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Limites and continuity

Mathematical analysis 2
Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial functions

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Part 2: Limits and continuity

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es R. KECHKAR
il
2024/2025
R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function
 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Plan

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1 Limites and continuity
Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Generalities
Limit of numerical function of several variables
Continuity of numerical function of several variables
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions
Generalities
es
Limit of vectorial function of several variables
Continity of vectorial function of several variables
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Plan

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1 Limites and continuity
Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Generalities
Limit of numerical function of several variables
Continuity of numerical function of several variables
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions
Generalities
es
Limit of vectorial function of several variables
Continity of vectorial function of several variables
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Numerical function

Definition
• We call numerical function of n variables the mapping f defined

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by f : D ⊆ Rn −→ R
(x1 , · · · xn ) 7−→ f (x1 , · · · xn )

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• We call domain of f and we note Df the set of all X ∈ Rn such
that f exists, that is
Df = {X ∈ Rn : f (X ) exists}.

• We call range of f the set of values that f takes on Df , that is

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{f (X ) such that X ∈ Df }

• We call graph of a function f of n variables the set

{(X , f (X )) such that X ∈ Df }

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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Numerical functions: example

Remark
Let f : Rn → R. X 7→ f (X ). X ∈ Rn is called independent variables and f (X )

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dependent variable.

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Example.
Let us determine the domain of the following functions

f1 : R2 −→ R f2 : R3 −→ R
xy ln(z)
(x, y) f1 (x, y) =
es
7−→
x2 + y2
(x, y, z) 7−→ f2 (x, y, z) =
x+y

• Df1 = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y2 , 0} =⇒ Df1 = R2 \(0, 0).

• Df2 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + y , 0, z > 0} ⇒ Df2 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : y , −x, z > 0}.

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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Level curves

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Definition
The level curves of a function f of two variables are the curves with

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equations f (x, y) = k, where k is a constant.

Example.
Find the level curves for the function f (x, y) = x2 − y for k = 0 and k = 1.
es
For k = 0: We have x2 − y = 0 =⇒ y = x2 .
For k = 0: We have x2 − y = 1 =⇒ y = x2 − 1.
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Plan

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1 Limites and continuity
Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Generalities
Limit of numerical function of several variables
Continuity of numerical function of several variables
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions
Generalities
es
Limit of vectorial function of several variables
Continity of vectorial function of several variables
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Limit of numerical function of several variables

Definition
Let f : D ⊆ Rn → R, X = (x1 , · · · , xn ) 7→ f (X ) a function and

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a = (a1 , · · · an ) an accumulation point of D. We say that the limit of f as
X approaches a is L if

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∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that (∀X ∈ D and ||X − a|| < δ) =⇒ |f (X ) − L| < ε

Then we write
lim f (X ) = L
es X →a

Remark
The limit of a function doesn’t depend on the chosen norm because on
Rn all norms are equivalent.
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Limit of numerical function of several variables

Proposition

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Let f : D ⊆ Rn → R, a function and a an accumulation point of D. If
limit of f at a exists then this limit is unique.

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Proposition
Let f : D ⊆ Rn → R a function and a an accumulation point of D. We
have the following equivalence
es
lim f (X ) = L ⇔ lim |f (X ) − L| = 0
X →a X →a
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Limit of numerical function of several variables

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Proposition

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Let f : D ⊆ Rn → R a function and a an accumulation point of D.
• lim f (X ) = +∞ ⇔ ∀M > 0, ∃δ > 0 : (∀X ∈ D : ||X − a|| < δ) ⇒ f (X ) > M.
X →a
• lim f (X ) = −∞ ⇔ ∀M > 0, ∃δ > 0 : (∀X ∈ D : ||X − a|| < δ) ⇒ f (X ) < −M.
X →a
es
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Properties of limit of numerical function of several variables

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Proposition
Let f et g : D ⊆ Rn −→ R and a an accumulation point de D. Suppose

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that lim f (X ) = l1 and lim g(X ) = l2 . Then
X →a X →a
• ∀α, β ∈ R, lim (αf + βg)(X ) = αl1 + βl2 .
X →a
• lim (f .g)(X ) = l1 · l2 .
X →a
es ³ ´
f
• If l2 , 0, lim g (X ) = ll21 .
X →a
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

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Substitution when the limit is trivial to calculate we plug in
directly the the given value.

