final exam
vocabulary
skills
becoming familiar with: getting the feeling of
advantage: a plus in something
comes naturally to me: I find it easy
went downhill: started to go wrong
wasn’t getting anywhere: don’t make progress
had an important effect: made all the difference
focus my attention ON
have the potential TO
BE hopeless AT
inspired me TO
gain experience
put the theory into practice
be capable OF
emotions and feelings
astonished
irritated
driving me crazy/ get on my nerves
frustrated
miserable
fall out, have an argument
talk it over
offended
puzzled
furious
make up with
be resentful
its doing my head in: make u feel unhappy and frustrated
be lost of words: don’t know what to say
tell me about it!: understanding exactly what they mean
blow your top: get really angry
give it a rest: stop doing it
big deal: compromise/ smt really important.
well-being
well-being
to be on the go: be active or busy almost at every time
mental health:
thrive on stress: manage you nerves or stressful situation
regrets:
anxiety:
depression:
addiction: to drugs, phone..
burnout: te estalla la cabeza
downtime: having a break
chill out: relax
be mindful: focus on the present
develop a positive mindset:
build self-confidence: increase your trust on yourself so you became
more successful
getting on top of you: you can manage the situation or it being really
difficult to you
faced a challenge
evaluate the option
trust your instincts
take account of: tener en cuenta
make a commitment: achieve smt
living spaces
trade-off
mod cons:
don’t get me wrong
now you are talking
over the top
miss the boat
well equipped
open-plan
restricted
energy-efficient
urban
ingenious
affordable
spacious
central heating
facilities
proportions
remote control
smart appliance
staircase
storage
work surfaces
future of the city
home office
go out of business
self-employed
work remotely
workplace
part-time job
nomads
dependent
settle
communal
appeal
temporary
wander
permanent
emigrate
less is more
material possessions
consumerism
lead a more meaningful life
get rid of
do without
persuade their passion
social commerce
potential customers (posibles clientes)
special offers (ofertas especiales)
retail price (precio al por menor)
pick up a bargains (pillar una oferta)
add the item to you basket (añadir un producto a la cesta)
select the quantity (elegir una cantidad)
choose a delivery option (elegir un método de entrega)
shipping costs (gastos de envío)
purchased the product (comprar un producto)
carried out the transaction (llevar a cabo una operación)
confirmation email (email de confirmación)
reference number (numero de referncia)
track your package (rastrear tu paquete)
fast fashion
stylish: fashionable
mix and match: combine different things in different ways
getting dressed up: arreglarse
garmet: item of clothing
fashion-conscious: aware of the latest fashion trends
designer label: symbol of a fashion company recognized
outfit: set of clothes you wear together
kit: set of clothes that you wear for a particular activity
art
it does nothing for me
I don’t get
that’s my kind of thing
well worth seeing
I was blown out
on display: being shown
masterpiece
gorgeous colors
stunning artworks
give an outstanding performance
view the exhibits
spectacular piece of work
art critics
striking : llamativo
thought-provoking
colorful
detailed
realistic
vivid
dramatic
humorous
inspired by
portrays
draws attention to
captures
convey a sense of
be passionate about
add a new dimension
adjectives to express beauty
impressive: impresiona
gorgeous: precioso
stunning: precioso
spectacular: espectacular
to be blown away: extremely impressed
awe-inspiring: beautiful view
outstanding: incredible performance
jaw-dropping: impactado de la belleza
lending a hand crisis mapping
charity shop
learning disabilities
local initiative
refuge
community service
elderly people: personas ancianas
social isolation
one-to-one tuition: clase individual/ exclusiva
engage with
lack confidence
make a contribution
retain its independence
raise funds
suffer hardship
provide assistance
become homeless
for a good cause: por una buena causa
give something back: devolver
keep an eye on: vigilar
lend a hand: echar una mano
real eye-opener: surprising
safety net: red de seguridad
armed conflict: period of fight with weapons
survivors: people still alive after being in danger
refugees: people that have been forced to leave their country
relief effort: help provided to people after a disaster
priority: the most important thing to do
suffering: mental or physical pain
infrastructure: basic system needed for a country or city
aid agencies: organization that provide supplies after a disaster
threaten: amenazar
encounter: encontrar/ hallar
co-ordinate: coordinar
preserve: conservar
distribute: distribuir
eliminate: eliminar
assess: evaluar
process: procesar
keep at something: continue doing it
couch potato: someone that never does any exercise
that’s it? : is that all?
