Basics of:
Thermal,
Electrical,
and
Magnetic Properties of Materials
Dr. Madan Lal Chandravanshi
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad
1. Contents - Thermal Properties of materials
Thermal Properties of materials -Heat capacity
Thermal Properties of materials –Specific Heat
= 1.4
Thermal Properties of materials –Thermal Expansion
Thermal Properties of materials –Thermal Shock
Thermal Properties of materials –Thermal Conductivity
Mechanisms–Thermal Conductivity
Wiedemann–Franz Law – Lorenz Number: At a given temperature,
the thermal and electrical conductivities of metals are proportional, but
raising the temperature increases the thermal conductivity while decreasing
the electrical conductivity.
This behavior is quantified in the Wiedemann–Franz law. This law states that
the ratio of the electronic contribution of the thermal conductivity (k) to the
electrical conductivity (σ) of a metal is proportional to the temperature (T).
The SI unit for electrical conductivity is siemens per meter (S/m)
Thermal Properties of materials – Thermal stresses
2. Electrical Properties of Materials – Contents
Electrical Properties of materials – Electrical conduction
Electrical Properties of materials – Electrical conduction contd..
Electrical conduction – Flow of Charge
J is the current density- the current per unit of specimen area I/A.
E = V/L - is the electric field intensity, or the voltage difference
between two points divided by the distance separating them
Electrical conduction – Charge carriers
Electrical Properties of materials – Energy band structures
Four different types of band structures are possible at 0 K. In the first (Figure 18.4a), one outermost band is only partially
filled with electrons. The energy corresponding to the highest filled state at 0 K is called the Fermi energy Ef
Electrical Properties of materials – Energy band structures
Thus, very little
There are vacant energy (small
energy states electric is sufficient)
adjacent to the is required to
highest filled state promote large
at Ef. number electrons
into these
conducting states
Increasing the
For insulators and temperature of either a
semiconductors, semiconductor or an
empty states insulator results in an
adjacent to the top increase in the thermal
of the filled energy that is available
valence band are for electron excitation.
not available Thus, more electrons are
promoted into the
conduction band, which
gives rise to an enhanced
conductivity.
Resistivity of materials – Mathiesens rule
Influence of
Temperature
For the pure metal and
all the copper–nickel
alloys, the resistivity
rises linearly with
temperature above
about 200 °C.
ρt , ρi , and ρd represent the
individual thermal, impurity, and
deformation resistivity contributions, Where ρ0 and a
respectively are constants
for each
particular metal
Super conductivity of Materials
Semi-conductivity of Materials
Intrinsic Semi-conduction
Intrinsic Semi-conduction
Extrinsic semi-conduction
n-type semi-conduction
When a doped a semiconductor made of silicon or germanium with a
pentavalent element (for example phosphorus).
n-type semi-conduction
antimony
p-type semi-conduction
Electrical Conduction in ionic materials
Piezoelectric materials
Electrical Conduction in polymers
Dielectric behaviour concept in materials
Dielectric strength
Capacitor concept
Its two-terminal electrical component known as the capacitor.
It is formerly known as a condenser.
It is capable of storing energy in the form of an electrostatic charge that produces
a potential difference or static voltage across its plates.
There are two or more parallel conductive plates made of metal which are not connected
to each other.
Either by air or some form of insulating material such as paper, mica, ceramic or plastic,
the plates are separated electrically.
These insulators are also known as dielectric material with uniform thickness.
The conductors can be any material which will conduct electricity easily
The conductive metal plates of a capacitor can be circular, rectangular or square and of
any shape depending upon the requirement
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass. In filter networks, they are used for smoothing out the output
of power supplies.
They also tune radios to particular frequencies in the resonant circuits.
Capacitor concept .. Contd
The surface charge density D, or quantity of
charge per unit area of capacitor plate (C/m2 ), is
proportional to the electric field. When a vacuum is
present.
Capacitor concept .. Contd
The capacitance C is related to the quantity of charge stored on either plate Q by
Capacitor concept – Power loss
Transistor Transistors, which are extremely important semiconducting devices in
today’s microelectronic circuitry, are capable of two primary types of
function.
It can amplify an electrical signal.
It serves as switching devices in computers for the processing and storage
of information.
The two major types are the junction (or bimodal) transistor and the
metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (abbreviated as MOSFET).
The junction transistor is composed of
two p–n junctions arranged back to back in
either the n–p–n or the p–n–p configuration.
MOSFET: metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
• One variety of MOSFET consists of two small islands of p-type semiconductor
that are created within a substrate of n-type silicon, as shown in cross section in
Figure
The primary difference MOSFET is that the gate current is small in comparison to the base
current of a junction transistor
MOSFETs are used where the signal sources to be amplified cannot sustain an
appreciable current
3. Magnetic Properties of Materials
Magnetic properties of materials – Introduction
Types of magnet
a. Diamagnetic Substances:
These substances are weakly magnetized, when they are placed in the external magnetic
field, in a direction that is opposite to the applied field.
The examples of these substances are silver, bismuth, gold, copper, mercury, lead, air,
water, nitrogen, hydrogen, silicon, and antimony.
b. Paramagnetic Substances:
These substances are weakly magnetized when they are placed in an external magnetic
field, in the same direction of the applied field. Their movement is from weaker to
stronger parts of the field.
The magnetism that is exhibited by these substances is known as paramagnetism.
The examples of these substances are chromium, calcium, sodium, manganese,
aluminum, platinum, crown glass, copper chloride, oxygen, tungsten, niobium, and
lithium.
Types of magnet .. Contd
c. Ferromagnetic Substances
In the external magnetic field, these substances are strongly magnetized,
in the direction of the externally applied field.
These substances can retain the magnetic moment, even after the
removal of the external field.
The examples of these substances are cobalt, nickel, and iron.
Bohr Magneton
Why not all materials are magnets?
Magnetic dipoles
Magnetic Field
The units for B are Teslas [or Webers per square meter (Wb/m2 )]. Both B and H are field vectors,
Magnetic
susceptibility is a
where µ0 is the permeability of a vacuum, 4π 10 ^ -7 H/m dimensionless
Webbers per ampere-meter (Wb/A m) or henries per meter (H/m) proportionality
constant that
indicates the degree
of magnetization of a
material in response
to an applied
magnetic field
Temperature effect on magnetic properties of materials
Magnetic Domains
Magnetic
permeability is a
scalar quantity that
measures the
degree to which a
magnetic field can
penetrate a
material.
Magnetic Domains - contd..
Bloch
Magnetic Hysteresis
B= µH, M= Xm H
Semi-hard magnets
Soft magnets
Hard Magnets
