = 35.5, 0 = 16).

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of oxygen present in the above volume and also the number of
molecules.

(iii) Calculate the volume occupied by 0.01 mole of CO2 at STP.

Answer

2KClO3→���22KCl+3O22[39+35.52[393(22.4)+3(16)]+35.5]=67.2 lit.=24
5 g=149g2KClO32[39+35.5+3(16)]=245 gMnO22KCl2[39+35.5]=149g+3O2
3(22.4)=67.2 lit.
(i)

67.2 lit. of O2 is produced by 245 g of KClO3

∴ 6.72 lit of O2 will be obtained from 24567.267.2245 x 6.72 = 24.5 g

(ii)

∴ 6.72 lit = 122.422.41 x 6.72 = 0.3 moles

22.4 lit = 1 mole

∴ 0.3 moles = 0.3 x 6.023 x 1023 = 1.806 x 1023 molecules.

1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 molecules

(iii)

Volume occupied by 1 mole of CO2 at STP = 22.4 litres

So, volume occupied by 0.01 mole of CO2 at STP

= 22.4 × 0.01
= 0.224 litres

Question 52(a-i)(2014)
Oxygen oxidises ethyne to carbon dioxide and water as shown by the equation:

2CO2H2 + 5O2 ⟶ 4CO2 + 2H2O

What volume of ethyne gas at s.t.p. is required to produce 8.4 dm3 of carbon dioxide at STP ? [H
= 1, C = 12, 0 = 16]

Answer

[By Lussac's law]

2C2H2+5O2⟶4CO2+2H2O2 vol.:5 vol.⟶4 vol.:2 vol.2C2H22 vol.+:5O25 vo

l.⟶⟶4CO24 vol.+:2H2O2 vol.
To calculate the volume of ethyne gas

CO2:C2H24:28.4:�CO248.4:::C2H22x
∴

24×8.4=4.2 dm342×8.4=4.2 dm3

Hence, volume of ethyne gas required = 4.2 dm3.

Question 52(a-ii)(2014)

A compound made up of two elements X and Y has an empirical formula X2 Y. If the atomic
weight of X is 10 and that of Y is 5 and the compound has a vapour density (V.D.) 25, find it's
molecular formula.

Answer

Empirical formula is X2Y

Empirical formula weight = 2(10) + 5 = 25

Vapour density (V.D.) = 25

Molecular weight = 2 x V.D. = 2 x 25

n=Molecular weightEmpirical formula weight=2×2525=2n=Empirical formula

weightMolecular weight=252×25=2
∴ Molecular formula = n[E.F.] = 2[X2Y] = X4Y2

Question 52(b) (2014)

A cylinder contains 68 g of Ammonia gas at STP

(i) What is the volume occupied by this gas?

(ii) How many moles of ammonia are present in the cylinder?

(iii) How many molecules of ammonia are present in the cylinder?

Answer

By Avogadro's law: Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure equal volumes of all
gases contain the same number of molecules.

(i) Gram molecular mass of ammonia = N + 3(H) = 14 + 3 = 17 g.

17 g. occupies 22.4 lit. of vol.

∴ 68 g will occupy = 22.4171722.4 x 68 = 89.6 lit.

Hence, volume occupied by this gas = 89.6 lit.

(ii) 17 g = 1 mole

∴ 68 g = 117171 x 68 = 4 moles.

1 mole = 6 × 1023

∴ 4 moles = 4 x 6.023 × 1023 molecules.

Hence, Moles = 4

(iii) molecules = 4 x 6.023 × 1023 = 2.4 x 1024 molecules

Chapter 6

Electrolysis
Class 10 - Concise Chemistry Selina
Intext Question 1

Question 1
Fill in the blanks:

(a) Powdered sodium chloride (common salt) does not conduct an electric current, but it does so
when ............... or when ............... .

(b) Molten lead bromide conducts electricity. It is called an ................ It is composed of

lead ............... and bromide ................ The lead ions are ............... charged and are
called ................ The bromide ............... are ............... charged and are called ................

(c) Substances which conduct electricity in the solid state are generally ................

(d) The electron releasing tendency of zinc is ............... than that of copper.

(e) A solution of HCl gas in water conducts electricity because ..............., but a solution of HCl
gas in toluene does not conduct an electric current because ................

(f) Pure water consists entirely of ............... (ions/molecules).

(g) We can expect that pure water ............... (will/will not) normally conduct electricity.

(h) Electrolysis is the passage of ................ (electricity/electrons) through a liquid or a solution

accompanied by a ................ (physical/chemical) change.

Answer

(a) Powdered sodium chloride (common salt) does not conduct an electric current, but it does so
when in aqueous state or when in molten state .

(b) Molten lead bromide conducts electricity. It is called an electrolyte. It is composed of

lead ions and bromide ions. The lead ions are positively charged and are called cations. The
bromide ions are negatively charged and are called anions.

(c) Substances which conduct electricity in the solid state are generally metals .

(d) The electron releasing tendency of zinc is more than that of copper.

(e) A solution of HCl gas in water conducts electricity because it ionizes , but a solution of HCl
gas in toluene does not conduct an electric current because it does not ionize.

(f) Pure water consists entirely of molecules

(g) We can expect that pure water will not normally conduct electricity.

(h) Electrolysis is the passage of electricity through a liquid or a solution accompanied by

a chemical change.

Question 2

Define the following terms:

 (a) Electrolysis

(b) Non-electrolyte

(c) Cation and anion

(d) Weak electrolyte

Answer

(a) Electrolysis — It is the process of decomposition of a chemical compound in aqueous

solution or in molten state accompanied by a chemical change using direct electric current.

(b) Non-electrolyte — It is a compound which neither in solution nor in the molten state allows
an electric current to pass through it.

(c) Cation — Ions carrying positive charge are called cations.

Anion — Ions carrying negative charge are called anions.

(d) Weak electrolyte — Electrolytes which allow small amount of electricity to flow through
them and are partially dissociated in aqueous solution are called weak electrolytes.

Question 3a

What is the difference between Modern explanation and Arrhenius explanation for the theory of
electrolysis

Answer

Modern explanation Arrhenius explanation

Modern concept considers that electrolytes are ionic even in solid state and their ions
Arrhenius considered that water
are held by strong electrostatics forces which make them immobile.
ionises electrolytes
Water renders these ions mobility by breaking the electrostatic forces.

Question 3b

What is the difference between Electrolytic dissociation and ionisation

Answer

Electrolytic dissociation Ionisation

Separation of ions which are already present in an Formation of positively or negatively charged ions from molecules
 Electrolytic dissociation Ionisation

ionic compound which are not initially in the ionic state.

Electrovalent compounds show dissociation e.g.,

Polar covalent compounds show ionisation e.g., HCl, NH4OH etc.,
potassium chloride, lead bromide, etc.

KCl ⟶ K+ + Cl- HCl→H2OH++Cl−HClH2OH++Cl−

Question 3c

What is the difference between A cation and an anion

Answer

Cation Anion

Are positively charged ions. Are negatively charged ions.

Migrate to the cathode during electrolysis Migrate to the anode during electrolysis.

Gain electrons from the cathode and get reduced to become a Lose electrons to the anode and get oxidised
neutral atom. neutral atom.

Examples: Cations : Na+, Ca2+, Al3+ Examples: Anions : PO43-, Cl-, OH-, SO42-

Question 3d

What is the difference between Electrolytic dissociation and thermal dissociation

Answer

Electrolytic dissociation Thermal dissociati

The process due to which an ionic compound dissociates into ions in the It is the decomposition of a comp
fused state or in aqueous solution on application of electric current. elements on application of heat en
 Electrolytic dissociation Thermal dissociati

This is a reversible process This is generally an irreversible p

Question 3e

What is the difference between Strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte

Answer

Strong electrolyte Weak electrolyte

Strong Electrolyte allow a large amount of electricity to flow Weak electrolytes allow small amount of elec
through them. through them.

