IT(402)_ 5th Week Notes & Assignment
Class: -10 C
Chapter: - Web Application (Basics)
Internet Service Providers (ISP)
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company offering access to internet. They
offer various services:
Internet Access
Domain name registration
Dial-up access
Leased line access
ISP Types
ISPs can broadly be classified into six categories as shown in the following
diagram:
Access providers
They provide access to internet through telephone lines, cable wi-fi or fiber
optics.
Mailbox Provider
Such providers offer mailbox hosting services.
Hosting ISPs
Hosting ISPs offers e-mail, and other web hosting services such as virtual
machines, clouds etc.
Virtual ISPs
Such ISPs offer internet access via other ISP services.
Free ISPs
Free ISPs do not charge for internet services.
Connection Types
There exist several ways to connect to the internet. Following are these
connection types available:
1. Dial-up Connection
2. ISDN
3. DSL
4. Cable TV Internet connections
5. Satellite Internet connections
6. Wireless Internet Connections
7. 3G/4G
8. Wi-Max
9. Wi-Fi
Dial-up Connection
Dial-up connection uses telephone line to connect PC to the internet. It requires
a modem to setup dial-up connection. This modem works as an interface
between PC and the telephone line.
There is also a communication program that instructs the modem to make a call
to specific number provided by an ISP.
Dial-up connection uses either of the following protocols:
1. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
2. Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
The following diagram shows the accessing internet using modem:
ISDN
ISDN is acronym of Integrated Services Digital Network. It establishes the
connection using the phone lines which carry digital signals instead of analog
signals.
There are two techniques to deliver ISDN services:
1. Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
2. Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
Key points:
The BRI ISDN consists of three distinct channels on a single ISDN line: t1o
64kbps B (Bearer) channel and one 16kbps D (Delta or Data) channels.
The PRI ISDN consists of 23 B channels and one D channels with both
have operating capacity of 64kbps individually making a total
transmission rate of 1.54Mbps.
The following diagram shows accessing internet using ISDN connection:
DSL:-
DSL is acronym of Digital Subscriber Line. It is a form of broadband connection
as it provides connection over ordinary telephone lines.
Following are the several versions of DSL technique available today:
1. Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
2. Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
3. High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
4. Rate adaptive DSL (RDSL)
5. Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL)
6. ISDN DSL (IDSL)
All of the above mentioned technologies differ in their upload and download
speed, bit transfer rate and level of service.
The following diagram shows that how we can connect to internet using DSL
technology:
Cable TV Internet Connection:-
Cable TV Internet connection is provided through Cable TV lines. It uses coaxial
cable which is capable of transferring data at much higher speed than common
telephone line.
Key Points:
A cable modem is used to access this service, provided by the cable
operator.
The Cable modem comprises of two connections: one for internet service
and other for Cable TV signals.
Since Cable TV internet connections share a set amount of bandwidth with
a group of customers, therefore, data transfer rate also depends on
number of customers using the internet at the same time.
The following diagram shows that how internet is accessed using Cable TV
connection:
Satellite Internet Connection:-
Satellite Internet connection offers high speed connection to the internet. There
are two types of satellite internet connection: one way connection or two way
connection.
In one way connection, we can only download data but if we want to upload, we
need a dialup access through ISP over telephone line.
In two way connection, we can download and upload the data by the satellite. It
does not require any dialup connection.
The following diagram shows how internet is accessed using satellite internet
connection:
Wireless Internet Connection:-
Wireless Internet Connection makes use of radio frequency bands to connect to
the internet and offers a very high speed. The wireless internet connection can
be obtained by either WiFi or Bluetooth.
Key Points:
Wi Fi wireless technology is based on IEEE 802.11 standards which allow
the electronic device to connect to the internet.
Bluetooth wireless technology makes use of short-wavelength radio waves
and helps to create personal area network (PAN).
What are 3G and 4G?
3G and 4G are both networks that connect your phone to the internet. The “G” in
each stands for generation. So where 3G means 'third generation', 4G stands for
'fourth generation'. As it is with most techy things, the larger number indicates
the newer, better version of a particular technology.
So what's the difference? Obviously there are some in-depth technology
differences, but from a user's perspective, it's pretty straightforward. 4G is faster.
How much faster is 4G?
4G is often up to 10x faster than 3G in real-world use – with speeds commonly
between 20Mbps and 50Mbps (which is really fast). New 4G technologies such as
"Carrier Aggregation" – where your smartphone connects to multiple cellular
frequencies at once – can offer even faster speeds in certain areas. If your phone
supports it, you could get speeds of up to 450Mbps per second in Sydney's CBD.
That's almost five times as fast as the NBN.
However, this speed will fluctuate depending on how far you are from a network
tower and on the power of the radios inside your phone. Typically you will find
the best 4G coverage in metro CBDs and weaker 4G signals as you leave these
densely populated areas. Your connection will fall back to 3G in areas connecting
major cities.
WiFi:-
WiFi is a universal wireless networking technology that utilizes radio frequencies
to transfer data. WiFi allows high-speed Internet connections without the use of
cables.
The term WiFi is a contraction of "wireless fidelity" and commonly used to refer
to wireless networking technology. The WiFi Alliance claims rights in its uses as
a certification mark for equipment certified to 802.11x standards.
WiFi is a freedom – freedom from wires. It allows you to connect to the Internet
from just about anywhere — a coffee shop, a hotel room, or a conference room
at work. What’s more – it is almost 10 times faster than a regular dial-up
connection. WiFi networks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 radio bands, with an 11
Mbps (802.11b) or 54 Mbps (802.11a) data rate, respectively.
To access WiFi, you need WiFi enabled devices (laptops or PDAs). These
devices can send and receive data wirelessly in any location equipped with WiFi
access.
WiMAX:-
WiMAX is a technology based on the IEEE 802.16 specifications to enable the
delivery of last-mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and
DSL. The design of WiMAX network is based on the following major principles −
Spectrum − able to be deployed in both licensed and unlicensed spectra.
Topology − supports different Radio Access Network (RAN) topologies.
Interworking − independent RAN architecture to enable seamless integration and
interworking with WiFi, 3GPP and 3GPP2 networks and existing IP operator core
network.
IP connectivity − supports a mix of IPv4 and IPv6 network interconnects in
clients and application servers.
Mobility management − possibility to extend the fixed access to mobility and
broadband multimedia services delivery.
WiMAX has defined two MAC system profiles the basic ATM and the basic IP.
They have also defined two primary PHY system profiles, the 25 MHz-wide
channel for use in (US deployments) the 10.66 GHz range, and the 28 MHz wide
channel for use in (European deployments) the 10.66 GHz range.
WiMAX Physical and MAC Layers are explained in separate chapters of this
tutorial.
The WiMAX technical working group is defining MAC and PHY system profiles
for IEEE 802.16a and HiperMan standards. The MAC profile includes an IP-based
version for both wireless MAN (licensed) and wireless HUMAN (licence-exempt).
IEEE Standard 802.16 was designed to evolve as a set of air interfaces standards
for WMAN based on a common MAC protocol, but with physical layer
specifications dependent on the spectrum of use and the associated regulations.
Answer the following questions:-
1. Explain the following:
a) Wi-Fi b) Wi-max
2. What is the difference between 3G and 4G networks?
3. What do you mean by ISP?
4. What is the full form of Wimax?
5. How cables are lifeline of network?Explain.
