Fully Solved
3200
MCQs
For
GATE & PSUs
Instrumentation
Engineering
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3200 Multiple Choice Questions for GATE and PSUs : Instrumentation Engineering
© Copyright, by MADE EASY Publications.
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced
into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above
mentioned publisher of this book.
First Edition: 2018
Reprint: 2020
Reprint: 2022
Reprint: 2023
Reprint: 2024
Published by: MADE EASY Publications, New Delhi-110016
PREFACE
It gives me great happiness to introduce the
First Edition on Instrumentation Engineering
containing nearly 3200 MCQs which focuses
in-depth understanding of subjects which has been
segregated topicwise to disseminate all kind of exposure
to students in terms of quick learning and deep apt.
B. Singh (Ex. IES)
The topicwise segregation has been done to align
with contemporary competitive examination pattern. Attempt
has been made to bring out all kind of probable competitive questions for the aspirants
preparing for GATE and PSUs. The content of this book ensures threshold level of learning
and wide range of practice questions which is very much essential to boost the exam time
confidence level and ultimately to succeed in all prestigious engineers’ examinations. It has
been ensured from MADE EASY team to have broad coverage of subjects at chapter level.
While preparing this book utmost care has been taken to cover all the chapters and variety
of concepts which may be asked in the exams. The solutions and answers provided are
upto the closest possible accuracy. The full efforts have been made by MADE EASY Team
to provide error free solutions and explanations.
I have true desire to serve student community by way of providing good sources of study
and quality guidance. I hope, this book will be proved an important tool to succeed in
competitive examinations. Any suggestions from the readers for the improvement of this
book are most welcome.
B. Singh (Ex. IES)
Chairman and Managing Director
MADE EASY Group
Instrumentation Engineering : GATE Syllabus
1. Engineering Mathematics: (i) Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
(ii) Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple
integrals, Fourier series, vector identities, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.
(iii) Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear differential equations with constant
coefficients, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, initial and boundary value problems,
solution of partial differential equations: variable separable method. (iv) Analysis of complex variables: Analytic functions,
Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, residue theorem, solution of integrals.
(v) Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode and standard deviation,
random variables, discrete and continuous distributions: normal, Poisson and binomial distributions. (vi) Numerical
Methods: Matrix inversion, solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, iterative methods for solving
2. Electrical Circuits: Voltage and current sources: independent, dependent, ideal and practical; v-i relationships of resistor,
inductor, mutual inductor and capacitor; transient analysis of RLC circuits with dc excitation. Kirchoff’s laws, mesh and
nodal analysis, superposition, Thevenin, Norton, maximum power transfer and reciprocity theorems. Peak-, average-
and rms values of ac quantities; apparent-, active- and reactive powers; phasor analysis, impedance and admittance;
series and parallel resonance, locus diagrams, realization of basic filters with R, L and C elements. One-port and two-
port networks, driving point impedance and admittance, open-, and short circuit parameters.
3. Signals and Systems: Periodic, aperiodic and impulse signals; Laplace, Fourier and z-transforms; transfer function,
frequency response of first and second order linear time invariant systems, impulse response of systems; convolution,
correlation. Discrete time system: impulse response, frequency response, pulse transfer function; DFT and FFT; basics
of IIR and FIR filters.
4. Control Systems: Feedback principles, signal flow graphs, transient response, steady-state-errors, Bode plot, phase
and gain margins, Routh and Nyquist criteria, root loci, design of lead, lag and lead-lag compensators, state-space
representation of systems; time-delay systems; mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic system components, synchro
pair, servo and stepper motors, servo valves; on-off, P, P-I, P-I-D, cascade, feedforward, and ratio controllers.
5. Analog Electronics: Characteristics and applications of diode, Zener diode, BJT and MOSFET; small signal analysis of
transistor circuits, feedback amplifiers. Characteristics of operational amplifiers; applications of opamps: difference
amplifier, adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator, instrumentation amplifier, precision rectifier, active filters and other
circuits. Oscillators, signal generators, voltage controlled oscillators and phase locked loop.
6. Digital Electronics: Combinational logic circuits, minimization of Boolean functions. IC families: TTL and CMOS. Arithmetic
circuits, comparators, Schmitt trigger, multi-vibrators, sequential circuits, flip-flops, shift registers, timers and counters;
sample-and-hold circuit, multiplexer, analog-to-digital (successive approximation, integrating, flash and sigma-delta)
and digital-to-analog converters (weighted R, R-2R ladder and current steering logic). Characteristics of ADC and DAC
(resolution, quantization, significant bits, conversion/settling time); basics of number systems, 8-bit microprocessor and
microcontroller: applications, memory and input-output interfacing; basics of data acquisition systems.
7. Measurements: SI units, systematic and random errors in measurement, expression of uncertainty - accuracy and
precision index, propagation of errors. PMMC, MI and dynamometer type instruments; dc potentiometer; bridges for
measurement of R, L and C, Q-meter. Measurement of voltage, current and power in single and three phase circuits;
ac and dc current probes; true rms meters, voltage and current scaling, instrument transformers, timer/counter, time,
phase and frequency measurements, digital voltmeter, digital multimeter; oscilloscope, shielding and grounding.
