COURSE CODE: 20EC0453 R20

SIDDARTH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY: PUTTUR

(AUTONOMOUS)
Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road – 517583
QUESTION BANK (DESCRIPTIVE)

Subject with Code: Introduction to IoT(20EC0453)

Course& Branch: B.Tech & AGRI,CSE,CSM
Year & Sem: IV-B.Tech.& I-Sem. Regulation: R20

UNIT- II
DOMAIN SPECIFIC IOTS

1 a) Define how the IoT technology can be constructed in smart lightening and
Intrusion detection systems for home automation.

Home Automation:
Smart Lighting: Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to
the ambient conditions and switching on/off or diming the light when needed. Key enabling
technologies for smart lighting include solid state lighting (such as LED lights) and IP-enabled
lights. For solid state lighting solutions both spectral and temporal characteristics can be
configured to adapt illumination to various needs. Smart lighting solutions for home achieve
energy savings by sensing the human movements and their environments and controlling the
lights accordingly. Wireless-enabled and internet connected lights can be controlled remotely
for IoT applications such as a mobile or web applications.

Intrusion Detection: Home intrusion detection use security cameras and sensors (PIR sensors
and door sensors) to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form of SMS or email
sent to the user. Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image grab or short
video clip sent an email achievement. A cloud-controlled intrusion detection system is
described in that uses location -aware services, where the geo-location of each node of a home
automation system is independently detected and stored in the cloud. In the events of intrusions,
the cloud services alert the accurate neighbors or local police. The system uses image
processing to recognize the intrusion an extract the intrusion subject and generate universal-
plug-and-play instant messaging for alerts.

1 b) Describe how the IoT technology can be constructed in smart appliances

and smoke/gas detection systems for home automation.

Home Automation:
Smart Appliances: Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerators,
music systems, washer/dryers, etc. Managing and controlling these appliances can be
cumbersome, with each appliance having its own controls or remote control. Smart appliances
make the management easier and also provide status information to the users remotely. Open
remote is an open-source automation platform for homes and buildings. Open remote
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comprises of three components: A controller that manages scheduling and runtime integration
between devices. A designer that allows you to create both configurations for the controller
and create user interface designs and control panels that allow you to interact with devices and
control them. An IoT-based appliance control system for smart homes is described in that uses
a smart central controller to set up a wireless sensor and actuator network and control modules
for appliances.

Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke
that is typically an early sign of fire. Smoke detectors use optical detection, ionization or air
sampling techniques to detect smoke. Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of
signals to a fire alarm system. Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as
CO, LPG, etc. A smart smoke/gas detector can raise alerts in human voice describing where is
problem is, end or an SMS or email to the user or the local safety department and provide visual
feedback on its status. The design of a system that detects gas leakage and smoke and gives
visual level indication.

2 a) Explain the implementation of IoT technology in smart cities: (i) Smart

Parking (ii) Smart Lightening

Cities:
i) Smart Parking: Finding a parking space during rush hours in crowded cities can be time
consuming and frustrating. Furthermore, drivers blindly searching for parking spaces create
additional traffic congestion. Smart parking make the search for parking space easier and
convenient for drivers. Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the number of
empty parking slots and send information over internet to smart application backends . These
applications can be accessed by the drivers from smart-phones, tablets and in-car navigations
systems. In smart parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is
empty or occupied. This information is aggregated by a local controller and then sent over the
internet to the database.

ii) Smart Lighting: Smart lighting systems for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving
energy. According to an IEA report lighting is responsible for 19% of global electricity use and
around 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Smart lighting allows lighting to be
dynamically controlled and also adaptive to the ambient conditions. Smart lighting connected
to the internet can be controlled remotely to configure lighting schedules and lighting intensity.
Custom lighting configurations can be set for different situations such as foggy day, a festival,
etc. Smart lights equipped with sensors can communicate with other lights and exchange
information on the sensed ambient conditions to adapt the lighting.