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Example.
Here we just have to plug in the given points
2 +y2
• lim ex = e0+0 = 1
(x,y)→(0,0)
es
x2 cos y −π2 π
• lim = =−
(x,y)→(π,π) x + y 2π 2
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

Path approach We use generally this method to show that the

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limit doesn’t exist
Proposition

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Let f : D ⊆ R2 → R and (a, b) an accumulation point of D. If there exist
tow continuous functions y = ϕ1 (x), y = ϕ2 (x) that pass through (a, b)
such that
limf (x, ϕ1 (x)) , limf (x, ϕ2 (x))
es x →a x →a
then lim f (x, y) doesn’t exist.
(x,y)→(a,b)
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

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Example.
x2

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Let f a function defined by f (x, y) = . find lim f (x, y)
y (x,y)→(0,0)

• If we set y = x2 then lim f (x, y) = 1

(x,y)→(0,0)
• if we set y = 2x2 then lim f (x, y) = 12
es (x,y)→(0,0)
So, we have found two different paths such that we have two different
limits; therefore, the limit does not exist.
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

Double limit

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Proposition

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Let f : D ⊆ R2 → R such that lim f (x, y) = l. Suppose that
(x,y)→(a,b)

• ∀x ∈ R, limf (x, y) exist.

y→b

• ∀y ∈ R, limf (x, y) exist.

³
es
x →a
´ µ ¶
Then lim limf (x, y) = lim limf (x, y)
y→b x→a x→a y→b
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

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Example.
sin x2 cos y
Let find lim

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x2 + y2
(x,y)→(0,0)
sin x2 cos y 0
lim lim 2 2
= lim 2 = 0 = l1
y→0 x→0 x + y y→0 y
sin x2 cos y sin x2
lim lim 2 = lim = 1 = l2
x→0 y→0 x + y2
es x →0 x 2
sin x2 cos y
Since l1 , l2 we deduce that lim doesn’t exist.
(x,y)→(0,0) x 2 + y2
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

Sandwich approach by using squeeze theorem
Theorem (Squeeze theorem)

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Let f et g : D ⊆ Rn −→ R and a an accumulation point of D. If
• ∀X ∈ v(a) ∩ D, f (X ) ≤ h(X ) ≤ g(X )

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• lim f (X ) = lim g(X ) = l
X →a X →a
Then lim h(X ) = l.
X →a

Corollaire
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Let f et g : D ⊆ Rn −→ R and a an accumulation point of D. If
• ∀X ∈ v(a) ∩ D, |f (X )| ≤ |g(X )|
• lim g(X ) = 0
X →a
il
Then lim f (X ) = 0.
X →a

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

Example.

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µ ¶
1
Let f (x, y) = (x2 + y2 ) cos , lim f (x, y) ?
x 2 + y2 (x,y)→(0,0)

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We have
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 2 2 2 2 1
−1 ≤ cos ≤ 1 =⇒ −(x +y ) ≤ (x +y ) cos ≤ (x2 +y2 ).
x 2 + y2 x2 + y2
Since (x, y) → (0, 0) then
es
lim f (x, y) = 0
(x,y)→(0,0)
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

Change of variable
Example.

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Let f (x, y) = |x|x−−11|+|
||y−2|
y−2| . We want to find lim f (x, y) We use the
(x,y)→(1,2)

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change
¡ ′ ′¢
of variable : x′ = x − 1 et y′ = y − 2. Then when (x, y) → (1, 2),
x , y → (0, 0). We have,
(
|x ′ | ≤ |x′ | + |y′ |
⇒ |x′ ||y′ | ≤ (|x′ | + |y′ |)2
es |y′ | ≤ |x′ | + |y′ |
¯ ′¯ ¯ ′¯
¯x ¯ ¯y ¯
f (x, y) = ′ ¯¯ ′ ¯¯ ≤ |x| + |y| → 0
|x | + y
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

Example.

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x3 y
Let f (x, y) = . lim f (x, y)?

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x2 + y2 (x,y)→(0,0)
Using polar coordinates and set x = r cos(θ) and y = r sin(θ) with
r > 0 and θ ∈ [0, 2π[. Then,

|r4 cos(θ)3 sin(θ) |

|f (x, y)| = = r2 | cos(θ)|3 | sin(θ)| ≤ r2 → 0
es r2
Then we get lim f (x, y) = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0)
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

Example.
xy
Let f (x, y) = . lim f (x, y)?
x2 + y2 (x,y)→(0,0)

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Using polar coordinates and set x = r cos(θ) et y = r sin(θ) with r ≥ 0
and θ ∈ [0, 2π[. Then we have,

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r2 cos θ sin θ
f (x , y ) = = cos θ sin θ.
r2
Then if lim f (x, y) exists, it will be equal to
es
(x,y)→(0,0)

lim cos θ sin θ = cos θ sin θ

r →0

Then it is not unique (since it depends on the value of θ ).

Consequently lim f (x, y) doesn’t exist.
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(x,y)→(0,0)

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Different methods to find limit

Taylor expansion

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Example.