These are good conductors of electricity. These are poor conductors of electricity.

These are almost, completely dissociated in fused or aqueous These are partially dissociated in fused or aqu
solution state. state.

These solutions contain (almost) only free mobile ions. These solutions contain ions as well as molec

Strong electrolyte allows a bulb to glow brightly. Weak electrolyte allows a bulb to glow dimly

Examples: Examples:
Acids — Hydrogen chloride, Nitric acid, etc. Acids — Carbonic acid, acetic acid, oxalic ac
Bases — NaOH, KOH (aqueous or molten state) Bases — Ammonium hydroxide, calcium hyd
Salts — NaCl (molten or aqueous), PbBr2 (molten), CuCl2 (aq.), (aqueous or molten state)
CuSO4 (aq.) Salts — Ammonium carbonate, lead acetate

Question 4

Name:

(a) a salt which is a weak electrolyte

(b) a base which is a weak electrolyte

(c) an inert electrode and an active electrode

(d) a positively charged non-metallic ion

(e) the electrode at which reduction occurs

(f) a non-metallic element which is a conductor of electricity

Answer

(a) Lead acetate

(b) Ammonium hydroxide

(c) Inert electrode: Graphite and Active electrode: Copper

(d) H+

(e) Cathode

(f) Graphite

Question 5

Electrolysis is a redox process. Explain.

Answer

During electrolysis, the reaction at the cathode involves reduction of cations as they gain
electrons to become neutral atoms while that at anode involves oxidation of anions as they lose
electrons to become neutral. As redox reactions are reactions where oxidation and reduction
takes place simultaneously. Hence, electrolysis is a redox process.

Example : Dissociation of sodium chloride during electrolysis.

NaCl ⇌ Na+ + Cl-

At cathode : Na+ + e- ⟶ Na (reduction)

At anode : Cl- - e- ⟶ Cl (oxidation)

Cl + Cl ⟶ Cl2

Overall reaction: 2NaCl ⟶ 2Na + Cl2

Question 6

Classify the following substances under three headings:

(a) strong electrolytes

(b) weak electrolytes

(c) non-electrolytes

Acetic acid, ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide, carbon tetrachloride, dilute

hydrochloric acid, sodium acetate, dilute sulphuric acid.

Answer

(a) Strong electrolytes — dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulphuric acid, sodium acetate,
ammonium chloride

(b) Weak electrolytes — acetic acid, ammonium hydroxide

(c) Non-electrolytes — carbon tetrachloride

Question 7

Explain why:

(a) Cu, though a good conductor of electricity, is a non electrolyte.

(b) Solid sodium chloride does not allow electricity to pass through.

Answer

(a) Copper does not undergo chemical decomposition due to flow of electric current through it.
Hence, copper is a good conductor of electricity but it is a non-electrolyte.

(b) In solid sodium chloride, ions Na+ and Cl- are not free to move due to the strong electrostatic
forces. Hence, solid sodium chloride does not allow electricity to pass through it.

Question 8

Choose A, B, C or D to match the descriptions (i) to (v) below. Some alphabets may be repeated.

A. non-electrolyte

B. strong electrolyte

C. weak electrolyte

D. metallic conductor

(i) Molten ionic compound

(ii) Carbon tetrachloride

(iii) An aluminium wire

(iv) A solution containing solvent molecules, solute molecules and ions formed by the
dissociation of solute molecules.

(v) A sugar solution with sugar molecules and water molecules.

Answer

(i) Molten ionic compound — B (Strong electrolyte)

(ii) Carbon tetrachloride — A (Non-Electrolyte)

(iii) An aluminium wire — D (Metallic conductor)

(iv) A solution containing solvent molecules, solute molecules and ions formed by the
dissociation of solute molecules — C (Weak electrolyte)

(v) A sugar solution with sugar molecules and water molecules — A (Non-Electrolyte)

Question 9

An electrolyte which completely dissociates into ions is:

a. Alcohol

b. Carbonic acid

c. Sucrose

d. Sodium hydroxide

Answer

Sodium hydroxide

NaOH ⇌ Na+ + OH-

Intext Questions 2

Question 1

Name two substances in each case:

(a) Contain only molecule

(b) Contain only ions

(c) Contain ions as well as molecules

Answer

(a) Distilled water, alcohol

(b) NaOH, KOH

(c) Carbonic acid , acetic acid

Question 2

Select the ion in each case that would get selectively discharged from the aqueous mixture of the
ions listed below:

(a) SO42-, NO3-, and OH-

(b) Pb2+, Ag+, and Cu2+

Answer

(a) OH-, Lower the position of the anion in the series, more easily it gets discharged at anode.

(b) Ag+, Elements lower in the series gets discharged more easily at the cathode during
electrolysis because their cations can easily gain electrons.

Question 3

(a) Among Zn and Cu, which would occur more readily in nature as metal and which as ion?

(b) Why cannot we store AgNO3 solution in copper vessels?

(c) Out of Cu and Ag, which is more active?

Answer

(a) Zn has more tendency to release electrons, thus Zn occurs more readily as ion while Cu as
metal.

(b) As copper lies above silver in electrochemical series, hence, Cu is more reactive than silver
and it displaces Ag from silver nitrate.

Cu + AgNO3 ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

(c) Cu is more reactive than Ag hence, Cu lies above Ag in the electrochemical series.

Question 4
(a) How would you change a metal like Cu into it's ions?

(b) How would you change Cu2+ ions to Cu?

Answer

(a) By the method of electrolysis, metal like Cu can be changed into it's ions.

Using —

electrolyte : A solution of copper sulphate and dil. sulphuric acid

Cathode : Thin strip of pure copper

Anode: Impure copper

When the current is passed through the electrolyte, the copper block loses electrons and passes
into solution as soluble copper ions.

Cu - 2e- ⟶ Cu2+

(b) By the same process as above, when current is passed through the electrolyte, the copper ions
of the copper sulphate solution are attracted to the cathode where they gain electrons and gets
deposited on the copper strip.

Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu

Question 5

A solution of caustic soda (NaOH) in water or when fused, conducts an electric current. What is
the similarity in these two cases?

Answer

When caustic soda is dissolved in water or fused, the forces of attraction between their ions are
broken and the ions then move about and conduct electricity.

Question 6

During electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid between platinum electrodes, two
types of anions migrate towards the anode but only one of them is discharged.

(a) Name the two anions.

(b) Name the main product of the discharge of anion at the anode and write the anode reaction.

(c) Name the product at the cathode and write the reaction.
(d) Do you notice any change in colour? State why?

(e) Why this electrolysis is considered as an example of catalysis?

Answer

(a) SO42- and OH-

(b) SO42- and OH- both migrate to the anode. OH- being lower in the electrochemical series is
discharged preferentially.

OH- loses one electron to the anode and becomes neutral OH.

OH- ⟶ OH + e-

The combination of OH forms water with the liberation of oxygen, which is given off at the
anode.

OH + OH ⟶ H2O + O

O + O ⟶ O2

(c) The product formed at cathode is hydrogen.

The reaction is : H+ gains an electron and become neutral hydrogen atom.

H+ + e- ⟶ H

Hydrogen atoms combine to form molecule and this comes out as hydrogen gas.

H + H ⟶ H2

(d) No change in colour is observed.