2 b) Explain the implementation of IoT technology in smart cities: i) Emergency

response (ii) smart roads in smart cities

i) Emergency Response: IoT systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in
cities such as buildings, gas and water pipelines, public transport and power substations. IoT
systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection can help in generating alerts and
minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructures. Iot systems for critical infrastructure
monitoring enable aggregation and sharing information collected from large number of sensors.
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The system adapts by dynamically adjusting traffic lights, changing related driving policies,
recommending behavior changing to drivers, and applying essential security controls.

ii) Smart Roads: Smart roads Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving
condition, travel time estimates and alert in case of poor driving conditions, traffic condition
and accidents. Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in reducing traffic
jams. Information sensed from the roads can be communicated via internet to cloud-based
applications and social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such
applications. The system can provide the drivers and passengers with a consistent view of the
road situation a few hundred meters a head of them or a few dozen miles away, so that they
can react to potential dangers early enough.

3 a) Explain how IoT technology can used in smart cities: (i) Structural health
monitoring (ii) Surveillance.

i) Structural Health Monitoring: Structural health monitoring systems uses a network of

sensors to monitor the vibration levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings. The data
collected from these sensors is analyzed to assess the health of the structures. By analyzing the
data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdowns, locate the damages to a structure
and also calculate the remaining life of the structure. Using such systems, advance warnings
can be given in the case of imminent failure of the structure. Since structural health monitoring
systems use large number of wireless sensor nodes which are powdered by traditional batteries,
researchers are exploring energy harvesting technologies to harvesting ambient energy, such
as mechanical vibrations, sunlight, and wind.

ii) Surveillance: Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and events in cities is required
to ensure safety and security. City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large number
of distributed and internet connected video surveillance can be created. The video feeds from
surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud based scalable storage solution. Cloud-based
video analytics applications can be developed to search for patterns or specific events from the
video feeds.

3 b) Explain how IoT technology can used in environment (i) Weather monitoring
(ii) Atmospheric pollution monitoring

Environment:
i) Weather Monitoring: IoT-based weather monitoring systems can collect data from a
number of sensors attached and send the data to cloud-based applications and storage back
ends. The data collected in cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud-based
applications. Weather alerts can be sent to the subscribed users from each applications. It
is a weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading information
about temperature, humidity, air pressure, light levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide and smoke level to the internet.
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ii) Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring: A barometric pressure sensor is a sensor that detects
atmospheric pressure. Various types of pressure sensors exist utilizing different materials and
methods as shown below based on the pressure values to be measured. Among these, sensors
that detect atmospheric pressure are called barometric pressure sensors. A typical example of
a barometric pressure sensor is a piezo-resistive type that uses silicon semiconductor. ROHM
barometric pressure sensors are silicon-based piezo-resistive types. A device that integrates
miniaturized machine elements, sensors, actuators (drive blocks) on a single substrate.
An integrated circuit that combines multiple circuit functions for a specific purpose.

4 a) Describe how the environment can be more protected with the help of IoT
technology in the following categories: (i) Air pollution monitoring (ii) Noise
pollution monitoring

i) Air Pollution Monitoring: IoT based air pollution monitoring systems can monitor emission
of harmful gases (CO2, CO, NO, NO2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and
meteorological sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on
pollutions control approaches.

ii) Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban development, noise levels in cities have
increased and even become alarmingly high in some cities. Noise pollution can cause health
hazards for humans due to sleep disruption and stress. Noise pollution monitoring can help in
generating noise maps in cities. Urban noise maps can help the policy markers in urban
planning and making policies to control noise levels near residential areas, schools and parks.
IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a number of noise monitoring systems that
are deployed at different places in a city. The data on noise levels from the station is collected
on servers or in the cloud. The collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps .