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x(sin y − y)
Let f (x, y) = . We have sin(y) = y − y2 ε(1) with limε(1) = 0,
x2 + y2 y→0
then ¯ 2
¯xy ε(1)¯
¯
0 ≤ |f (x, y)| = ≤ |xε(1)|.
x 2 + y2
es
We have also xε(1) → 0 when (x, y) → (0, 0) then by squeeze theorem
we get lim f (x, y) = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0)
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Plan

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1 Limites and continuity
Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Generalities
Limit of numerical function of several variables
Continuity of numerical function of several variables
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions
Generalities
es
Limit of vectorial function of several variables
Continity of vectorial function of several variables
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Continuity of numerical function of several variables

Definition
Let f : D ⊆ Rn → R and a = (a1 , · · · an ) ∈ D.

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• We say that f is continuous at the point a if an only if lim f (X ) = f (a).
X →a
That is to say
∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that (∀X ∈ D and ||X −a|| < δ) =⇒ |f (X )−f (a)| < ε

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• We say that f is continuous on D if f is continuous at all points in D.

Definition
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Let f : D ⊆ Rn and a = (a1 , · · · an ) ∈ Rn . We say that f is continuous at a if the
three conditions are satisfied
• f is defined at a (a ∈ D).
• lim f (X ) exists and is finite.
X →a
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• lim f (X ) = f (a).
X →a

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Properties of continuous functions

Proposition
Let f , g : D ⊆ Rn → R and a ∈ D. Suppose that f , g are continuous at a

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than
• ∀α, β ∈ R, (αf + βg) is continuous at a.

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• f .g is continous at a.
f
• If g(a) , 0, is continuous at a.
g
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Proposition
Let f : D ⊆ Rn → A ⊆ R and g : A ⊆ R → R. Suppose that f is continuous
at a and g is continuous at f (a). Then the function f ◦ g : D ⊆ Rn → R is
continuous at a.
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Example

Example.
We want to study the continuity on R2 of

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
2 2
 x y

if (x, y) , (0, 0),
f (x, y) = x2 + y2

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
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
Solution : On R2 − {(0.0)}, f est continuous since it is the quotient of tow
polynomials. At (0.0),We have
x2
x 2 ≤ x 2 + y2 ⇒ 2 2 ≤ 1
x +y
Then
es x 2 y2
2 x
2
∀(x, y) ∈ R2∗ , f1 (x, y) = 2 = y ≤ y2 → 0.
x + y2 x 2 + y2
Consequently lim f (x, y) = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0)

Conclusion : f is continuous at (0, 0) then on R2 .

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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Plan

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1 Limites and continuity
Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Generalities
Limit of numerical function of several variables
Continuity of numerical function of several variables
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions
Generalities
es
Limit of vectorial function of several variables
Continity of vectorial function of several variables
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Plan

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1 Limites and continuity
Limits and continuity of numerical functions

te
Generalities
Limit of numerical function of several variables
Continuity of numerical function of several variables
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions
Generalities
es
Limit of vectorial function of several variables
Continity of vectorial function of several variables
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Vectorial functions of several variables

Definition (Vectorial function)

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• We call vectorial function of n variables the mapping f defined
by

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f : D ⊆ Rn −→ Rm (m ≥ 2)
X = (x1 , · · · xn ) 7−→ f (X ) = (f1 (X ), · · · , fm (X ))

• We call domain of f and we note Df the set given by

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Df = ∩ Dfj = {X ∈ Rn : fj exist, ∀1 ≤ j ≤ m}.
1≤j≤m
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Vectorial functions: Example

Example.
f : D ⊆ R2 −→ R2

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q
xy
(x, y) 7−→ f (x, y) = ( x2 +y2 , 1 − x2 − y2 ).
We have

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xy
•f1 (x, y) = Df1 = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y2 , 0} = R2 \(0, 0)
x 2 + y2
q
•f2 (x, y) = 1 − x2 − y2 Df2 = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : 1 − x2 − y2 ≥ 0}
es = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y2 ≤ 1}
= D̄((0, 0), 1)

Df = Df1 ∩ Df2 = D̄((0, 0), 1)\(0, 0).

il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Plan

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1 Limites and continuity
Limits and continuity of numerical functions

te
Generalities
Limit of numerical function of several variables
Continuity of numerical function of several variables
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions
Generalities
es
Limit of vectorial function of several variables
Continity of vectorial function of several variables
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Limit of vectorial function of several variables

Definition
Let f : D ⊆ Rn → Rm a function and a = (a1 , · · · an ) an accumulation point of
D. We say that the limit of f as X approaches a is L = (l1 , · · · , l2 ) if

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∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that (∀X ∈ D and ||X − a|| < δ) =⇒ ||f (X ) − L|| < ε

te
Then we write
lim f (X ) = L
es X →a

Proposition
Let f : D ⊆ Rn → Rm a function and a = (a1 , · · · an ) an accumulation point of
D. Suppose that L = (l1 , · · · , l2 ) than we have

lim f (X ) = L ⇐⇒ ∀i = 1, · · · , m, lim fi (X ) = li
X →a X →a
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Limit of vectorial functions: Example

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Example.