(e) Water in pure state consists almost entirely of molecules. It is a polar covalent compound and
can form ions when traces of dilute sulphuric acid is added. As dilute sulphuric acid catalyses
this ionisation, hence this electrolysis of acidified water is considered as an example of catalysis.

Question 7

Copper sulphate solution is electrolysed using a platinum anode. Study the diagram given below
and answer the following questions:
(a) Give the names of the electrodes A and B.

(b) Which electrode is the oxidising electrode?

Answer

(a) A = Platinum anode, B = Platinum or copper cathode

(b) A = Platinum anode as oxidation of non-metal ions always takes place at the anode.

Question 8
To carry out the so-called 'electrolysis of water', sulphuric acid is added to water. How does the
addition of sulphuric acid produce a conducting solution?

Answer

Water in pure state consists almost entirely of molecules. Hence it is a non-electrolyte that will
not conduct electricity.
Water is a polar covalent compound. It can be electrolytically decomposed by addition of traces
of dil. H2SO4 which dissociates as: H+1 and SO42- and help in dissociating water into H+1 and
OH- ions. Thus, dilute sulphuric acid catalyses the ionisation of water to produce a conducting
solution.

Question 9

(a) Choosing only words from the following list, write down the appropriate words to fill in the
blanks (i) to (v) below:

anions , anode, cathode, cations , electrode, electrolyte, nickel , voltameter.

The electroplating of an article with nickel requires an (i) ............... which must be a solution
containing (ii) ............... ions. The article to be plated is placed as the (iii) ............... of the cell in
which the plating is carried out. The (iv) ............... of the cell is made from pure nickel. The ions
that are attracted to the negative electrode and discharged are called (v) ...............

(b) When a molten ionic compound is electrolysed, the metal is always formed at ............... and
the non-metal is formed at ...............

(c) Electrolysis of acidulated water is an example of ............... (Reduction/ oxidation/ redox

reaction/synthesis).

Answer

The electroplating of an article with nickel requires an (i) electrolyte which must be a solution
containing (ii) nickle ions. The article to be plated is placed as the (iii) cathode of the cell in
which the plating is carried out. The (iv) anode of the cell is made from pure nickel. The ions
that are attracted to the negative electrode and discharged are called (v) cations

(b) When a molten ionic compound is electrolysed, the metal is always formed at cathode and
the non-metal is formed at anode

(c) Electrolysis of acidulated water is an example of redox reaction

Question 10a

Explain the following :

A solution of cane sugar does not conduct electricity, but a solution of sodium chloride is a good
conductor.
Answer

A solution of cane sugar does not conduct electricity because it is composed of molecules that do
not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. In contrast, a solution of sodium chloride does
conduct electricity because sodium chloride is an ionic compound consisting of sodium (Na +)
and chloride ions (Cl-). When dissolved in water, the sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-)
become free to move independently and can carry an electric current.

Question 10b

Explain the following :

Hydrochloric acid is a good conductor of electricity.

Answer

HCl is polar covalent in nature, i.e., shows charge distribution in its molecules such that the
hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge and the chlorine atom has a slight negative charge.

Hδ+ — Clδ-

When hydrogen chloride is added to water [a polar covalent solvent], the slightly negative
charged oxygen atom of water exerts an electrostatic pull on the slightly positively charged
hydrogen ions present in the molecule of HCl.

Thus, H+ ions combine with water to form hydronium ions [H3O]+.

The presence of hydronium and chloride ions makes hydrochloric acid a good conductor of
electricity.

Question 10c

Explain the following :

During the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of NaCl, hydrogen ion is reduced at the cathode
and not the sodium ion though both Na+ and H+ ions are present in the solution.

Answer

Na+ and H+ migrate to cathode, but as H+ has lower position in electrochemical series than Na+,
so hydrogen ion is reduced at the cathode and not the sodium ion.

H+ + e- ⟶ H

Question 10d

Explain the following :

On electrolysis of dilute copper (II) sulphate solution, copper is deposited at the cathode but no
hydrogen gas evolves there. Explain why.

Answer

In the electrochemical series, copper is placed below hydrogen. Thus, copper ions discharge at
the cathode over H+ ions. That's why copper is deposited at the cathode but no hydrogen gas
evolves there.

Question 10e

Explain the following :

When a dilute aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed between platinum electrodes,
hydrogen gas is evolved at the cathode but metallic sodium is not deposited. Why?

Answer

In the electrochemical series, hydrogen is placed much below sodium, hence, hydrogen is
discharged at the cathode in preference to sodium.

Question 10f

Explain the following :

Zinc can produce hydrogen on reacting with acids but copper cannot. Explain.
Answer

Zinc is more reactive than hydrogen and is placed above hydrogen in the reactivity series, so it
displaces hydrogen from acids, but copper is less reactive than hydrogen and is placed below
hydrogen in the reactivity series, so it does not liberate hydrogen from acids.

Exercise Questions

Question 1a

Give reason for the following:

Electrolysis of molten lead bromide is considered to be a reaction in which oxidation and

reduction go side by side i.e, a redox reaction.

Answer

Electrolysis of molten lead bromide involves oxidation and reduction reactions and hence is a
redox reaction.

Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb
Reduction reaction at cathode:

Br1- - 1e- ⟶ Br
Oxidation reaction at the anode:

Br + Br ⟶ Br2

Question 1b

Give reason for the following:

The blue colour of aqueous copper sulphate fades when it is electrolyzed using platinum
electrodes.

Answer

The blue colour of CuSO4 solution is due to the Cu2+ ions. During it's electrolysis using Pt
electrodes, at the cathode Cu2+ ions are discharged as neutral copper atoms by accepting
electrons. These are not replaced by Cu2+ ions from the anode because at the anode, OH- ions are
discharged. As Cu2+ ions decrease, the blue colour of CuSO4 solution fades and it becomes
almost colourless as soon as Cu2+ ions are finished.

Question 1c

Give reason for the following:

Lead bromide undergoes electrolytic dissociation in the molten state but is a non-electrolyte in
the solid state.

Answer

Solid lead bromide is a non-electrolyte since it's ions are not free but held together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction. These ions become free when lead bromide is in fused or molten
state, hence it undergoes electrolytic dissociation in the fused or molten state.

Question 1d

Give reasons for the following:

Aluminium is extracted from it's oxide by electrolytic reduction and not by conventional
reducing agents.

Answer

As aluminium is higher in the electrochemical series, hence it has a strong affinity for oxygen
and its oxides are highly stable. It is not possible to reduce the oxides by common reducing
agents like carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Hence, electrolytic reduction is used.

Question 1e

Give reasons for the following:

The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen formed at the cathode and anode is 2:1 by volume.

Answer

In the electrolysis of acidified water:

At anode OH- loses one electron and becomes neutral OH.

OH- ⟶ OH + e-

The combination of OH forms water with the liberation of oxygen.

2OH + 2OH ⟶ 2H2O + O2

Since, 4 OH neutral particles are involved in the equation so 4 electrons are lost in order to get 4
OH neutral particles.

4OH- ⟶ 4OH + 4e-

Thus, the formation of 1 molecule of oxygen at the anode releases 4 electrons and to ensure that
there is no build-up of electrons in any part of the circuit, the reaction of the cathode must take
up 4 electrons,
i.e., 4H+ + 4e- ⟶ 2H2

This shows that the number of molecules of hydrogen is twice that of oxygen.

According to Avogadro's Law, molecules can be substituted by volumes. Hence, electrolysis of

water gives 2 volumes of H2 and 1 volume of O2.

Question 1f

Give reasons for the following:

In the electrolysis of acidified water, dilute sulphuric acid is preferred to dilute nitric acid for
acidification.