too much information!: you don’t want to know cause it is
embarrassing
let off steam: use up extra energy
worked up a sweat
taking up a lot of time
maintain your physical health
make you aware of
have a positive impact on
stretch your muscles
fit in with your daily routine
increase your heart rate
stiff (cansado/con agujetas)
leadership
contribute TO
teamwork
collaboration
demonstrate
accept the consequences OF
take responsibility For
is willing to (estar dispuesto a)
commitment
demand
organizational skills
cope under pressure
failure
adapt TO
money idioms
a rip-off (timo/ estafa)
a bargain (chollo/ ofertón)
live from hand to mouth (vivir al límite economicamente)
to make a killing (hacerse de oro/ hacer negocio)
tighten one’s belt (you must spend your money carefully because
there is less available)
born with a silver spoon in your mouth (born into a very rich family)
money laundering (they manage to conceal the source of illegally
obtained money so that it looks legitimate)
on the house (free of charge)
go Dutch (share the cost of something)
cost an arm and a leg (cuesta un ojo de la cara)
made of money/ a well-off person (very rich they can buy anything
they want)
make ends meet (it is difficult to pay for your everyday/ no llega a fin
de mes)
travel
hit the road: start a journey
see the world: travel
the four corners of the world: travel to a lot of places
get itchy feet: travel a lot
get away from it all: escape
off the beaten path: go to places you never thought
GRAMMAR
unit 1 past tenses/ would / used to
1. Past continuous and past simple
was / were -ing
When Rosie was leaving the house, she saw her friend.
When Bob left school, he got a job as a receptionist.
I was happy
(Did Rosie see her friend at the same time as leaving the house? Did Bob get a job as a
receptionist at the same time as leaving school?)
2. Past simple and past perfect
had + pp
When Jack arrived, Sandra put on her coat.
When Jack arrived, Penny had put on her coat.
(Who put on the coat before Jack arrived?)
3. Present Perfect and past simple
has/ have pp
Jenny went to Paris last summer
Woody has been to Paris too
(Do we know when Jenny or Woody went to Paris?)
4. Present Perfect continuous and Present Perfect simple
have/ has been -ing
has pp: she has passed the test
Tom has been learning Polish, but he can’t only say a few words
Lucy has learnt a new word in Polish: dobry
(Has Tom finished learning Polish?)Has Lucy finished learning that word?)
to talk about past habits and situation
-when he was young he would spend time watching pokemon on TV
-his family used to lived in Georgia
don’t use would with stative verbs used to : he used to love reading
when he was a kid
we use “used to” for asking questions and negative sentences did
you use to play with Barbies? we didn’t use to travel so much by
plane in the past
I was used to staying up late when I was a teen
after the summer holydays I am getting used to coming early to class
unit 2 modal verbs and past modal verbs
unit 4 future expressions
future continuous/ future perfect simple/ future perfect
continuous
future continuous: I will be singing tmw, I will not be singing tmw, will
you be singing tmw?. to talk about an action in progress at a specific
time in the future.
future perfect simple: I will have finished by tmw, I won’t have
finished by nw, will they have finished by tmr?.to talk about an action
completed at a specific time in the future.
future perfect continuous: I will have been eating vegetables for three
months, I wont have been eating vegetables for three months, will
you have been eating vegetables for one week?. to say how long an
action will have been in progress at a specific time in the future. (for
is usually used in this tense to specify duration)
future time clauses/ 1st conditional
future time clauses: future simple (future action or state: going to or
will), presen
1st conditional:
if + present simple + will. if they offer me a place, I will
definitely accept it.
if + present continuous + present continuous. if Jacob is
cooking, I’m not staying.
if + perfect simple + future perfect. if we keep working, we will
have been finished by this evening.
if + present simple + imperative. if you haven’t completed the
job by the time it gets dark, finish it in morning.
unit 5 mixed conditionals
unit 6 passive with two objects / impersonal passive voice
impersonal passive voice
it + passive voice (be + past participle) + that clue
everyone says that the director is about to resign
it is said that the director is about to resign
they have said that the climate change is a real problem
it has been said that the climate change is a real problem
experts expected that the unemployment would rise in October
it was expected that the unemployment would rise in October
to infinitive impersonal passive voice
subject of the main sentence + passive verb + to-infinitive
it is claimed that the terrorist is living abroad
the terrorist is claimed to be living abroad
it is alleged that 300 people died in the plane crash
300 people are alleged to have died in the plane crash
it is thought that he stole 1M dollars
He is thought to be stolen 1M dollars
It was reported that he was killed in a fire
he was reported to have been killed in a fire
it is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow
the strike is expected to begin tomorrow
action in the present infinitive (to go)
action in the past perfect infinitive (to have gone)
when that clause begins with that/there
there + passive verb + to be
it is thought (that) there are too many obstacles to peace
there are thought to be too many obstacles to peace
it was alleged (that) there had been an explosion
there was alleged to have been an explosion
to have/get smt done
she is having her car fixed
she is getting her car fixed
she is getting her hair cut
she is having her hair cut
she is having her nails done
she is getting her nail done
he is having his eyes tested
he is getting his eyes tested
he is having his house built
he is getting his house built
they had their kitchen redecorated
they got their kitchen redecorated
you can have your breakfast sent to your room
you can have your clothes cleaned
double object
Rick gave me this book
this book was given to me by Rick
I was given this book by Rick
unit 7 reported speech and reporting verbs
reported speech
verbs tenses
direct speech reported speech
present simple (live) past simple (lived)
present continuous (feeling) past continuous (wasn’t feeling)
present perfect (have been) past perfect (had been)
present perfect continuous (has past perfect continuous (had
been working) been working)
past simple (saw) past perfect (had seen)
will would
future continuous (will be conditional continuous (would be
leaving) leaving soon)
modal verbs
direct speech (present reported speech (past
modals) modals)
can could
may might
must had to
first conditional (will go if they second conditional (would go if
go) they went)
modal verbs with no changes: would, could, might, ought to, needn’t
have, must have, used to.