8. Sensors and Industrial Instrumentation: Resistive-, capacitive-, inductive-, piezoelectric-, Hall effect sensors and associated
signal conditioning circuits; transducers for industrial instrumentation: displacement (linear and angular), velocity,
acceleration, force, torque, vibration, shock, pressure (including low pressure), flow (differential pressure, variable area,
electromagnetic, ultrasonic, turbine and open channel flow meters) temperature (thermocouple, bolometer, RTD (3/4
wire), thermistor, pyrometer and semiconductor); liquid level, pH, conductivity and viscosity measurement.
9. Communication and Optical Instrumentation: Amplitude- and frequency modulation and demodulation; Shannon’s sampling
theorem, pulse code modulation; frequency and time division multiplexing, amplitude-, phase-, frequency-, pulse shift
keying for digital modulation; optical sources and detectors: LED, laser, photo-diode, light dependent resistor and their
characteristics; interferometer: applications in metrology; basics of fiber optic sensing.
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CONTENTS
1. Electrical Circuits............................... 1-61 4. Single-stage Amplifier Analysis....................................166
1. Basic of Network Analysis....................................................1 5. Multi-stage Amplifier Analysis......................................170
2. Steady State Sinusoidal Analysis.......................................7 6. Frequency Response of Amplifier................................171
3. Power and Energy Calculation........................................ 12 7. Feedback Amplifiers.........................................................173
4. Resonance.............................................................................. 13 8. Oscillator...............................................................................175
5. Network Theorem................................................................ 16 9. Operation Amplifiers........................................................176
6. Transient Analysis................................................................ 20 10. Multivibrators and 555 Timers.......................................182
7. Two Port Networks.............................................................. 26
8. Magnetic Coupled............................................................... 29 5. Digital Electronics.......................212-254
9. Filter.......................................................................................... 30 1. Number System..................................................................212
2. Boolean Algebra.................................................................213
2. Signals and Systems........................ 62-94 3. Logic Gates..........................................................................215
1. Basic of Signal and Systems............................................. 62 4. Combinational Circuits....................................................218
2. Continuous and Discrete Time LTI Systems................ 65 5. Sequential Circuits.............................................................222
3. Fourier Series......................................................................... 68 6. Memory and Programmable Logic Device...............228
4. Continuous Time Fourier Transform.............................. 68 7. Logic Families......................................................................230
5. Laplace Transform................................................................ 72 8. D/A and A/D Converter....................................................232
6. Z-Transform............................................................................ 75 9. Data Acquisition.................................................................235
7. Discrete Fourier Transform & Fast Fourier Transform....79
8. Digital Filter Design and Application............................ 80
6. Microprocessors..........................255-281
1. Basics of Microprocessor.................................................255
3. Control Systems & Process Control....95-149 2. Instruction set of 8085 Microprocessor.....................257
1. Block Diagram and Signal Flow Graph......................... 95
3. Memory and Memory Interfacing...............................261
2. Mathematical modelling of
4. Microprocessor 8085 Interfacing.................................264
Electro-mechanical Systems............................................ 98
5. Microprocessor 8085 Interrupts...................................265
3. Time Domain Analysis........................................................ 99
4. Routh Hurwitz Stability Criterion.................................104 6. Microprocessor Programming......................................267
5. Root Locus............................................................................107 7. Microcontroller...................................................................273
6. Frequency Domain Analysis...........................................110
7. Compensator and Controller.........................................116 7. Measurements................................ 282-342
8. State Space Analysis..........................................................118 1. Standards and Terminologies........................................282
9. Time-delay system.............................................................119 2. Error Analysis.......................................................................283
10. Mechanical, Hydraulic and Pneumatic System.......120 3. PMMC, MI and Dynamometer Type Instruments...286
11. Controller..............................................................................121 4. Potentiometer and Galvanometer...............................287
12. Cascade, Feed Forward and Ratio Controllers.........122 5. Measurement of Current and Voltage........................289
13. Synchro, Servo and Stepper Motor.............................123 6. Measurement of Power and Energy............................293
7. Measurement of RLC using Bridges............................297
4. Analog Electronics....................150-211 8. Q-meter.................................................................................302
1. Diode Circuits......................................................................150 9. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope..............................................303
2. BJT Biasing............................................................................156 10. Electronic and Digital Measurement..........................306
3. FET Biasing...........................................................................164 11. Miscellaneous Topics........................................................308
(v)
8. Sensors and 9. Communication Systems............405-424
Industrial Instrumentation................343-404 1. Amplitudes Modulation..................................................405
1. Introduction.........................................................................343 2. Angle Modulation..............................................................408
2. Resistive Transducers........................................................345 3. Receivers...............................................................................411
4. Pulse Modulation...............................................................412
3. Capacitive Transducers....................................................348
4. Inductive Transducers......................................................351
10. Optical Instrumentation.............425-440
5. Piezo-electric & Hall effect transducers.....................354
1. Optical Detectors and Sources......................................425
6. Measurement of Flow.......................................................357
2. Interferometer.....................................................................428
7. Measurement of Temperature.......................................361 3. Fibre Optics..........................................................................429
8. Measurement of Pressure...............................................365 4. Miscellaneous......................................................................432
9. Measurement of Force & Torque..................................366
11. General Engineering...................441-453
10. Measurement of Vibration & Shock.............................368
11. Measurement of Liquid level.........................................369 12. General Awareness......................454-484
12. Measurement of Velocity................................................370 13. BSNL (JTO) Solved Paper-2006: EC.... 485-502
13. Measurement of Humidity & Conductivity...............371
14. BSNL (JTO) Solved Paper-2009: EC...503-522
14. Measurement of pH and Viscosity...............................372
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(vi)