Answer

Dilute sulphuric acid is non-volatile while dilute nitric acid is a volatile acid. It may decompose
and nitrate radical (NO31-) may tend to interfere with the electrolytic reaction. Hence, in the
electrolysis of acidified water, dilute sulphuric acid is preferred to dilute nitric acid.

Question 1g

Give reasons for the following:

Ammonia is unionized in the gaseous state but in the aqueous solution, it is a weak electrolyte.

Answer

NH3 is polar covalent in nature, i.e., shows charge distribution in its molecules such that the 3
hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge and Nitrogen atom has a slight negative charge.
The nitrogen atom in ammonia has a lone pair of electrons. In aqueous solution, the ammonia
molecule combines with a hydrogen atom H+ by sharing the lone pair of electrons of nitrogen
atom to form ammonium ion (NH4+). Thus, in water, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) dissociates
into NH4+ (ammonium ion) and OH- (hydroxide ion) as follows:

NH4OH ⟶ NH4+ + OH-

Due to this ionisation, aqueous solution of ammonia (NH4OH) behaves as a weak electrolyte.

Question 1h

Give reasons for the following:

A graphite anode is preferred to other inert electrodes during electrolysis of fused lead bromide.

Answer

As graphite is unaffected by the reactive bromine vapours released at the anode hence, a graphite
anode is preferred to other inert electrodes like platinum during the electrolysis of molten lead
bromide.

Question 1i

Give reasons for the following:

For electroplating with silver, silver nitrate is not used as electrolyte.

Answer

If silver nitrate solution is used directly instead of double cyanide of sodium and silver, the
deposition of silver will be very fast and hence not very smooth and uniform .

Question 1j

Give reasons for the following:

Carbon tetrachloride is a liquid but does not conduct electricity.

Answer

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a liquid that does not conduct electricity because it is a non-polar
covalent compound. In the case of CCl4, carbon atom shares electrons with four chlorine atoms.
The electrons are shared equally between the atoms, and the molecule has no permanent dipole
moment, meaning there is no separation of charge. Therefore, there are no ions present in the
compound, and no free electrons to carry an electrical current.

Question 1k
Give reasons for the following:

Potassium is not extracted by electrolysis of it's aqueous salt solution.

Answer

Potassium is not extracted from it's aqueous salt solution by electrolysis as aqueous solution will
contain H+ ion along with metal ion. On the passage of electric current the H+ ion gets discharged
in preference to metal. Thus, the product formed at cathode is hydrogen gas and not the metal.

Question 2a

Copy and complete the following table which refers to two practical applications of electrolysis.

Anode Electrolyte

(i) Silver plating of a spoon Solution of potassium argentocyanide

(ii) Purification of copper

(iii) Extraction of copper

Answer

Anode Electrolyte C

(i) Silver plating of a spoon t

block of pure silver Solution of potassium argentocyanide
spoon electrop

(ii) Purification of Impure block of A solution of copper sulphate and dil. Thin st
copper copper sulphuric acid. copper

(iii) Extraction of
Graphite fused sodium chloride Iron
sodium

Question 2b

Write the equation taking place at the anode for Q. 2(a).

Answer
(i) Ag - e- ⟶ Ag+

(ii) Cu - 2e- ⟶ Cu2+

(iii) Cl- - e- ⟶ Cl
Cl + Cl ⟶ Cl2

Question 3a

(a) Draw a labeled diagram to show how iron is electroplated with copper.

(b) Which solution is preferred as electrolyte, CuSO4 or FeSO4?

(c) Describe what happens to the iron object and the copper rod.

Answer

(a) Labeled diagram showing electroplating of Iron with Copper is shown below:
(ii) CuSO4 is preferred as electrolyte must be a solution of a salt of metal to be electroplated.

(iii) The copper anode continuously dissolves as ions in solution and is replaced periodically.
The electrolyte dissociates into Cu2+ ions which migrate towards the iron object taken as the
cathode. Here, the Cu2+ ions gain electrons and become atoms of copper which deposit on the
iron object as a firm coating. Thus, the iron object gets electroplated with copper.

Question 4

Element X is a metal with a valency 2. Element Y is a non-metal with a valency 3.

(a) Write equations to show how X and Y form ions?

(b) If Y is a diatomic gas, write the equation for the direct combination of X and Y to form a
compound.

(c) If the compound formed between X and Y is melted and an electric current passed through
the molten compound, the element X will be obtained at the ............... and Y at the ............... of
the electrolytic cell.(Provide the missing words)

Answer

(a) X ⟶ X2+ + 2e-

Y + 3e- ⟶ Y3-

(b) 3X + Y2 ⟶ X3Y2

(c) If the compound formed between X and Y is melted and an electric current passed through
the molten compound, the element X will be obtained at the cathode and Y at the anode of the
electrolytic cell.

Question 5

Write two applications of electrolysis in which the anode diminishes in mass.

Answer

1. Electroplating of metals
2. Electrorefining of metals

Question 6

(a) What kind of particles will be found in a liquid compound which is a non-electrolyte?

(b) If HX is a weak acid, what particles will be present in it's dilute solution apart from those of
water?

(c) Cations are formed by ............... (loss/gain) of electrons and anions are formed by ...............
loss/gain) of electrons. (Choose the correct word to fill in blank)

(d) What ions must be present in a solution used for electroplating a particular metal?

Answer

(a) Non-electrolyte contains molecules.

(b) Molecules of HX and H+ and X- ions.

(c) Cations are formed by loss of electrons and anions are formed by gain of electrons.
(d) The electrolyte must contain ions of the metal which is to be electroplated on the article.

Question 7

A strip of copper is placed in four different colourless salt solutions. They are KNO3, AgNO3,
Zn(NO3)2 and Ca(NO3)2. Which one of the solutions will finally turn blue?

Answer

AgNO3 solution will turn blue.

Reason — Copper is unable to displace potassium, calcium and zinc from their nitrate solution
as they are higher than copper in the metal activity series.

But silver being lower than copper in metal activity series gets displaced by copper and blue
coloured copper nitrate is formed.

2AgNO3 + Cu ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Question 1a(2008)

Here is an electrode reaction:

Cu ⟶ Cu2+ + 2e-.

At which electrode (anode or cathode) would such a reaction take place ? Is this an example of
oxidation or reduction ?

Answer

Cu ⟶ Cu2+ + 2e-

This reaction takes place at anode.

This is an example of oxidation.

Question 1b(2008)

A soln. contains magnesium ions (Mg2+), iron (II) ions (Fe2+) and copper ions (Cu2+). On passing
an electric current through this soln. which ions will be the first to be discharged at the cathode?
Write the equation for the cathode reaction.

Answer

Cu2+ (Copper ions will get discharged at cathode) as between magnesium, iron and copper,
copper is the lowest in electrochemical series.
Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu
Reaction at Cathode:

Question 1c(2008)

Why is carbon tetrachloride, which is a liquid, a non-electrolyte?

Answer

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a liquid that does not conduct electricity because it is a non-polar
covalent compound. In the case of CCl4, carbon atom shares electrons with four chlorine atoms.
The electrons are shared equally between the atoms, and the molecule has no permanent dipole
moment, meaning there is no separation of charge. Therefore, there are no ions present in the
compound, and no free electrons to carry an electrical current.

Question 1d(2008)

During the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, which of the following takes place?