time and other words
direct speech reported speech
now then
last (year, moth, week…) the previous (year, moth,
week…)
yesterday the day before / the previous day
tomorrow the following day / the next day
next (day, year, moth, week…) the (day, year, moth, week…)
after
this that
that that
these those
those those
here there
reported questions
WH questions: affirmative word order and verb forms after the
question word:
“where are you from?” he asked he asked us where we were from
“why did you come to the party?” he asked he asked she why she
had come to the party.
YES/NO questions: whether or if
“Is it raining?” he asked he asked us if it was raining.
“Do you like tea with lemon” he asked he asked me whether/if I
liked tea with lemon.
verb patterns
verb + verb + obj + verb + verb + prep.
infinitive (to) infinitive (to) gerund + gerund
agree, offer, tell, advise, admit, apologies for,
promise, forbid, invite, recommend, insist on,
refuse, remind, warn, suggest, accuse
threaten persuade, beg report, propose somebody of,
warn
somebody
against
I promised not they reminded he suggested the police
to drive fast us to take our going to the warned us
passports // my cinema against going
friend invites there // the
me to go there teacher
apologized for
arriving late
1- Say pattern: Same as “say” 2- Tell pattern: Same as “tell”
Subject + reporting verb + (that) + Subject + reporting verb + direct
clause object + (that) + clause.
He said that he would come to He told me that he would come to
the party. the party.
He complained that there wasn’t He warned me that the teacher
enough food. was watching.
He demanded that we give him He assured me that everything
the money. would be ok.
Common verbs of this type: Common verbs of this type:
admit, advise, agree, announce, advise, assure, convince, inform,
claim, complain, confess, notify, promise, remind, tell,
confirm, declare, explain, insist, warn
mention, promise, propose, say,
suggest, warn, demand
3. Reporting actions: Promises 4. Reporting verbs with gerund.
requests etc.
Subject + reporting verb + gerund
Subject + reporting verb +
infinitive with to He admitted killing the man.
Common verbs of this type: He denied stealing the money.
He promised to help with the She reported seeing a bright light
cleaning. He refused to stop the in the sky.
car.
admit, deny, mention, propose,
He threatened to tell my parents report, suggest
agree, ask, claim, demand, offer,
promise, propose, refuse, Verbs with prepositions and
threaten, tell gerund:
Subject + reporting verb +
preposition + gerund
Subject + reporting verb + object +
infinitive with to He insisted on carrying my bag.
He encouraged me to take maths She objected to having to wash
instead of history. the dishes.
She persuaded me to help her. accuse smb of doing smt
Common verbs of this type confess to do smt
apologise to smb for doing smt
advise, ask, beg, convince, blame smb for smt
encourage, forbid, instruct, complain to smb about smt
invite, order, persuade, remind, insist on doing smt
tell, urge, warn object to smb doing smt
unit 8 verb patterns (verbs with ing / to infinitive)
gerunds
after prepositions/ phrasal verbs
I’m very good at drawing
she’s given up studying
as the sbj of a sentence
riding my bike is one of my favorite activities
talking to you was really fun
after sm verbs: admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like,
finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practice, prefer,
recommend, spend time, stop, suggest.
I don’t mind getting up early
I hate note being on time
infinitive + to
to express a reason or purpose
she does exercise to have more energy
he is studying to pass the test
after adj
this recipe is very easy to make
be careful not to burn yourself
after sm verbes: afford, agree, decide, expect, forget, help,
hope, learn, need, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem,
try, want, would like…
I cant afford to buy a new phone
vb + person + infinitive with to
I want you to run
She told him not to speak
can you ask her to come?
infinitive
after modals/ auxiliary vb
we must eat fast
after make and let
they didn’t me let me go