4 b) Describe how the environment can be more protected with the help of IoT
technology in the following categories: (i) Forest fire detection (ii) River flood
detection.

i) Forest Fire Detection: Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, property and
human life. There can be different causes of forest fires including lighting, human negligence,
volcanic eruptions and sparks from rock falls. Early detection of forest fire can help in
minimizing damage. IoT based forest fire detection systems use a number of monitoring nodes
deployed at different locations in a forest. Each monitoring node collects measurements on
ambient conditions including temperature, humidity, light levels, etc. A system for early
detection of forest is that provides early warning of a potential forest fire and estimates the
scale and intensity of the fire if it materializes.

ii) River Flood Detection: River floods can cause extensive damage to the natural and human
resources and human life. River floods due to continuous rainfall which cause the river levels
to rise and flow rates to increase rapidly. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring
the water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of sensor
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nodes that monitor the water level and flow rate sensors.

5 a) Describe the implementation of IoT technology into distributed energy

systems to optimize the efficiency of energy infrastructure and reduce wastage in
the following categories: (i) Smart grids (ii) Renewable energy systems.

Energy:
i) Smart Grids: Smart Grid is a data communication network integrated with the electrical
grids that collects and analyzes data captured in near-real-time about power transmission,
distribution and consumption. Smart grid technology provides predictive information and
recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage power.
Smart grids collect data regarding electricity generation, consumption, storage, distribution and
equipment health data. Smart grids use high speed, fully integrated, two-way communication
technologies for real-time information and power exchange. By using IoT based sensing and
measurement technologies, the health of equipment and integrity of the grid can be evaluated.

b) Renewable Energy Systems: Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy
sources integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problems. Variable
output produces local voltage swings that can impact power quality. Existing grids were
designed to handle power flows from centralized generation sources to the loads through
transmission and distribution lines. IoT based systems integrated with the transformers at the
point of interconnection measure the electrical variables and how much power is fed into the
grid. For wind energy systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at point
of interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs and provides power support.

5 b) Describe the implementation of IoT technology into n the following

categories: (i) Prognostics. ii) Indoor air quality monitoring

i) Prognostics: Energy systems have a large number of critical components that must fraction
correctly so that the systems can perform their operations correctly. In systems such as power
grids, real-time information is collected using specialized electrical sensors called Phasor
Measurement Units (PMUs) at the substations. The information received from PMUs must be
monitored in real-time for estimating the state of the system and for predicting failures. IoT
based prognostic real-time health management systems can predict performance of machines
or energy systems by analyzing the extent of deviation of a system from its normal operating
profiles. Prognostic health management systems have been developed for different energy
systems.

ii) Indoor Air Quality Monitoring: Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for
health and safety of the workers. Harmful and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen dioxide (No2), etc. can cause serious health problems. IoT based gas monitoring
systems can help in monitoring the indoor air quality using various gas sensors. The indoor air
quality can vary for different locations. Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can
identify the hazardous zones, so that corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper
ventilation. In a wireless solution for indoor air quality monitoring is described that measures
COURSE CODE: 20EC0453 R20
the environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, gaseous pollutants, aerosol and
particulate matter to determine the indoor air quality.

6 a) Explain the necessity of adopting IoT technology for a growing need to

increase customer loyalty and deliver the best in-store experience by retail sector
in the following sectors: (i) Inventory management (ii) Smart payments

Retail:
i) Inventory Management: Inventory management for retail has become increasingly
important in the recent years with the growing competition. While over-stocking of products
can result in additional storge expenses and risk, under-stocking can lead to loss of revenue.
IoT systems using radio frequency identification (RFID) tags can help in inventory
management and maintaining the right inventory levels. RFID tags attached to the products
allow them to be tracked in real-time so that the inventory levels can be determined accurately
and products which are low on stock can be replenished. Tracking can be done using RFID
readers attached to the retail store shelves or in the warehouse. IoT systems enable remote
monitoring of inventory using data collected by RFID readers.

ii) Smart Payments: Smart payments Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by
technologies such as Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth. Near field
communication is a set of standards for smart phones and other devices to communicate with
each other by bringing them into proximity or by touching them. Customers can store the credit
card information in their NFC-enabled smart phones and make payments by bringing the smart
phones near the point-of-sale terminals. NFC maybe used in combination with Bluetooth,
where NFC intimates initial pairing of devices to establish a Bluetooth connection while the
actual data transfer take place over Bluetooth.