A. Bromine is released at the cathode

B. Lead is deposited at the anode

C. Bromine ions gain electrons

D. Lead is deposited at the cathode

Answer

Lead is deposited at the cathode

Reaction at cathode : Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb

Question 1a(2009)

Select the correct answer:

The aqueous solution of the compound which contains both ions and molecules is

A. H2SO4

B. HCl

C. HNO3

D. CH3COOH

Answer
Acetic acid [CH3COOH]

Reason — Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte and particles in a weak electrolyte are ions and
unionized molecules.

Question 1b(2009)

Correct the following statement: Lead bromide conducts electricity.

Answer

Molten lead bromide conducts electricity.

Question 1c(2009)

A metal article is to be electroplated with silver. The electrolyte selected is sodium

argentocyanide.

(i) What kind of salt is sodium argentocyanide.

(ii) Why is it preferred to silver nitrate as an electrolyte?

(iii) State one condition to ensure that the deposit is smooth, firm and long lasting.

(iv) Write the reaction taking place at the cathode.

(v) Write the reaction taking place at the anode.

Answer

(i) It is a Complex Salt.

(ii) Migration of Ag1+ ions from above complex salt soln. is slow compared to that from silver
nitrate. Hence, an even deposition of silver metal is obtained on the article. Therefore, the
electrolyte sodium argentocyanide soln. is preferred over silver nitrate solution.

(iii) A low current for a longer time should be used to ensure that the deposit is smooth, firm and
long lasting.

(iv) Ag1+ + 1e- ⟶ Ag [deposited]

(v) Ag - 1e- ⟶ Ag1+ [Anode diminishes in mass]

Question 1d(2009)

Aqueous solution of nickel sulphate contains Ni2+ and SO42- ions

(i) Which ion moves towards the cathode?

(ii) What is the product at the anode?

Answer

(i) Nickel ion moves towards the cathode.

(ii) Product at anode - Nil [Nickel anode loses electrons to give Ni2+ ions in solution]

Question 1a(2010)

Select the correct answer — A compound which during electrolysis in it's molten state liberates a
reddish brown gas at the anode.

(i) Sodium chloride

(ii) Copper (II) oxide

(iii) Copper (II) sulphate

(iv) Lead (II) bromide

Answer

Lead (II) bromide

Reason — During electrolysis of Lead [II] bromide, Br-1 ions are discharged at the anode.
Reddish brown fumes are due to bromine vapours.

Question 1b(2010)

During electroplating of an article with nickel —

(i) Name —

A. The electrolyte
B. The cathode
C. The anode

(ii) Give the reaction of the electrolysis at

A. The cathode
B. The anode

Answer

(i)
A. The electrolyte — Aq. soln. of nickel sulphate
B. The cathode — Cleaned article to be electroplated
C. The anode — Plate or block of nickel metal

(ii) the reaction of the electrolysis at:

A. At Cathode: Ni2+ + 2e- ⟶ Ni

B. At Anode : Ni - 2e- ⟶ Ni2+

Question 1c(2010)

A, B and C are three electrolytic cells connected in different circuits. Cell 'A' contains NaCl
solution. And the bulb in the circuit glows brightly when the circuit is completed. Cell 'B'
contains acetic acid and the bulb glows dimly. Cell 'C' contains sugar solution, and the bulb does
not glow. Give reason for each observation.

Answer

As NaCl is a strong electrolyte (i.e., cell A), therefore it allows large amount of electricity to
flow through it. Hence, the bulb glows brightly.

Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte (i.e., cell B) and it allows a small amount of electricity to flow
through them hence, the bulb glows dimly.

Sugar soln. is a non-electrolyte (i.e., cell C), therefore it does not conduct electricity and do not
undergo chemical decomposition due to the flow of current through it. Hence, the bulb does not
glow.

Question 1a(2011)

Give reason: The electrolysis of acidulated water is considered to be an example of catalysis.

Answer

Water in pure state consists almost entirely of molecules. It is a polar covalent compound and
can form ions when traces of dilute sulphuric acid is added. As dilute sulphuric acid catalyses
this ionisation, hence this electrolysis of acidified water is considered as an example of catalysis.

Question 1b(2011)

During the electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution using platinum as a cathode and carbon as
an anode,

(i) State what you observe at the cathode and at the anode.

(ii) State the change noticed in the electrolyte

(iii) Write the reactions at the cathode and at the anode.

Answer

(i) At cathode — Cu2+ ions and H1+ ions migrate to the cathode. Cu2+ ions are below H1+ ions in
the activity series, thus Cu2+ ions are discharged in preference to H1+, to form neutral copper
atoms. Thus, copper atoms deposit themselves on the cathode.

At anode — SO42- and OH1- ions migrate to the anode but OH1- ions are discharged since they are
lower in the electrochemical series. The neutral (OH) radicals reunite to form water and oxygen.

(ii) The blue colour of CuSO4 solution fades since the blue Cu2+ ions which are discharged at the
cathode are not replaced at the anode.

(iii) Cathode : Cu2+ + 2e- ⟶ Cu

Anode: 4OH1- - 4e- ⟶ 4OH

2OH + 2OH ⟶ 2H2O + O2

Question 1c(2011)

Differentiate between electrical conductivity of copper sulphate solution and that of copper
metal.

Answer

Electrical conductivity of Electrical conductivity o

copper sulphate solution copper metal

The flow of electricity takes place by flow of ions which are The flow of electricity takes place by flow
denser compared to electrons. which have negligible mass.

There is decomposition of the copper sulphate solution and thus There is no decomposition of copper met
the chemical properties of electrolyte are altered. chemical properties of copper are intact.

Good conductors of electricity in aq. soln. or molten state but not Good conductor of electricity in solid and
in solid state. state.

During conduction through copper sulphate solution, there is During conduction through copper metal,
transfer of ions. transfer of matter.
 Electrical conductivity of Electrical conductivity o
copper sulphate solution copper metal

The flow of electricity decomposes the electrolyte and new The flow of electricity only produces hea
products are formed. new products are formed.

Question 1a(2012)

Identify the weak electrolyte from the following:

(i) Sodium Chloride solution

(ii) Dilute Hydrochloric acid

(iii) Dilute Sulphuric acid

(iv) Aqueous acetic acid.

Answer

Aqueous acetic acid.

Question 1b(2012)

Match the following in Column A with the correct answer from the choices given in Column B:

Column A Column B

1. Ammonium hydroxide soln. (i) Contains only ions.

2. Dilute hydrochloric acid (ii) Contains only molecules

3. Carbon tetrachloride (iii) Contains ions and molecules

Answer

Column A Column B

1. Ammonium hydroxide soln. (iii) Contains ions and molecules

2. Dilute hydrochloric acid (i) Contains only ions

 Column A Column B

3. Carbon tetrachloride (ii) Contains only molecules

Question 1c(2012)

Give reason: An aqueous solution of sodium chloride conducts electricity.

Answer

The ions of sodium chloride are not free but held together by strong electrostatic force of
attraction. However in aqueous solution of sodium chloride the ions break lose and move freely.
Hence, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride conducts electricity.

Question 1d(2012)

Select the correct answer from the list in brackets:

(i) An aqueous electrolyte consists of the ions mentioned in the list. The ion which could be
discharged most readily during electrolysis. [Fe2+, Cu2+, H+].

(ii) The metallic electrode which does not take part in an electrolytic reaction. [Cu, Ag, Pt, Ni].

(iii) The ion which is discharged at the anode during the electrolysis of copper sulphate solution
using platinum electrodes as anode and cathode. [Cu2+, OH-, SO42-, H+].

(iv) When dilute sodium chloride is electrolysed using graphite electrodes, the cation which is
discharged at the cathode most readily. [Na1+, OH1-, H1+, Cl1-].

(v) During silver plating of an article using potassium argentocyanide as an electrolyte, the anode
material should be [Cu, Ag, Pt, Fe].

