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Lecture 6

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Lecture 6

Alwady said he would be glad

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yazedm869
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 4

Measures of Variation

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 1
This section presents three important measures of
variation: range, standard deviation, and
variance.
.

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 2
Range

The range of a set of data values is the


difference between the maximum data value
and the minimum data value.
Range = (maximum data value) − (minimum data
value)

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 3
Important Property of Range

 The range uses only the maximum and the minimum


data values, so it is very sensitive to extreme values.
The range is not resistant.
 Because the range uses only the maximum and
minimum values, it does not take every value into
account and therefore does not truly reflect the
variation among all of the data values.

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 4
Example: Range
Listed below are the first measured values of
cotinine (4ng/ml) from Smokers listed in Table
3- 1. Determine the range.
362 210 00 520 360
Solution
Range = (maximum value) − (minimum value)
= 520 − 210 = 310.0 ng/ml
The range of 310.0 ng/ml is shown with one
more decimal place than is present in the
original data values.

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 5
Standard Deviation of a Sample)

 Standard Deviation
The standard deviation of a set of sample values,
denoted by s, is a measure of how much data
values deviate away from the mean.
Notation
s = sample standard deviation
σ = population standard deviation

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 6
Standard Deviation of a Sample
Standard Deviation 

sample standard deviation

σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
𝑠=
𝑛−1

Shortcut formula for sample standard deviation


(used by calculators and software)

𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − (σ 𝑥)2
𝑠=
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 7
Important Properties of Standard Deviation

 1. The standard deviation is a measure of


how much data values deviate away from
the mean.
 2. The value of the standard deviation s is
never negative. It is zero only when all of
the data values are exactly the same.
 3. Larger values of s indicate greater
amounts of variation.

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 8
 4. The standard deviation s can increase
dramatically with one or more outliers.
 5. The units of the standard deviation s (such as
minutes, feet, pounds) are the same as the units
of the original data values.
 6. The sample standard deviation s is a biased
estimator of the population standard deviation
σ, which means that values of the sample
standard deviation s do not center around the
value of σ.

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 9
Example: Calculating Standard Deviation

Use the sample standard deviation formula to find the


standard deviation of these measured values of
cotinine (ng/ml) from Example 1: 362, 210, 400, 520,
360.
Solution
Step 1: Compute mean.
σ 𝑥 362 + 210 + 400 + 520 + 360
𝑥ҧ = =
𝑛 5
1852
= = 370.4
5

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 10
Step 2: Subtract the mean from each data value
(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ

–8.4, –160.4, 29.6, 149.6, –10.4

Step 3: Square each deviation


(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 .
70.56, 25,728.16, 16,876.16, 22,380.16, 108.16

Step 4: Sum all the ෍(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 = 49,163.20


deviations

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 11
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 49,163.20
Step 5: Divide sum by n – 1 = = 12,290.8
𝑛−1 4

Step 6: Take the square root of the quotient

σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
𝑠= = 12,290.8 = 110.86388
𝑛−1

s = 110.9 ng/ml

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 12
Standard Deviation of a Population

Standard Deviation of a Population


A different formula is used to calculate the
standard deviation σ of a population: Instead
of dividing by n − 1 for a sample, we divide
by the population size N.

σ(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
Population standard deviation
𝜎=
𝑁

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 13
Variance of a Sample and a Population

Variance
The variance of a set of values is a measure
of variation equal to the square of the
standard deviation.
 Sample variance: s² = square of the standard
deviation s.
 Population variance: σ² = square of the
population standard deviation σ.

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 14
Notation Summary
s = sample standard deviation
s² = sample variance
σ = population standard deviation
σ² = population variance

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 15
Important Properties of Variance
 The units of the variance are the squares of the units
of the original data values.
 The value of the variance can increase
dramatically with the inclusion of outliers. (The
variance is not resistant.)
 The value of the variance is never negative. It is zero
only when all of the data values are the same
number.
 The sample variance s² is an unbiased estimator of
the population variance σ².

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 16
Comparing Variation in Different Samples or Populations

 Coefficient of Variation
The coefficient of variation (or CV) for a set of
nonnegative sample or population data,
expressed as a percent, describes the standard
deviation relative to the mean, and is given by
the following:

Sample Population
𝑠 𝜎
𝐶𝑉 = ∙ 100 𝐶𝑉 = ∙ 100
𝑥ҧ 𝜇

Always Learning © 2023 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Slide 17

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