6 b) Explain the necessity of adopting IoT technology for a growing need to

increase customer loyalty and deliver the best in-store experience by retail sector
in the following sectors: Smart vending machines

Smart Vending Machines: Smart vending machines connected to the internet allow remote
monitoring of inventory levels, elastic pricing of products, promotions and contact-less
payments using NFC. Smart-phone applications that communicate with smart vending
machines allow user preferences to be remembered and learned with time. When a user moves
from one vending machine to the other and pairs the smart-phone with the vending machine, a
user-specific interface is presented. Users can save their preferences and favorite products
Sensors in a smart vending machine monitors its operations and send the data to cloud which
can be used for predictive maintenance. Smart vending machines can communicate with other
vending machines in their vicinity and share their inventory levels so that the customers can be
routed to the nearest machine in case a product goes out of stock in a machine.
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7 a) With the help of following sectors explain how IoT technology is impacting
on the end-to-end value chain in the logistics sector: (i) Route generation &
scheduling (ii) Fleet tracking

Logistics:
i) Route generation & scheduling: Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected
from multiple sources which is processed to provide new services to the stakeholders. By
collecting large amount of data from various sources and processing the data into useful
information, data-driven transportation systems can provide new services such as advanced
route guidance, dynamic vehicle routing, anticipating customer demands for pick up and
delivery problems. Route generation and scheduling systems can generate end-to-end routes
using combination of route patterns and transportation network grows in size and complexity,
the number of possible route combinations increases exponentially. IoT based system backed
by cloud can provide first response to the route generation queries and can be scaled upto serve
a large transportation network.

b) Fleet Tracking: vehicle fleet tracking systems use GPS to track locations of vehicles in real-
time. Cloud-based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand to handle large number
of vehicles. Alerts can be generated in case of deviations in planned routes. The vehicle
locations and routes data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting bottlenecks in the supply
chain such as traffic congestions on routes, assignments and generation of alternative routes,
and supply chain optimization. The system can analyze messages sent from the vehicles to
identify unexpected incidents and discrepancies between actual and planned data, so that
remedial actions can be taken.

7 b) With the help of following sectors explain how IoT technology is impacting
on the end-to-end value chain in the logistics sector: (i) Shipment monitoring (ii)
Remote vehicle diagnostics

i) Shipment Monitoring: Shipment monitoring solutions for transportation systems allow

monitoring the conditions inside containers. For example, containers carrying fresh food
produce can be monitored to prevent spoilage of food. IoT based shipment monitoring systems
use sensors such as temperature, humidity, to monitor the conditions inside the containers and
send data to cloud, where it can be analyzed to detect foods spoilage. The analysis and
interpretation of data on the environmental conditions in the container and food truck
positioning can enable more effective routing decisions in real time. Therefore, it is possible to
take remedial measures such as the food that have limited time budget before it gets rotten can
be re-routed to a closer destination, alerts can be raised to the driver and the distributor about
the transit conditions, such as container temperature exceeding the allowed limit, humidity
levels going out of the allowed limit, for instance, and corrective actions can be taken before
the food gets damaged.

ii) Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Remote vehicle diagnostic systems can detect faults in the
vehicles or warn of impending faults. The diagnostic systems use on-board IoT devices for
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collecting data on vehicle operations and status of various vehicle subsystems. Such data can
be captured by integrating on-board diagnostic systems with IoT devices using protocols such
as CAN bus. Modern commercial vehicles support on board diagnostic such as OBD-II. OBD
systems provide real time data on the status of vehicle sub systems and diagnostic trouble codes
which allow rapidly identifying the faults in the vehicle. IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems
can send the vehicle data to centralized servers or the cloud where it can be analyzed to generate
alerts and suggest remedial actions. The system makes use of on-board vehicle diagnostics
device and expert system to achieve real time vehicle diagnostics and fault warning.