Answer

(i) An aqueous electrolyte consists of the ions mentioned in the list. The ion which could be
discharged most readily during electrolysis. — Cu2+.

(ii) The metallic electrode which does not take part in an electrolytic reaction. — Pt.

(iii) The ion which is discharged at the anode during the electrolysis of copper sulphate solution
using platinum electrodes as anode and cathode. — OH-.
(iv) When dilute sodium chloride is electrolysed using graphite electrodes, the cation which is
discharged at the cathode most readily. — H1+

(v) During silver plating of an article using potassium argentocyanide as an electrolyte, the anode
material should be — Ag.

Question 1a(2013)

State one appropriate observation for : Electricity is passed through molten lead bromide.

Answer

When electricity is passed through molten lead bromide solution, dark reddish brown fumes of
bromine evolve at the anode.

Br- - e- ⟶ Br

Br + Br ⟶ Br2

Question 1b(2013)

State which of these will act as a non-electrolyte ?

1. Liquid carbon tetrachloride

2. Acetic acid
3. Sodium hydroxide aqueous solution.
4. Potassium chloride aqueous solution.

Answer

Liquid carbon tetrachloride is a non-electrolyte

Question 1c(2013)

Copper sulphate soln. is electrolysed using copper electrodes as seen in diagram.

(i) Which electrode to your left or right is known as the oxidising electrode and why?

(ii) Write the equation representing the reaction that occurs.

(iii) State two appropriate observations for the above electrolysis reaction.

Answer

(i) The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the battery (i.e., electrode on the left) is
the oxidizing electrode as anions donate excess electrons to the anode and are oxidized to neutral
atoms.

(ii) Cu - 2e- ⟶ Cu2+

(iii) Copper anode shows a loss in mass. The blue colour of aq. copper sulphate soln. remains
unchanged.

Question 1d(2013)

Identify: A gas which does not conduct electricity in the liquid state but conducts electricity
when dissolved in water.

Answer

Hydrogen chloride gas

Question 1a(2014)

The observation seen when fused lead bromide is electrolysed is:

1. a silver grey deposit at anode and a reddish brown deposit at cathode.

2. a silver grey deposit at cathode and a reddish brown deposit at anode.
3. a silver grey deposit at cathode and reddish brown fumes at anode.
4. silver grey fumes at anode and reddish brown fumes at cathode.

Answer

a silver grey deposit at cathode and reddish brown fumes at anode.

Reason — silver grey colour is due to lead metal deposited at cathode and reddish brown fumes
at anode is due to bromine vapours.

Question 1b(2014)

During electroplating an article with silver, the electrolyte used is:

1. silver nitrate solution

2. silver cyanide solution
3. sodium argentocyanide solution
4. nickel sulphate solution

Answer

sodium argentocyanide solution

Question 1c(2014)

Give one word or phrase for: Electrolytic deposition of a superior metal on a baser metal.

Answer
Electroplating

Question 1d(2014)

State your observation: At the cathode when acidified aq. CuSO4 soln. is electrolysed with
copper electrodes.

Answer

Copper, a brownish pink metal is deposited at the cathode when acidified aq. CuSO4 soln. is
electrolysed with copper electrodes

Question 1e(2014)

State which electrode: anode or cathode is the oxidizing electrode. Give a reason for the same.

Answer

Anode is the oxidizing electrode.

Reason — The anions donate the excess electrons to the anode and are oxidized to neutral
atoms. Hence, the anode is the oxidizing electrode by which the electrons leave the electrolyte.

Question 1f(2014)

Name the kind of particles present in:

(i) Sodium hydroxide soln.

(ii) Carbonic acid.

(iii) Sugar soln.

Answer

(i) Strong electrolyte — Sodium (Na+) ions and hydroxide (OH-) ions.

(ii) Weak electrolyte — Ions (H+, HCO3, CO32- ) and molecules (H2CO3)

(iii) Non-electrolyte — Molecules of sugar soln.

Question 1g(2014)

M2O is the oxide of a metal 'M' which is the above hydrogen in the activity series. M2O when
dissolved in water forms the corresponding hydroxide which is a good conductor of electricity.

(i) State the reaction taking place at the cathode.

(ii) Name the product at the anode.

Answer

Reaction at cathode : M+ + e- ⟶ M

Product at anode : Oxygen

Question 1a(2015)

State observation at the anode when aqueous copper sulphate solution is electrolysed using
copper electrodes.

Answer

Copper anode shows a loss in mass.

Question 1b(2015)

During electrolysis of molten lead bromide, graphite anode is preferred to other electrodes. Give
reason.

Answer

As graphite is unaffected by the reactive bromine vapours released at the anode hence, a graphite
anode is preferred during the electrolysis of molten lead bromide.

Question 1c(2015)

Electrolysis of molten lead bromide is considered to be a redox reaction. Give reason.

Answer

Electrolysis of molten lead bromide involves oxidation and reduction reactions and hence is a
redox reaction.

Pb2+ + 2e- ⟶ Pb
Reduction reaction at cathode:

Br1- - 1e- ⟶ Br
Oxidation reaction at the anode:

Br + Br ⟶ Br2

Question 1(2016)

Give reasons why:

(a) Sodium Chloride will conduct electricity only in fused or aq. soln. state.

(b) In the electroplating of an article with silver, the electrolyte sodium argentocyanide soln. is
preferred over silver nitrate solution.

(c) Although copper is a good conductor of electricity, it is a non-electrolyte.

Answer

(a) The ions Na+ and Cl- are not free but held together by strong electrostatic force of attraction.
In fused or molten state the ions break free and move. Hence, NaCl will conduct electricity only
in fused state or aq. soln. state.

(b) Migration of Ag1+ ions from sodium argentocyanide solution is slow compared to that from
silver nitrate. Hence, an even deposition of metal silver is obtained on the article. Therefore, the
electrolyte sodium argentocyanide soln. is preferred over silver nitrate solution.

(c) Copper does not undergo chemical decomposition due to flow of electric current through it.
Hence, copper is a good conductor of electricity but it is a non-electrolyte.

Chapter 10

Study of Compounds — Nitric Acid

Class 10 - Concise Chemistry Selina
Exercise 10

Question 1a
The nitrate salt which does not give a mixture of NO 2 and O2 on heating
is:

1. AgNO3
2. KNO3
3. Cu(NO3)2
4. Zn(NO3)2

Answer
KNO3
Reason — The alkali metal nitrates such as sodium or potassium
nitrates when heated melts into colourless liquids which decompose on
heating to give oxygen gas.

2KNO3→Δ2KNO2+O22KNO3Δ2KNO2+O2 ↑

Question 1b
The chemical used in the brown ring test is:

1. CuSO4
2. FeSO4
3. Fe2(SO4)3
4. ZnSO4

Answer
FeSO4
Reason — In the brown ring test the conc. sulphuric acid being heavier
settles down and the iron [II] sulphate layer remains above it resulting in
formation of the brown ring at the junction.

6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 (dil. ) ⟶ 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O +2NO

FeSO4 + NO ⟶ FeSO4.NO
[Nitroso Ferrous sulphate, a brown compound]

Question 1c
Lead nitrate decomposes on heating to give:

1. NO
2. N2O
3. NO2
4. N2O5

Answer
NO2
Reason — Lead nitrate decomposes on heating to give lead oxide,
nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.

