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3.7 Inner Product Space

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21 views24 pages

3.7 Inner Product Space

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rahimfikri5
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3.

7 INNER PRODUCT
GENERAL INNER PRODUCT- Axioms
Euclidean Inner product on Rn - axioms

Axiom 1: LHS: <u,v> = u1v1+u2v2+….+unvn


RHS: <v,u> =v1u1+v2u2+….+vnun
=u1v1+u2v2+….+unvn
So, LHS = RHS

Axiom 3 : LHS: <ku,v> = (ku1v1+ ku2v2+….+ kunvn)


RHS: k<u,v> = k(u1v1+u2v2+….+unvn)
= ku1v1+ ku2v2+….+ kunvn
Euclidean Inner product on Rn (with/without weightage)

Recall example 1 page 170, (Section 4.1) ( without weightage)

Ex. Set 6.1, page 304 (with weightage)

Solution:
<u,v> = 9(-3)(1) + 4(2)(7) = - 27 + 56 = 29
LENGTH AND DISTANCE (w/o weightage)

Recall example 3 page 172, (Section 4.1)


INNER PRODUCT ON M2X2 (2X2 MATRICES)

=(12+22+32+42 )1/2

The distance = || U - V|| . Find U - V, then its norm


1 − ( −1) 2 − 0
U–V= = 2 2 . So ||U – V|| = =(22+22+02+22 )1/2
3−3 4−2 0 2
INNER PRODUCT ON POLYNOMIAL

The distance between two polynomial

d(p,q)=||p – q|| = <(p – q) , (p – q)>1/2


Note:
Find p – q, then || p – q||
i.e : p – q = ( a0 – b0) + (a1 – b1)x + ( a2 –b2)x2.
|| p – q|| = [( a0 – b0) 2 + (a1 – b1) 2 + ( a2 –b2) 2] 1/2
INNER PRODUCT ON POLYNOMIAL - Example

Find <p,q>, ||p|| and d(p,q)

1) <p,q> = (3.2) +(-1)(0) + (1)(5) = 11

2) ||p|| = <p,p>1/2 =(32 + (-1)2 + 12 )1/2 =111/2

3) d(p,q) = || p-q|| ;
p – q = (3 – 2) + (-1 – 0)x + ( 1 – 5) x2 = 1 + (- 1 )x + ( - 4) x2
|| p - q|| = (12 + (-1)2 + (- 4)2 )1/2 =(18)1/2
INNER PRODUCT ON CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

The distance between two functions

d(f,g)=||f – g|| = <(f – g) , (f – g)>1/2 = b


[ f ( x ) − g( x )]2 d( x )
a
INNER PRODUCT ON CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS- example

Let V = P1 be the real vector space of all polynomials of degree less than
or equal to one. Define an inner product of f and g on V as
2
f, g = 1 f ( x )g( x ) dx . If f = x and g = x + 1

Find
(i) f, g .
(ii) norm of g, ||g||
(iii) distance between f and g

SOLUTION

2 2 2
(i) f, g = 1
f ( x )g( x ) dx = 1
x(x + 1) dx = 1
x 2 + x dx

2
x3 x2 8 4 1 1 7 3 23
= + = + − + = + =
3 2 1
3 2 3 2 3 2 6
INNER PRODUCT ON CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS- example

(ii) Norm of g, ||g||

Recall, ||g||=<g,g>1/2
2 2 2

First, find g, g = [g( x )] d( x ) =


2
[1 + x ] d( x ) = (1 + 2x + x 2 )d( x )
2

1 1 1

2x 2 x 3 2x 2 x 3
= [x + + ] − [x + + ]
2 3 x =2
2 3 x =1

26 7 19
= − =
3 3 3
2
19
Then, g = g, g 1/ 2
= [g( x )]2 d( x ) =
1 3
INNER PRODUCT ON CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS- example

(iii) Distance between f and g, || f – g||


Recall, ||f - g|| = <f – g , f - g>1/2

2 2 2 2
2 2 2
First, find f - g, f - g = [ f ( x ) − g( x )] d( x ) = [ x − (1 + x )] d( x ) = ( − 1) d( x ) = (1)d( x )
1 1 1 1

= [ x] x =2
− [ x] x =1

= 2 −1= 1
2
1/ 2
Then, f − g = f - g, f - g = [ f ( x ) − g( x )] 2 d( x ) = 1 = 1
1
Weighted Inner product
LENGTH AND DISTANCE – Example (w/ weightage)
Algebraic computations with inner product

||u|| = <u,u>1/2, so
||u||2 = <u,u>

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