8 a) Explain how IoT technology used to enable the agricultural industry as smart
irrigation system to increase operational efficiency, lower costs, reduce waste,
and improve the quality of their yield.
Smart Irrigation: Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yields while saving water. Smart
irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine moisture amount in
soil and release the flow of water through the irrigation pipes only. When the moisture levels
go below a predefined threshold. Smart irrigation systems also collect moisture level
measurements on a server or in the cloud where the collected data can be analyzed to plan
watering schedules. It is a device for smart irrigation that uses water valves, soil sensors, and a
WiFi enabled programmable computer.

8 b) Explain how IoT technology used to enable the agricultural industry as

Greenhouse system to increase operational efficiency, lower costs, reduce waste,
and improve the quality of their yield.

Green House Control: Green houses are structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide
conducive environment for growth of plants. The climatological conditions inside a greenhouse
can be monitored and controlled the best conditions for growth of plants. The temperature,
humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored using sensors and the
climatological conditions are controlled automatically using actuation devices. IoT systems
play an important role in green house control and help in improving productivity. The data
collected from various sensors is stored on centralized severs or in the cloud where analysis is
performed to optimize the control strategies and also correlate the productivity with different
control strategies. The system uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the
agricultural parameters like temperature and humidity in real time for better management and
maintenance of agricultural production.

9a) Explain how the IoT technology is implemented for industry to monitor
prognosis and diagnosis.

Machine diagnosis and prognosis: Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance
of a machine by analyzing the data on the current operating conditions and how much
deviations exist from the normal operating condition. Machine diagnosis refers to determining
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the cause of a machine faults. IoT plays a major role in both prognosis and diagnosis of
industrial machines. Industrial machines have a large number of components that must
correctly for the machine to perform its operations. Sensors in machines can monitor the
operating conditions. The sensor data measurements are done on timescales of few
milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to generation of massive amount of data. IoT based
systems integrated with the cloud-based storage and analytics back-ends can help in storage,
collection and analysis of such massive scale machine sensor data. Case-based reasoning is a
commonly used method that finds solutions to new problems based on past expensive. CBR is
an effective technique for problem solving in the fields in which it is hard to establish a
quantitative mathematical model, such as machine diagnosis and prognosis.

9 b) Explain how the IoT technology is implemented for indoor air quality
monitoring system.

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring: Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for
health and safety of the workers. Harmful and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen dioxide (No2), etc. can cause serious health problems. IoT based gas monitoring
systems can help in monitoring the indoor air quality using various gas sensors. The indoor air
quality can vary for different locations. Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can
identify the hazardous zones, so that corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper
ventilation. In a wireless solution for indoor air quality monitoring is described that measures
the environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, gaseous pollutants, aerosol and
particulate matter to determine the indoor air quality.

10 a) Explain how the IoT technology is impacting the healthcare sector and
changing our everyday lifestyle with the following examples: Health & Fitness
monitoring

Health & Fitness Monitoring: Wearable IoT devices that allow non-invasive and continuous
Monitoring of physiological parameters can help continuous health and fitness monitoring.
These wearable devices may can be in various forms such as belts and wrist bands. The
wearable devices from a type of wireless sensor networks called body area networks in which
the measurements from a number of wearable devices are continuous sent to a master node.
Commonly uses body sensors include: body temperature, heart rate, pulse oximeter oxygen
saturation, blood pressure, electrocardiogram movement and electroencephalogram.

10 b) Explain how the IoT technology is impacting the healthcare sector and
changing our everyday lifestyle with the following examples: Wearable
electronics

Wearable Electronics: Wearable electronics such as wearable gadgets and fashion electronics
provide various functions and features to assist us in our daily activities and making us lead
healthy lifestyles. Smart watches that run mobile operating systems provide enhanced
functionality beyond just timekeeping. With smart watches, the users can search the internet,
play audio/video files, make calls, play games and use various kinds of mobile applications.
Smart glasses allows users to take photos and record videos, get map directions, check flight
status, and search the internet by using voice commands. Smart shoes monitor the walking or
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running speeds and jumps with the help of embedded sensors and be paired with smart-phones
to visualize the data. Smart wristbands can track the daily exercise and calories burnt.