2Pb(NO3)2 →ΔΔ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

Question 2
Name :
(a) a nitrate of metal which on heating does not give nitrogen dioxide.
(b) a nitrate which on heating leaves no residue behind.
(c) a metal nitrate which on heating is changed into metal oxide.
(d) a metal nitrate which on heating is changed into metal.
(e) a solution which absorbs nitric oxide.
(f) the oxide of nitrogen which turns brown on exposure to air. How is it
prepared?
Answer
(a) Sodium nitrate
2NaNO3 →ΔΔ 2NaNO2 + O2↑

(b) Ammonium nitrate

NH4NO3 →ΔΔ N2O + 2H2O

(c) Calcium nitrate

2Ca(NO3)2 →ΔΔ 2CaO + 4NO2 + O2

(d) Silver nitrate

2AgNO3 →ΔΔ 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2

6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 (dil.) ⟶ 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O +2NO

(e) Freshly prepared ferrous sulphate

FeSO4 + NO ⟶ FeSO4.NO
2NO + O2 ⟶ 2NO2 (brown gas)
(f) Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide can be prepared by catalytic oxidation of ammonia as

shown below:

4NH3+5O2→700−800°CPt4NO+6H2O+21.5K cals4NH3+5O2
Pt700−800°C4NO+6H2O+21.5K cals

Question 3
Mention three important uses of nitric acid. Give the property of nitric
acid involved in the use.
Answer

1. To etch designs on copper and brassware.

Property : Acts as solvent for a large number of metals except
noble metals
2. To purify gold.
Property : Gold may contain Cu, Ag, Zn, Pb etc. as impurities
which dissolve in nitric acid.
3. To prepare aqua regia.
Property : It dissolves noble metals

Question 4
(a) Explain with the help of a balanced equation, the brown ring test for
nitric acid.
(b) Why is freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution used for testing
the nitrate radical in the brown ring test
Answer
(a) Brown ring test for nitric acid
To the aq. solution of a nitrate or nitric acid :

1. Add freshly prepared saturated solution of iron [II] sulphate.

 2. Now add conc. sulphuric acid carefully from the sides of the test
tube, so that it should not fall drop-wise in the test tube.
3. Cool the test tube in water.
4. A brown ring appears at the junction of the two liquids.

Equations for brown ring test:

6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 (dil. ) ⟶ 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O +2NO

FeSO4 + NO ⟶ FeSO4.NO
[Nitroso Ferrous sulphate, a brown compound]
(b) A freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is used, because on
exposure to the atmosphere, it is oxidised to ferric sulphate, which will
not give the brown ring test.

Question 5
From the following list of substances, choose one substance in each
case which matches the description given below:
Ammonium nitrate, calcium hydrogen carbonate, copper carbonate,
lead nitrate, potassium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen
carbonate, zinc carbonate.
(a) A substance which gives off only oxygen when heated.
(b) A substance which on heating decomposes into dinitrogen oxide
(nitrous oxide) and steam.
(c) A substance which gives off oxygen and nitrogen dioxide when
heated.
(d) A substance which on heating leaves yellow residue.
Answer
(a) Potassium nitrate
(b) Ammonium nitrate
(c) Calcium nitrate
(d) Lead nitrate

Question 6
The action of heat on the blue crystalline solid X, gives a reddish brown
gas Y, a gas which re-lights a glowing splint and leaves a black residue.
When gas Z, which has a rotten egg smell, is passed through a solution
of X, a black ppt. is formed.
(a) Identify X, Y and Z.
(b) Write equation for action of heat on X.
(c) Write equation between solution of X and gas Z.
Answer
(a) X is copper nitrate [Cu(NO 3)2],
Y is nitrogen dioxide [NO 2] and
Z is hydrogen sulphide [H 2S].

(b) 2Cu(NO3)2 →ΔΔ 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

(c) When a H2S gas, which has a rotten egg smell, is passed through a

Cu(NO3)2 + H2S ⟶ CuS + 2HNO3

solution of Cu(NO3)2, a black ppt. of CuS is formed.

Question 7
X, Y and Z are three crystalline solids which are soluble in water and
have a common anion.
To help you to identify X, Y and Z, you are provided with the following
experimental observations. Copy and complete the corresponding
inferences in (a) to (e).
(a) A reddish-brown gas is obtained when X, Y and Z are separately
warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid and copper turning added to
the mixture.
INFERENCE 1: The common anion is the ............... ion.
(b) When X is heated, it melts and gives off only one gas which re-lights
a glowing splint.
INFERENCE 2: The cation in X is either ............... or ...............
(c) The action of heat on Y produces a reddish-brown gas and a yellow
residue which fuses with the glass of the test tube.
INFERENCE 3: The metal ion present in Y is the ............... ion.
(d) When Z is heated, it leaves no residue. Warming Z with sodium
hydroxide solution liberates a gas which turns moist red litmus paper
blue.
INFERENCE 4: Z contains the ............... cation.
(e) Write the equations for the following reactions.

1. X and concentrated sulphuric acid (below 200° C). (One equation

only for either of the cations given in INFERENCE 2).
2. Action of heat on Y.
3. Concentrated nitric acid is added to copper turnings kept in a
beaker.

Answer
(a) The common anion is the nitrate ion.
(b) The cation in X is either sodium or potassium
(c) The metal ion present in Y is the lead ion.
(d) Z contains the ammonium ion
(e) The balanced equations are:

1. Reaction between Potassium nitrate and concentrated sulphuric

acid (below 200° C):

KNO3[conc.]+�2SO4[conc.]→<200°CKHSO4[acid salt]
+HNO3[conc.]KNO3+[conc.]H2SO4<200°C[acid salt]KHSO4+HNO3
 3. Cu + 4HNO3 (conc.) ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2.
2. 2Pb(NO3)2 →ΔΔ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

Explanation
(a) On adding copper to acidified nitrates and heating, dense reddish
brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide [NO 2] are evolved.
(b) The alkali metal nitrates such as sodium or potassium nitrates when
heated melts into colourless liquids which decompose on heating to
give oxygen gas.

2KNO3→Δ2KNO2+O22KNO3Δ2KNO2+O2
2NaNO3→Δ2NaNO2+O22NaNO3Δ2NaNO2+O2
(c) Lead nitrate decomposes on heating to give nitrogen dioxide,
oxygen gas and yellow residue of lead oxide which fuses with the glass
of the test tube.

2Pb(NO3)2 →ΔΔ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

(d) Ammonium nitrate decomposes explosively on heating leaving

behind no residue.

NH4NO3 →ΔΔ N2O + 2H2O

Ammonium nitrate reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium nitrate,

ammonia, and water. Ammonia gas turns moist red litmus paper blue.

NH4NO3 + NaOH ⟶ NaNO3 + NH3 + H2O

Question 8
(a) Dilute nitric acid is generally considered a typical acid except for it's
reaction with metals. In what way is dilute nitric acid different from other
acids when it reacts with metals?
(b) Write the equation for the reaction of dilute nitric acid and conc.
nitric acid with copper.
Answer
(a) Dilute nitric acid is considered a typical acid except for it's reaction
with metals since it does not liberate hydrogen. It is a powerful oxidising
agent and the nascent oxygen formed oxidises the hydrogen to water.

3Cu + 8HNO3 ⟶ 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO

3Zn + 8HNO3 ⟶ 3Zn(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO

3Fe + 8HNO3 ⟶ 3Fe(NO3)2 + 4 H2O + 2NO

(b) Reaction with dil. HNO 3:

3Cu + 8HNO3 ⟶ 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO

Reaction with conc. HNO 3:

Cu + 4HNO3 (conc.) ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2.