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Let
´ sin xy ex2 y − 1
à !
³
2 2
f (x, y) = xy log x + y , , .
y xy
Give the domain of definition of f and find lim f (x, y).
es (x,y)→(0,0)
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Solution

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1) Domain of definition ¢of f : ©

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- f1 (x, y) = xy log x2 + y2 , Df1 = (x, y) ∈ R2 /x , 0 ∨ y , 0 = R2∗ .
¡ ª

- f2 (x, y) = sinyxy , Df2 = (x, y) ∈ R2 /y , 0 = R × R∗ .

© ª

x2 y
- f3 (x, y) = e xy−1 , Df3 = (x, y) ∈ R2 /x , 0 ∧ y , 0 = R∗ × R∗ . Then,
© ª

Df = Df1 ∩ Df2 ∩ Df3 = R∗ × R∗ .

es
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Solution

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2) Let’s find lim f (x, y) :
(x,y)→(0,0
) q
We know that  |x| ≤ x2 + y2
⇒ |x||y| ≤ x2 + y2

te
q
 |y| ≤ x2 + y2

Then ∀(x, y) ∈ R¡∗ × R∗ ¯¢f1¯ (x, y¡)¯ = ¯xy¢¯log x2 + y2 ¯ ≤ x2 + y2 ¯log x2 + y2 ¯

¯ ¯ ¯ ¡ ¢¯ ¡ ¢¯ ¡ ¢¯

Since lim x2 + y2 ¯log x2 + y2 ¯ = 0, then from squeeze theorem we

(x,y)→(0,0)
have
es lim f1 (x, y) = 0
(x,y)→(0,0)
.
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Solution

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sin xy sin xy
lim f2 (x, y) = lim = lim x = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0) y (x,y)→(0,0) xy

te
2 2
ex y − 1 ex y − 1
- lim f3 (x, y) = lim = lim x 2 = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0) xy (x,y)→(0,0) x y
We deduce that : lim(x,y)→(0,0) f (x, y) = (0, 0, 0).
Note that
es
eu − 1 sin u
lim+ u log u = 0, lim = 1, lim =1
u→0 u→0 u u→0 u
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R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Properties of continuous vectorial functions

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Proposition
Let f , g : D ⊆ Rn → Rm and a an accumulation point of D. Suppose

te
that lim f (X ) = l1 and lim g(X ) = l2 then
X →a X →a
• ∀α, β ∈ R, lim (αf + βg) = αl1 + βl2
X →a
es
Remark
Product and quotient of vectorial functions are not defined.
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Plan

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1 Limites and continuity
Limits and continuity of numerical functions

te
Generalities
Limit of numerical function of several variables
Continuity of numerical function of several variables
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions
Generalities
es
Limit of vectorial function of several variables
Continity of vectorial function of several variables
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

co
Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Continuity of vectorial function of several variables

Definition
Let f : D ⊆ Rn → Rm and a = (a1 , · · · an ) ∈ D.

n
• We say that f is continuous at the point a if an only if lim f (X ) = f (a).
X →a
That is to say

te
∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0 : (∀X ∈ D : 0 < ||X − a|| < δ) =⇒ ||f (X ) − f (a)|| < ε

• We say that f is continuous on D if f is continuous at all points in D.

Proposition
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Let f : D ⊆ Rn → Rm and a = (a1 , · · · an ) ∈ D. We say that f is continuous at a if
and only if all fi , i = 1, · · · , m are continuous at a. That is to say
f continuous at a ⇐⇒ ∀i = 1, · · · , m fi continuous at a
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function

 Limits and continuity of numerical functions

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Limites and continuity
Limites and continuity of vectorial functions

Properties of Continuity vectorial function of several variables

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Proposition
Let f , g : D ⊆ Rn → Rm and a ∈ D. Suppose that f , g are continuous at

te
a than
• ∀α, β ∈ R, (αf + βg) is continuous at a.

Proposition
Let f : D ⊆ Rn → A ⊆ Rm and g : A ⊆ Rm → Rp . Suppose that f is
es
continuous at a and g is continuous at f (a). Then the function
f ◦ g : D ⊆ Rn → Rp is continuous at a.
il

R. KECHKAR Mathematical analysis 2 Chapter 1: Multivariable and vectorial function