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Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

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Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Mole Concept: Calculation of moles, molar mass, Avogadro’s number


Stoichiometry: Calculations involving mass, moles, and volume
Empirical and Molecular Formulas

2. Structure of Atom

Bohr’s Model: Postulates, energy levels, and radius of orbits


Quantum Numbers: Significance and rules for electron distribution
Electronic Configuration: Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund’s rule
Dual Nature of Matter: de Broglie equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle

3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Periodic Trends: Atomic and ionic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and
electronegativity
Modern Periodic Table: Periodic law, classification of elements

4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Types of Bonds: Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds


VSEPR Theory: Molecular shapes based on electron pairs
Hybridization: Concept and types of hybrid orbitals
Molecular Orbital Theory: Bond order, molecular orbitals of simple diatomic molecules

5. States of Matter

Gas Laws: Boyle’s, Charles’s, Avogadro’s law, and Ideal Gas Equation
Real Gases: Deviations and Van der Waals equation
Liquefaction of Gases

6. Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics: Internal energy, work, and heat


Enthalpy: Types of enthalpies, enthalpy changes in reactions
Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy: Spontaneity of reactions, second and third laws of
thermodynamics

7. Equilibrium

Chemical Equilibrium: Law of mass action, equilibrium constant (Kc and Kp), Le
Chatelier’s principle
Ionic Equilibrium: pH, pOH, buffer solutions, solubility product (Ksp)

8. Redox Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction: Oxidation states, balancing redox reactions


Electrochemical Series: Applications of redox reactions
9. Hydrogen

Isotopes of Hydrogen: Protium, deuterium, and tritium


Hydrides: Types of hydrides and their properties

10. The s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

General Properties: Trends in atomic and ionic size, ionization enthalpy, reactivity
Important Compounds: Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, calcium carbonate

11. The p-Block Elements

Group 13 and 14 Elements: Properties, important compounds like borax, aluminum


chloride, carbon, and silicon compounds

12. Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Classification and Nomenclature: IUPAC naming


Isomerism: Structural and stereoisomerism basics
Electronic Effects: Inductive, resonance, hyperconjugation
Reaction Mechanisms: Basics of addition, elimination, and substitution reactions

13. Hydrocarbons

Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes: Preparation, properties, and reactions


Aromatic Compounds: Benzene, resonance, and electrophilic substitution reactions

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