Question 9
Explain why
(a) Only all-glass apparatus should be used for the preparation of nitric
acid by heating concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate.
(b) Nitric acid is kept in a reagent bottle for a long time.
Answer
(a) All glass apparatus is used in the laboratory preparation of nitric
acid since the vapours of nitric acid being highly corrosive attack
rubber, cork, etc.
(b) When nitric acid is kept in a reagent bottle for a long time, it turns
dark yellowish brown in colour.
This is because nitric acid is unstable hence, it decomposes slightly
even at ordinary temperatures and in the presence of sunlight. When it
is kept for a long time, the decomposition is complete resulting in the
formation of reddish brown nitrogen dioxide [NO 2] that dissolves in the
acid giving it a darker yellowish brown colour.

4HNO3 ⟶ O2 + 2H2O + 2NO2

Question 10
The figure given below illustrates the apparatus used in the laboratory
preparation of nitric acid.

(a) Name A (a liquid), B (a solid) and C (a liquid). (Do not give the
formulae).
(b) Write an equation to show how nitric acid undergoes decomposition.
(c) Write the equation for the reaction in which copper is oxidized by
concentrated nitric acid.
Answer
(a) A — concentrated sulphuric acid,
B — sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate and
C — is nitric acid.
(b) Nitric acid decomposes to liberate nitrogen dioxide along with
oxygen and form water.

4HNO3 →ΔΔ 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2

(c) Copper metal is oxidised by concentrated nitric acid to copper

nitrate.

Cu + 4HNO3 →ΔΔ Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2

Question 11
(a) A dilute acid B does not normally give hydrogen when reacted with
metals but does give a gas when reacts with copper. Identify B. Write
equation with copper.
(b) Completed the table:

Name of process Inputs Equation

Ammonia + air

(c) What is the property of nitric acid which allows it to react with
copper?
(d) State one observation :
(i) Concentrated nitric acid is reacted with - sulphur.
(ii) Lead nitrate is heated strongly in a test tube.
Answer
(a) HNO3 (Nitric acid)
3Cu + 8HNO3 ⟶ 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO
(b) Complete table is as follows:

Name of
Inputs Equation
process

Ostwald's Ammonia 4NH3+5O2→700−800°CPt4NO+6H2O+21.5K cal

process + air Pt700−800°C4NO+6H2O+21.5K cals

(c) When nitric acid undergoes decomposition it yields nascent oxygen.

This nascent oxygen oxidises copper allowing it to react with nitric acid.
Hence, the oxidising nature of nitric acid helps it to react with
copper.
(d) (i) When concentrated nitric acid is reacted with sulphur, dense
brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide are observed.

S + 6HNO3 [conc.] ⟶ H2SO4 + 2H2O + 6NO2

(ii) Lead nitrate decomposes on heating to give nitrogen dioxide,
oxygen gas and yellow residue of lead oxide which fuses with the glass
of the test tube.

2Pb(NO3)2 →ΔΔ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

Question 1a(2012)
Name - the gas produced when copper reacts with conc. HNO 3.
Answer
Nitrogen dioxide.

Cu + 4HNO3 ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2

Question 1b(2012)
State observation : Zinc nitrate crystals are strongly heated.
Answer
Reddish brown nitrogen dioxide gas is evolved on heating zinc nitrate
crystals.

2Zn(NO3)2→Δ2ZnO+O2+4NO22Zn(NO3)2Δ2ZnO+O2+4NO2

Question 1c(2012)
Correct the statement :
Magnesium reacts with nitric acid to liberate hydrogen gas.
Answer
Magnesium reacts with cold, very dilute nitric acid to liberate hydrogen
gas.

Question 1d(2012)
Iron is rendered passive with fuming HNO 3. Give reason.
Answer
Iron or aluminium are rendered passive on reaction with fuming
HNO3 due to formation of a thin oxide coating on the surface of the
metal which prevents further reaction

Question 5(2012)
Give balanced equation for dilute nitric acid and copper carbonate.
Answer

CuCO3 + 2HNO3 [dil.] ⟶ Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

Question 1a(2013)
Identify the gas evolved when:
(i) Sulphur is treated with conc. nitric acid.
(ii) A few crystals of KNO 3 are heated in a hard glass test tube.
Answer
(i) Nitrogen dioxide gas

S + 6HNO3 ⟶ H2SO4 + 2H2O + 6NO2

(ii) Oxygen gas

2KNO3→Δ2KNO2+O22KNO3Δ2KNO2+O2

Question 1b(2013)
State two relevant observations for lead nitrate crystals are heated in a
hard glass test tube.
Answer
Reddish brown nitrogen dioxide gas is evolved.
Buff coloured residue of PbO is obtained in the test tube.

Pb(NO3)2→Δ2PbO+O2+4NO2Pb(NO3)2Δ2PbO+O2+4NO2

Question 1c(2013)
Give a balanced equations for: oxidation of carbon with conc. HNO 3.
Answer

C + 4HNO3 ⟶ CO2 + 2H2O + 4NO2

Question 1a(2014)
Fill in the blank :
Cold, dil. nitric acid reacts with copper to form ............... (Hydrogen,
nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide).
Answer
Cold, dilute nitric acid reacts with copper to form nitric oxide.

Question 1b(2014)
Give balanced equations for the following:
(i) Laboratory preparation of nitric acid.
(ii) Action of heat on a mixture of copper and concentrated nitric acid.
Answer
(i) Balanced equation for laboratory preparation of nitric acid:

KNO3[conc.]+�2SO4[conc.]→<200°CKHSO4[acid salt]
+HNO3[conc.]KNO3+[conc.]H2SO4<200°C[acid salt]KHSO4+HNO3
(ii) Balanced equation for action of heat on a mixture of copper and
concentrated nitric acid:

⟶Cu(NO3)2+2H2O+2NO2
Cu+4HNO3[conc.]⟶Cu(NO3)2+2H2O+2NO2Cu+4[conc.]HNO3

Question 1a(2015)
Identify the acid
(i) Which is used for the preparation of non-volatile acid.
(ii) The acid which is prepared by catalytic oxidation of ammonia.
Answer
(i) Nitric acid

S + 6HNO3 ⟶ H2SO4 + 2H2O + 6NO2

(ii) Nitric acid

4NH3+5O2→700−800°CPt4NO+6H2O+21.5K cals4NH3+5O2
Pt700−800°C4NO+6H2O+21.5K cals
2NO+O2→50°C2NO22NO+O250°C2NO2
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 ⟶ 4HNO3

Question 1b(2015)
State one appropriate observation : when crystals of copper nitrate are
heated in a test tube.
Answer
Reddish brown nitrogen dioxide gas is evolved.
Black coloured residue of CuO is obtained in the test tube.

2Cu(NO3)2→Δ2CuO+O2+4NO22Cu(NO3)2Δ2CuO+O2+4NO2

Question 1c(2015)
Explain the following:
(i) Dil. HNO3 is generally considered a typical acid but not so in it's
reaction with metals.
(ii) When it is left standing in a glass bottle, concentrated nitric acid
appears yellow.
(iii) In the laboratory preparation of nitric acid, an all glass apparatus is
used.
Answer
(i) Dilute nitric acid is generally considered a typical acid except for it's
reaction with metals since it generally does not liberate hydrogen
on reaction with metals. Nitric oxide on decomposition forms nascent
oxygen which oxidizes the hydrogen to water.
(ii) Pure nitric acid [HNO 3] is colourless and unstable and decomposes
slightly even at ordinary temperatures and in the presence of sunlight.
The decomposition results in formation of reddish brown nitrogen
dioxide [NO2] which remains dissolved in the acid thus imparting a
slight yellowish brown colour.
(iii) All glass apparatus is used since the vapours of nitric acid being
highly corrosive attack rubber, cork. etc.