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ABHISHEK

Sh

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25 views17 pages

ABHISHEK

Sh

Uploaded by

baludhiva22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JAWAHAR HIGHER SECONDARY

SCHOOL NEYVELI

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

PREPARATION OF SOAP

REGISTER NUMBER:
NAME: ABHISHEK.G
CLASS: XII-H
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

NAME : ABHISHEK.G
CLASS : XII-H
SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
REGISTRATION NUMBER:

This is to certify that the above-mentioned student of Class XII-


H section, Jawahar Higher Secondary School, Neyveli has
completed the Chemistry project during the academic year
2024-2025 for the AISSCE as prescribed by CBSE.

Submitted on:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER


ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to our Principal,


Mrs.M.Sethumani for providing all facilities to complete
this project successfully.

I extend my hearty thanks to our Chemistry teacher,


Mr.Krishnamoorthy.S, for his valuable guidance and
support in completing this project work.

I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to my


parents and friends who helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance in project completion.
CONTENT

 INTRODUCTION
 AIM
 THEORY
 MATERIAL REQUIRED
 PROCEDURE
 RESULT AND CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION

Soaps are mixture of sodium of potassium salts of higher fatty


acids such as stearic acid palmitic acid, oleic acid they are
usually obtained by the hydrolysis of oil and fats with sodium or
potassium hydroxide (alkali hydrolysis).
For example:

The alkaline hydrolysis of oils and fats is known as


saponification. The sodium soaps are generally hard in
consistency are knows as hard soaps. The potassium soaps on
the other hand are the comparative soft and more soluble and
are referred to as soft soaps. Shaving creams, vanishing creams,
shampoos etc are all examples for potassium soaps.
CLEANING ACTION OF SOAPS

Soaps act as cleaning agent by decreasing the


surface tension of water it is a kind of molecule in
which both the ends have different property.
The first one is the hydrophilic end and second one
is the hydrophobic end.

AIM

 PREPARATION OF SOAP
THEORY

WHAT ARE OILS AND FATS?


Alcohols or alkanes may be considered as hydroxy denvatives of
saturated hydrocarbons or alkenes and represented by formula
R-OH groups all alcohols contains the hydroxyl group (-OH) as
the functional group, which determine the general properties
of this family. The remaining particle other than the oh group is
called the hydrocarbon structure.

Alcohols are classified as mono, di and trihydric alcohols


according to the number of hydroxyl group containing in the
molecules.

Glycerol is trihydric alcohol with three hydroxyl group


Carboxylic acids are the organic compounds containing carboxy
(COOH) group.
They are represented by general formula R-COOH.
Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids (containing one carboxylic
group) are known as fatty acids because some of their
higher members with longer hydrocarbon chains are
obtained from oils and fats.

These insoluble soaps get precipitated as scum and


hence a part of soap is wasted. In fact, this scum creates
hindrance to good washing because the precipitate of
these soap adhere to fabric of clothes as gummy mask.
Likewise hair washed with hard water look dull due to
this sticky precipitate.

Similarly due to this gummy mask, dye does not absorb


evenly on clothes washed with soap using hard water.

Salts cannot be used in acidic solution, since acids


precipitates the insoluble free fatty acids which adhere
to the fabrics and thus reduce the ability of soap to
remove oil and grease from fabric.
MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Test Tube
 Test Tube Stand
 Water Tub
 China Dish
 Burner
 Beaker
 Glass rod
 Coconut Oil (100ml)
 Water
 Ethanol
 Sodium Hydroxide
PROCEDURE

Place a water bath on the tripod stand and start


heating it.

Pour coconut oil in a beaker and put the beaker in


water bath.

Take 100ml of water and 7-8 pellet of solid NaOH


and make a concentrated solution of NaOH.

Pour the concentrated NaOH solution into the hot


oil.

Let the solution boil strongly at 80oC to 100oC for 10-


20 minutes until soponification occurs.

For clear soap or transparent soap boil the soap mix


in excess of ethanol and let the excess vapouise till
the solution becomes clear and thick.
Eg. Pears
RESULT

After following the saponification process, soap was


successfully prepared from the reaction of a fat or oil
with a strong base like sodium hydroxide, NaOH. The
reaction resulted in the formation of soap and glycerol.
The soap produced had properties typical of a solid soap,
including its ability to form lather and emulsify oils in
water.
The soap appeared solid and smooth, with a white or off-
white colour. The soap was effective in removing oils and
dirts from surface, indicating successful saponification.

CONCLUSION
The experiment demonstrates that soap can be easily prepared
through the process of saponification, where fats abd oil react
with a strong base to produce soap and glycerol. This reaction
highlights the chemical nature of soap, which has both
hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, enabling it to clean
surfaces by emulsifying oils. The preparation process showcases
how traditional soaps were made.
BENEFITS OF USING YOUR OWN BATH SOAP

By making your own soap you can get what you
want. Good filter material, additional material, safe,
colour and fragrance.
Homemade soaps not only clean but also moisturize
and soften the skin because the oil contains ablout
25% Glycerin. In the industry, glycerin sold
separately because the price is more expensive.
Making soap itself is very full of fun and full of
creativity and this own process helps to learn more
knowledge.
Your own soap is better suited to your skin type,
avoiding irritation or allergies.
Using your own soap ensure cleanliness, as shared
soaps may carry bacteria or residue from others.
ESSENTIAL INFORMATION ABOUT SOAP

Soap is good cleaning agent and is 100% biodegradable


microorganism present in sewage water can completely
oxidize soap CO2.

Soap cannot be used in hard water, since calcium and


magnesium ion present in hard water produce curdy white
precipitate of calcium and magnesium salts of higher fatty
acid.
For eg:

Glycerol is trihydric alcohol with three hydroxyl group.


Carboxylic acid are the organic compounds containing
carboxyl (COOH) group they are represent by general
formula R-COOH, Aliphatic. Monocarboxylic acids(containing
one carboxylic group) are known as fatty acids because
some of their higher member with longer hydrocarbon
chains are obtained from oil and fats.
Members of family of carboxylic acids in which R contains 15
or more carbon atoms are called fatty acids. Some common
higher fatty acids are
BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following books and websites were consulted


during the research and preparation of this project
on the preparation of soap:

Comprehensive practical chemistry

Lab manual in chemistry NCERT Textbook

http://www.google.com

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